Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine
Objective information about the state of air pollution is the basis for implementing measures to ensure conditions for the safe living of the population and improve the environmental pollution monitoring network. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of energy facilities (enterprises consum...
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| Дата: | 2022 |
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2022
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System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871104141198098432 |
|---|---|
| author | Zaporozhets , Artur Babak , Vitalii Sverdlova , Anastasiia Shcherbak , Leonid Kuts , Yurii |
| author_facet | Zaporozhets , Artur Babak , Vitalii Sverdlova , Anastasiia Shcherbak , Leonid Kuts , Yurii |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Artur Zaporozhets ",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Vitalii Babak ",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Anastasiia Sverdlova ",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Leonid Shcherbak ",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Yurii Kuts ",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Zaporozhets , Artur |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:43Z |
| description | Objective information about the state of air pollution is the basis for implementing measures to ensure conditions for the safe living of the population and improve the environmental pollution monitoring network. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of energy facilities (enterprises consuming different types of fuels) on atmospheric air pollution and its spatial and temporal distribution in cities and regions of Ukraine. The relevance of the work is confirmed by the fact that Ukraine, according to the World Health Organization, has the highest mortality rate from diseases caused by polluted air. The article considers general approaches to the functioning of the air pollution monitoring system in Ukraine and the features of the formation of the local air pollution index. The article discusses the most common pollutants generated at energy-intensive enterprises in Ukraine, in particular benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12), sulfur dioxide (SO2), dust, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NxOy), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon disulfide (CS2), hydrogen fluoride (HF), ammonia (NH3), phenol (C6H6O) and others. Statistical information about emissions of pollutants (CO2, SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, PM2,5, PAHs, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As) into the air from stationary sources of pollution for the period 1990-2018 was analyzed and visualized. The dynamics of chemical air pollution in different cities and regions of Ukraine are analyzed in detail. For some cities (Kyiv, Dnipro, Odesa, Kharkiv), energy-intensive enterprises and types of pollutants emitted into the air have been identified. It is shown that among the most polluted cities are Mariupol, Dnipro, Odesa, Kamianske, Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih, Lutsk, Lysychansk, Mykolaiv, Sloviansk, Kramatorsk, Rubizhne, Lviv, Zaporizhzhia, Lysychansk, Kherson, Kremenchuk, and among the most polluting regions are Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zaporizhzhya, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Poltava. These regions need priority implementation of modern air pollution monitoring systems. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2022.02.042 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:02:23Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
42
A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ,
МОНІТОРИНГ ТА ДІАГНОСТИКА В ЕНЕРГЕТИЦІ
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71): 42–52
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.02.042
1. Introduction
Atmospheric air is one of the most important com-
ponents of the natural environment, therefore due at-
tention should be given to the analysis of its quan-
titative and qualitative composition. Air pollution is
one of the fi rst places in terms of the degree of chem-
ical danger to humans. The problem of air pollution
is especially acute in urban areas. Urbanized areas
are risk zones for public health, as the atmospheric
air of these areas contains an increased volume of
harmful impurities of anthropogenic origin. Such im-
purities can not only have a negative impact on the
health and well-being of the population but also lead
to the formation of smog under favorable conditions.
That is why it is an urgent task to study the sourc-
es of the entry of various pollutants into the air and
the characteristics of their spatiotemporal distribution
in large cities. For Ukraine, this task has particular
importance, because according to the World Health
Organization data, Ukraine ranks fi rst in the world in
mortality from diseases caused by excessive content
of harmful substances in the air [1].
UDC 504.3.054 Artur Zaporozhets1*, PhD (Engin.), Senior Researcher, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-4116
Vitalii Babak1, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9066-4307
Anastasiia Sverdlova1, PhD (Engin.), https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-1357
Leonid Scherbak1, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-4806
Yurii Kuts2, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8493-947
1General Energy Institute of NAS of Ukraine, 172, Antonovycha Str., 03150, Kyiv, Ukraine
e-mail: info@ienergy.kiev.ua
2National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 37, Prosp. Peremohy,
03056, Kyiv, Ukraine
e-mail: y.kuts@ukr.net
*Corresponding author: a.o.zaporozhets@nas.gov.ua
REVIEW OF THE STATE OF AIR POLLUTION BY ENERGY OBJECTS IN UKRAINE
Abstract. Objective information about the state of air pollution is the basis for implementing
measures to ensure conditions for the safe living of the population and improve the environmental
pollution monitoring network. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of energy facilities
(enterprises consuming different types of fuels) on atmospheric air pollution and its spatial and
temporal distribution in cities and regions of Ukraine. The relevance of the work is confirmed
by the fact that Ukraine, according to the World Health Organization, has the highest mortality
rate from diseases caused by polluted air. The article considers general approaches to the
functioning of the air pollution monitoring system in Ukraine and the features of the formation
of the local air pollution index. The article discusses the most common pollutants generated
at energy-intensive enterprises in Ukraine, in particular benzo(a)pyrene (C
20
H
12
), sulfur dioxide
(SO
2
), dust, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (N
x
O
y
), hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S), carbon
disulfide (CS
2
), hydrogen fluoride (HF), ammonia (NH
3
), phenol (C
6
H
6
O) and others. Statistical
information about emissions of pollutants (CO
2
, SO
2
, NO
2
, CO, PM
10
, PM
2,5
, PAHs, Zn, Pb,
Cu, Cr, Ni, As) into the air from stationary sources of pollution for the period 1990–2018 was
analyzed and visualized. The dynamics of chemical air pollution in different cities and regions of
Ukraine are analyzed in detail. For some cities (Kyiv, Dnipro, Odesa, Kharkiv), energy-intensive
enterprises and types of pollutants emitted into the air have been identified. It is shown that
among the most polluted cities are Mariupol, Dnipro, Odesa, Kamianske, Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih,
Lutsk, Lysychansk, Mykolaiv, Sloviansk, Kramatorsk, Rubizhne, Lviv, Zaporizhzhia, Lysychansk,
Kherson, Kremenchuk, and among the most polluting regions are Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk,
Ivano-Frankivsk, Zaporizhzhya, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Poltava. These regions need
priority implementation of modern air pollution monitoring systems.
Keywords: air pollution, chemical pollution, stationary sources, energy objects, pollution
dynamics, maximum permissible concentration
© A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS, 2022
43
Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in Ukraine
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
At present, combustion processes associated
with the activities of energy-intensive enterprises
can be considered as the main source of atmospher-
ic pollution. Impurities contained in the fuel, devi-
ations from the stoichiometric composition of the
«fuel-air» mixture during combustion, as well as
too high or too low combustion temperatures, lead
to an increase in the formation of pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen oxides, soot,
unburned hydrocarbons, etc. All these substances
contribute to air pollution.
Despite a fairly diversifi ed energy balance, en-
ergy-intensive enterprises, in particular, thermal
power plants (TPPs), boiler houses, etc., consume
about a third of the produced fuel. The share of fos-
sil fuels (coal, peat, gas) used to generate electricity
is more than 60%, and this trend tends to increase.
Therefore, energy facilities, including TPPs as one
of the largest consumers of energy resources, re-
main one of the largest environmental pollutants,
especially air.
2. General approaches to air pollution moni-
toring in Ukraine
Atmospheric air pollution depends on emissions
into the atmosphere, their specifi cs, and weather
conditions. The level of atmospheric air pollution
is determined by comparison with maximum per-
missible concentration (MPC), including their one-
time and average daily values. One-time and av-
erage daily values of MPC of some pollutants, the
concentrations of which are measured at stationary
posts [2–5], are given in Table 1.
The data, given in Table 1, indicate that the
greatest danger is caused by benzo(a)pyrene, which
belongs to substances of the 1st hazard class. Other
listed substances belong to 2–4 hazard classes.
To quantify air pollution in individual settle-
ments, the atmospheric pollution index (API) is
used, which is defi ned as the sum of the ratios of
the actual concentrations of the fi ve most important
impurities to their average daily MPC [4]:
1
,
sn
i
i iMO
qAPI
MPC
(1)
where n – the number of impurities taken into ac-
count in the calculation; qi – concentration of the
i-th substance; MPCiMO – maximum one-time MPC
of the i-th substance; αs – the ratio of the insalubri-
ty of the i-th substance to the insalubrity of a sub-
stance of the 3-rd hazard class (α1 = 1.5; α2 = 1.3;
α3 = 1; α4 = 0.85).
According to the API value, the level of atmo-
spheric air pollution is divided [4]: 1) clean air
(API<2.5); 2) slightly polluted air (2.5≤API<7.5);
3) polluted air (7.5≤API<12.5); 4) heavily pol-
luted air (12.5≤API<22.5); 5) highly polluted air
(22.5≤API<52.5); 6) extremely polluted air (API≥52.5).
Assessment of atmospheric air pollution in Kyiv,
Kyiv region, and other cities of Ukraine is carried
out by the B. Sreznevsky Central Geophysical Ob-
servatory. In total, control of air pollution was car-
ried out in 39 cities at 129 stationary posts of the
monitoring network of hydrometeorological sta-
tions [6, 7].
22 pollutants were determined in the atmospher-
ic air, including 8 heavy metals. The annual aver-
age concentration of formaldehyde in the cities,
where the observation posts are located, was about
2.3 MPCDA, nitrogen dioxide – 1.5 MPCDA, and
phenol – 1.3 MPCDA.
According to [8], according to API in 2018, a
very high level of air pollution was observed in
Table 1. MPCs for some pollutants in the air
№ Substance Formula Max. one-time MPC
(MPCMO), mg/m3
Daily average MPC
(MPCDA), mg/m3 Hazard class
1 Dust ̶ 0.5 0.15 3
2 Sulfur dioxide SO2 0.5 0.05 3
3 Carbon monoxide CO 5 3 4
4 Nitrogen oxide NO 0.4 0.06 3
5 Nitrogen dioxide NO2 0.085 0.04 2
6 Ammonia NH3 0.2 0.04 4
7 Formaldehyde CH2O 0.035 0.003 2
8 Hydrogen chloride HCl 0.2 0.2 2
9 Hydrogen fl uoride HF 0.02 0.005 3
10 Benzo(a)pyrene С20Н12 ̶ 10-6 1
44
A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
Mariupol and Dnipro; high – in Odesa, Kamian-
ske, Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih, Lutsk, Mykolaiv, Sloviansk,
Kramatorsk, Rubizhne, Lviv, Zaporizhzhia, Ly-
sychansk, Kherson, Kremenchuk. The high level
of air pollution in these cities is due to signifi cant
concentrations of phenol, nitrogen dioxide, formal-
dehyde, hydrogen fl uoride, carbon monoxide, and
suspended solids (dust) (Fig. 1).
Most of the cities with polluted and very pollut-
ed air are located in the Donetsk region – 3 cities,
Dnipropetrovsk region – 3 cities, Luhansk region –
2 cities, and Poltava region – 1 city [9].
In 2018, there were also 3 cases of high at-
mospheric air pollution in Obukhiv city by car-
bon monoxide with a maximum concentration of
8.8 MPCMO. There were no cases of extremely high
air pollution in 2018 in the territory of Ukraine [10].
High average concentrations of formaldehyde
were recorded in Mariupol – 6 MPCDA; Dnipro –
5 MPCDA; Mykolaiv, Odesa, and Kryvyi Rih –
4.7–3.7 MPCDA; in 9 other cities – 3 MPCDA. The
excess of the average annual concentrations of ni-
trogen dioxide was recorded in Kyiv, Dnipro, and
Kherson – 3.3–2.8 MPCDA, and in 4 cities – 2.3
MPCDA. Exceeding the concentrations of suspend-
ed solids at the level of 3.0–2.3 MPCDA was re-
corded in Kryvyi Rih, Dnipro, Kamianske; phenol
(С6Н5ОН) at the level of 2.3 MPCDA in Kramatorsk,
Kamianske, Sloviansk; carbon monoxide at the lev-
el of 1.8–1.3 Sloviansk in Rubizhne, Lysychansk,
Odesa; hydrogen fl uoride at the level of 1.6–1.4
MPCDA in Odesa, Rivne [6, 10].
In recent decades, a slight decrease in API has
been observed in Ukraine in some cities of Ukraine,
which is associated with a decrease in the concen-
trations of benzo(a)pyrene, formaldehyde, ammo-
nia, and nitrogen dioxide.
According to API, the overall level of atmospher-
ic air pollution in Ukraine was 7.6 points in 2018
and was assessed as high. This indicator slightly
increased compared to 2017 (7.2 API points) due
to an increase in the average annual concentration
of phenol.
3. Characteristics of some common pollutants
in the air
Benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12) enters the atmosphere
with emissions from non-ferrous and ferrous met-
allurgy, TPPsg, as well as during the operation of
vehicles. Its highest concentration was observed in
1992–1994, when it reached the level of 10 MPC
and more, primarily in the centers of the metal-
lurgical industry. At present, the concentration of
benzo(a)pyrene has decreased, which is associated
with a decrease in atmospheric emissions from in-
dustrial enterprises, as well as an improvement in
the quality of fuels. Still, quite signifi cant concen-
trations of benzo(a)pyrene are observed in Zapor-
izhzhia, Sloviansk (2.7 MPC), Dnipro, and Terno-
pil (2.3 MPC).
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a characteristic impurity
contained in the emissions of chemical, metallurgi-
cal, and paper industries and signifi cantly pollutes
the air. Sulfur dioxide emissions contribute to the
Fig. 1. API value in the most polluted cities of Ukraine in 2018
45
Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in Ukraine
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
formation of acid rain. High concentrations of this
substance are observed in Odesa and Kyiv.
Dust is formed during the combustion of fuels,
in industrial processes, as well as during soil ero-
sion. The highest concentrations are observed in the
eastern and southern regions.
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a characteristic im-
purity formed during the incomplete combustion
of fossil fuels. As a rule, elevated concentrations
of carbon monoxide are observed on the territory
of TPPs, boiler houses, and metallurgical enter-
prises. Carbon monoxide is a compound that ac-
tively reacts with the constituent substances of the
atmosphere and contributes to the creation of the
greenhouse eff ect. High concentrations of carbon
monoxide are typical for Rubizhne, Zaporizhzhia,
Odesa, and Kyiv.
Nitrogen dioxide enters the atmosphere during
the combustion of fossil fuels, as well as in the pro-
duction of nitrogen fertilizers, paints, and synthet-
ic fabrics. The highest concentrations of nitrogen
dioxide are typical for Sloviansk (⁓3 MPC), Kyiv
(2.5 MPC), Odesa, Dnipro, and Bila Tserkva.
Depending on the degree of oxidation, there are
the following nitrogen oxides: NO, N2O, N2O3, NO2,
and N2O5. The oxides N2O3 and N2O5 are solids, and
the others are gases. Natural sources of nitrogen ox-
ides are such natural phenomena as volcanic erup-
tions and lightning. Anthropogenic sources of ni-
trogen oxides entering the atmosphere are chemical
industry enterprises, the production of explosives,
mineral fertilizers, nitrate acid, bacterial decompo-
sition of silage, etc. The largest amount of nitrogen
oxides in the atmosphere comes from road trans-
port. The dynamics of changes in the concentration
of nitrogen oxides in the air during the day are asso-
ciated with the intensity of vehicle traffi c and solar
radiation. So, during daylight hours, the concentra-
tion of nitrogen oxides in the air increases signifi -
cantly due to the processes of photochemical oxi-
dation of nitrogen. Nitrogen oxides are a dangerous
pollutant due to their high toxicity and impact on
atmospheric phenomena (acid rain, smog). During
chemical processes in the atmosphere, nitrogen ox-
ides lead to the destruction of the ozone layer.
Hydrogen sulfi de and carbon disulfi de are re-
leased into the atmosphere both individually and
together with other sulfur compounds. The main
sources of emissions are enterprises producing sug-
ar, artifi cial fi ber, coke-chemical, and oil refi ning
industries. In the atmosphere, during interaction
with other pollutants, these substances are oxidized
to sulfur dioxide. The highest levels of hydrogen
sulfi de pollution were recorded in Toretsk, Mariu-
pol, and Zaporizhzhia.
Hydrogen fl uoride enters the atmospheric air to-
gether with emissions from non-ferrous metallurgy
enterprises, mineral fertilizer plants, and construc-
tion industry enterprises. The excess of MPC is ob-
served in Sloviansk (2.8 MPC), Zaporizhzhia, and
Odesa (1.8 MPC).
Sources of pollution of fl uorine compounds are
industrial companies producing aluminum, glass,
steel, enamels, ceramics, and phosphate fertiliz-
ers. Fluorine-containing substances enter the atmo-
sphere as gaseous compounds – hydrogen fl uoride
or dust of calcium and sodium fl uoride. These com-
pounds have a toxic eff ect.
Chlorine compounds enter to the atmosphere
from chemical enterprises producing pesticides,
hydrochloric acid, soda, bleach, organic dyes, and
hydrolytic alcohol. The toxicity of chlorine depends
on both the type of compound and its concentration.
Ammonia is contained in the emissions of chem-
ical industry enterprises, in particular, those spe-
cializing in the production of mineral fertilizers. An
increase in the concentration of this pollutant is typ-
ical for Cherkasy (3 MPC), Kamianske (1.8 MPC),
and Mariupol (1.5 MPC).
Phenol enters the atmosphere with emissions
from ferrous metallurgy enterprises. An increase
in the concentration level is typical for Odesa
(2 MPC), Kamianske, Toretsk, Zaporizhzhia
(1.7 MPC), and Sloviansk (1.3 MPC).
4. Analysis of air pollution in cities and re-
gions of Ukraine
Further information is given about the nature of
pollution in some cities of Ukraine, including using
the data [6, 11–29].
Kyiv. According to the State Statistics Service
of Ukraine, 2.966 million people live in Kyiv (on
December 1, 2019). The area of the city is about
890 km2.
The total amount of emissions into the atmo-
sphere of the city, according to the Main Depart-
ment of Statistics in Kyiv, has sharply decreased
in recent years: in 2014 – 214.2 thousand tons;
2015 – 171.0 thousand tons; 2016 – 34.3 thousand
tons; 2017 – 45.5 thousand tons; 2018 – 29.2 thou-
sand tons.
The main source of air pollution in Kyiv is road
transport. It is the cause of about 83% of emissions.
TPPs, enterprises in the machine-building, chemi-
cal, chemical-pharmaceutical, light, food, and con-
struction industries have a lower level of pollution.
Among the main enterprises-sources of emissions,
the following can be distinguished: CJSC «Ukr-
Kan-Power» (TPP-4), TPP-5, TPP-6, «Energia»
plant, OJSC «Ukrplastyc», OJSC «Korchevatsky
46
A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
Combine of Building Materials and Structures»,
Darnytsia car repair plant.
Nitrogen dioxide is the most polluting substance
in Kyiv. The average annual concentration of this
substance in recent years is about 2.5 MPC. Con-
centrations of formaldehyde (3–1.3 MPC), benzo(a)
pyrene (1–1.2 MPC), and phenol (1–1.3 MPC) are
also signifi cant.
Signifi cant diff erences in the location and specif-
ics of industrial enterprises, as well as the location
of highways, leading to the fact that the total level
of air pollution and its specifi city in individual ar-
eas diff er signifi cantly.
Thus, the atmospheric air near the observation
points located at the intersection of Peremogy Ave-
nue and Academician Tupolev St. The proximity of
the observation post to the highway makes it pos-
sible to determine that the atmospheric air in this
area is very polluted with benzo(a)pyrene, nitrogen
dioxide, and carbon monoxide. The area within the
Bessarabian market is also close to this level of pol-
lution. Carbon monoxide predominates among pol-
lutants. The main reason for the pollution of this
area is a large number of cars and signifi cant traffi c
jams in front of traffi c lights.
In general, the greatest air pollution is observed
in the central part of the city; the cleanest air is ob-
served within forest park zones, especially in the
western part of the city.
In recent years, the level of air pollution in
the city has remained stable. Compared to the be-
ginning of the 90s, it has signifi cantly decreased,
which is associated with a reduction in the number
of industrial enterprises, a decrease in emissions
from enterprises, an improvement in the quality of
fuel materials, and the construction of new trans-
port solutions.
Dnipro. The population is about 1 million peo-
ple. The main industries that affect the level of air
pollution in the city are mechanical engineering,
ferrous metallurgy, and electric power industry.
The enterprises that have the greatest impact on
air quality include Dnipro Metallurgical Plant,
PJSC «Dnipro Pipe Plant», Prydniprovska TPP,
JSC «INTERPIPE», JSC «Dniprocoks», JSC
«Dniproshina», PJSC «Dniprovazmash», JSC
«Dnipro Paint Plant», PJSC «Dniprovsky Oil
Extraction Plant». The substances, that are most
polluted the air, in the city are nitrogen dioxide,
formaldehyde, and benzo(a)pyrene. The average
annual concentration of formaldehyde is about
3 MPC, benzo(a)pyrene – 2 MPC.
Odesa. About 1 million people live in the city.
The greatest impact on atmospheric air quality
makes by the next industries: chemical, oil refi ning,
mechanical engineering, electric power engineer-
ing, and building materials. The total number of
enterprises that in the course of their activity infl u-
ence the state of the atmospheric air in the Odesa re-
gion is about 3,000. In 2018, 18.3 thousand tons of
harmful substances from stationary sources entered
to the air of the region, which is 50% more than
in 2017. Among the enterprises, that emit the larg-
est volume of pollutants, are CJSC «Odescement»,
TPP-1, SE «Odesa Sea Trade Port», and Odesa Oil
Refi nery. The most polluted part of the city is the
northern part, where the most powerful industrial
enterprises are concentrated. The air in the city is
most polluted with formaldehyde (5 MPC), nitro-
gen dioxide (2 MPC), phenol (2 MPC), and hydro-
gen fl uoride (2 MPC).
Kharkiv. The population is about 1.5 million
people. Mechanical engineering is the most infl u-
ential industry on air pollution. The main source of
air pollution in the city is road transport. Among
the stationary sources of air pollution, are ener-
gy enterprises (TPP-3, TPP-5), mechanical en-
gineering («Kharkiv Machine-Building Plant»,
«V. O. Malyshev Plant»), building industry. Accord-
ing to the data of the Main Department of Statistics
in the Kharkiv region, emissions of pollutants into
the air from stationary sources in 2018 were 44.7
thousand tons (in 2017 – 45 thousand tons, in 2016 –
100.2 thousand tons). The decrease in the volume
of emissions of polluting substances into the atmo-
spheric air is due to the decrease in the volume of
enterprises’ production of the energy industry, in
particular, Zmiivska TPP (10.5 thousand tons in
2018, 34.1 thousand tons in 2017).
According to the data of the State Statistics Ser-
vice of Ukraine, in 2018, the volume of emissions
of pollutants was 3866.7 thousand tons (for com-
parison, in 2017 – 3974.1 thousand tons, in 2016 –
4498.1 thousand tons), at the same time, the volume
of emissions from stationary sources in 2018 was
2508.3 thousand tons (for comparison, in 2017 –
2584.9 thousand tons, in 2016 – 3078.1 thousand
tons). The volume of emissions of carbon dioxide,
which has the greatest impact on the greenhouse ef-
fect, was 126.4 million tons in 2018, which is 2%
more than last year. At the same time, since 2008,
there has been a clear tendency in Ukraine to reduce
emissions of pollutants and carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere (Figs. 2, 3).
Figs. 4–7 also provides data about emissions of
various pollutants into the air during 1990–2018.
Dnipropetrovsk and Donetsk regions are the
leaders among Ukrainian regions in terms of pol-
lutants emissions into the surrounding air from sta-
tionary sources of pollution (Fig. 8). In particular,
47
Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in Ukraine
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
0
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94
19
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18V
ol
um
e
of
e
m
is
si
on
s o
f p
ol
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ta
nt
s,
th
ou
sa
nd
to
ns
Stationary sources Mobile sources
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
C
O
2
em
is
si
on
s,
m
ln
to
ns
Stationary sources Mobile sources
0
500
1000
1500
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3500
V
ol
um
e
of
e
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is
si
on
s
of
s
om
e
po
llu
ta
nt
s,
th
ou
sa
nd
to
ns
SO2 NO2 CO
Fig. 2. Total emission of pollutants into the air in the period 1990–2018 in Ukraine
Fig. 3. Carbon dioxide emission into the air in the period 2004–2018 in Ukraine
Fig. 4. Emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
and carbon monoxide into the air in Ukraine in 1990–2018
С
O
2
SO2 NO2
48
A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS
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Fig. 7. Emissions of plumbum, cuprum, chromium, nickel and arsenic into the air in Ukraine in 1990–2018
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
V
ol
um
e
of
p
ar
tic
ul
at
e
m
at
te
r
em
is
si
on
s,
th
ou
sa
nd
to
ns
РМ10 РМ2.5
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
PA
H
s a
nd
z
in
c
em
is
si
on
s,
t /
y
ea
r
PAHs Zn
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Em
iss
io
ns
o
f o
th
er
p
ol
lu
ta
nt
s,
t /
y
ea
r
Pb Cu Cr Ni As
Fig. 6. Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and zinc into the air in Ukraine in 2004–2018
Fig. 5. Emission of dust (PM10, PM2.5) into the air in Ukraine in 2004–2018
49
Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in Ukraine
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). System Research in Energy. 2022. 2(71)
in 2017 657.3 and 784.8 thousand tons were emitted
by the above regions.
Compared to the previous year, an increase in
emissions into the atmosphere was recorded in
10 regions: Kyiv region (68.6%), Kherson region
(29.1%), Odesa region (26.4%), Zhytomyr region
(25.5%), Zakarpattia (24%), Cherkasy (19.8%),
Ivano-Frankivsk (11.6%), Khmelnytskyi (4.8%),
Sumy (2.1%), Donetsk (0.7%).
Table 2 shows 10 regions that had the greatest
impact on air pollution in 2018.
In general, in 2018, there was 59.3 kg of pollut-
ant emissions into the atmosphere by each inhabi-
tant of Ukraine. In the territorial context, there were
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Po
llu
ta
nt
e
m
is
si
on
s,
th
ou
sa
nd
to
ns
2018 2017
Fig. 8. Volume of emissions of pollutants from stationary sources by Ukrainian regions in 2017–2018
Table 2. Top air-polluted Ukrainian regions in 2018
Region Volume of emissions, thousand tons % of total national emissions
Donetsk 790.2 31.5
Dnipropetrovsk 614.3 24.5
Ivano-Frankivsk 221.4 8.8
Zaporizhzhia 174.7 7.0
Lviv 106.7 4.3
Vinnytsia 97.3 3.9
Kyiv 81.3 3.2
Cherkasy 57.9 2.3
Poltava 52.1 2.1
Luhansk 46.7 1.9
Table 3. Dynamics of pollutants emissions into the atmospheric air in the cities of Ukraine, thousand tons
City 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 % of total in 2018
Mariupol 364.3 382.4 330.4 333.8 289.4 249.6 257.3 288.2 316.6 12.60
Kryvyi Rih 395.0 358.6 354.6 351.8 327.4 327.0 342.9 323.9 267.4 10.7
Burshtyn 146.8 198.7 174.7 182.7 199.8 198.0 168.5 160.1 182.9 7.3
Kurakhove 123.9 166.2 148.4 166.0 125.0 112.7 126.4 154.7 139.2 5.5
Kamianske 108.5 124.7 116.4 115.5 105.0 101.0 90.5 57.8 103.3 4.1
50
A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS
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4.35 tons of pollutants per square kilometer of the
country’s territory. Among settlements, the greatest
anthropogenic load (more than 100 thousand tons of
pollutants) was experienced by 5 cities in Ukraine,
shown in Table 3. The total volume of emissions of
pollutants into the atmospheric air of these cities
was 40.2%.
In 2018, about 11 thousand industrial enter-
prises emitted pollutants into the atmospheric air.
2508.3 thousand tons of pollutants entered the at-
mosphere from them, which is 3% less than in 2017.
The main air pollutants in Ukraine are enterpris-
es of the processing and mining industries, supply
of electricity, gas, steam, and conditioned air, the
total emissions of which make up more than 92% of
the total emissions from stationary sources.
Among the types of economic activity, the larg-
est share of pollutant emissions (excluding carbon
dioxide emissions) falls on the supply of electricity,
gas, steam, and conditioned air – 39.4%.
The processing industry is the second in terms
of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. It
accounts for 35.2%. At the same time, the share of
metallurgical production is 29%. Extractive indus-
try and quarrying account for 17.7% of the total
amount of emissions into the atmosphere.
Research on the impact of various industries on
atmospheric air pollution remains an urgent task
[30–33].
5. Conclusions
The study of current regulatory acts and do-
mestic scientific publications showed that mor-
ally outdated informative parameters that do not
meet modern requirements for speed and accessi-
bility are used for the quantitative assessment of
air pollution in Ukraine. At the same time, even
with the use of API, significant excess concentra-
tions of various pollutants in the air are recorded
in Ukraine, in particular sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, phenol, formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride,
carbon monoxide, dust, and others. Statistical in-
formation about emissions of pollutants (carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon
monoxide, dust, PAHs, zinc, plumbum, cuprum,
chromium, nickel, arsenic) into the air from sta-
tionary sources of pollution for the period 1990–
2018 was analyzed and visualized. It is shown
that some of the most polluted cities are Mariu-
pol, Dnipro, Odesa, Kamianske, Kyiv, Kryvyi
Rih, Lutsk, Lysychansk, Mykolaiv, Sloviansk,
Kramatorsk, Rubizhne, Lviv, Zaporizhzhia, Lysy-
chansk, Kherson, Kremenchuk. Typical sources of
emissions of various pollutants (benzo(a)pyrene,
sulfur dioxide, dust, carbon monoxide, nitrogen
dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen fluoride, hy-
drogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, ammonia, phe-
nol, etc.) and their distribution in individual cities
are considered. It is shown that among the regions
that pollute the air the most are: Donetsk, Dnipro-
petrovsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zaporizhzhya, Lviv,
Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Poltava. These regions
need priority implementation of modern air pollu-
tion control systems.
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A. ZAPOROZHETS, V. BABAK, A. SVERDLOVA, L. SCHERBAK, Yu. KUTS
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online). Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2022. 2(71)
ОГЛЯД СТАНУ ЗАБРУДНЕННЯ ПОВІТРЯ ОБ’ЄКТАМИ
ЕНЕРГЕТИКИ В УКРАЇНІ
Артур Запорожець1*, к.т.н., ст.досл., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-4116
Віталій Бабак1 , д.т.н., професор, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9066-4307
Анастасія Свердлова1, к.т.н., https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8222-1357
Леонід Щербак1, д.т.н., професор, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-4806
Юрій Куц2, д.т.н., професор, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8493-947
1Інститут загальної енергетики НАН України, вул. Антоновича, 172, 03150, м. Київ,
Україна
e-mail: info@ienergy.kiev.ua
2Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут
імені Ігоря Сікорського», проспект Перемоги, 37, 03056, м. Київ, Україна
e-mail: y.kuts@ukr.net
*Автор-кореспондент: a.o.zaporozhets@nas.gov.ua
Анотація. Об’єктивна інформація про стан забруднення атмосферного повітря
є основою для здійснення заходів щодо забезпечення умов для безпечного прожи-
вання населення та вдосконалення мережі моніторингу забруднення довкілля.
Мета роботи – дослідження впливу об’єктів енергетики (підприємств, що спо-
живають різні види палив) на забруднення атмосферного повітря та його про-
сторово-часовий розподіл у містах та регіонах України. Актуальність роботи
підтверджується тим, що Україна, за даними Всесвітньої організації з охорони
здоров’я, має найвищу смертність населення від хвороб, спричинених забрудненим
повітрям. У статті розглянуті загальні підходи щодо функціонування системи
моніторингу забруднення повітря в Україні, особливостей формування локально-
го індексу забруднення повітря. В статті розглянуто найпоширеніші забрудню-
ючі речовини, що генеруються на енергоємних підприємствах України, зокрема
бенз(а)пірен (С20Н12), діоксид сірки (SO2), пил, монооксид вуглецю (СО), оксиди
азоту (NxOy), cірководень (H2S), cірковуглець (СS2), фтористий водень (HF), амі-
ак (NH3), фенол (C6H6O) та ін. Проаналізовано та візуалізовано статистичну
інформацію щодо викидів забруднюючих речовин (CO2, SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, PM2,5,
ПАР, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As) у повітря від стаціонарних джерел забруднення за пе-
ріод 1990–2018 рр. Детально проаналізовано динаміку хімічного забруднення по-
вітря в різних містах та областях України. Для деяких міст (Київ, Дніпро, Одеса,
Харків) визначено енергоємні підприємства та типи забруднюючих речовин, які
вони викидають у повітря. Показано, що одними з найбільш забруднених міст є
Маріуполь, Дніпро, Одеса, Кам’янське, Київ, Кривий Ріг, Луцьк, Лисичанськ,
Миколаїв, Слов’янськ, Краматорськ, Рубіжне, Львів, Запоріжжя, Херсон,
Кременчук, а до областей, що найбільше забруднюють повітря, належать:
Донецька, Дніпропетровська, Івано-Франківська, Запорізька, Львівська, Вінниць-
ка, Київська, Черкаська, Полтавська. Ці регіони потребують першочергового
впровадження сучасних систем моніторингу забруднення повітря.
Ключові слова: забруднення повітря, хімічне забруднення, стаціонарні джерела,
об’єкти енергетики, динаміка забруднення, гранично-допустима концентрація.
Resived to the Editorial Board: 09.11.2022
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| id | systemreorg-article-614 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:19:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| spelling | systemreorg-article-6142026-07-18T12:57:43Z Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine Огляд стану забруднення повітря об’єктами енергетики в Україні Zaporozhets , Artur Babak , Vitalii Sverdlova , Anastasiia Shcherbak , Leonid Kuts , Yurii air pollution, chemical pollution, stationary sources, energy objects, pollution dynamics, maximum permissible concentration забруднення повітря, хімічне забруднення, стаціонарні джерела, об’єкти енергетики, динаміка забруднення, гранично-допустима концентрація Objective information about the state of air pollution is the basis for implementing measures to ensure conditions for the safe living of the population and improve the environmental pollution monitoring network. The purpose of the work is to study the impact of energy facilities (enterprises consuming different types of fuels) on atmospheric air pollution and its spatial and temporal distribution in cities and regions of Ukraine. The relevance of the work is confirmed by the fact that Ukraine, according to the World Health Organization, has the highest mortality rate from diseases caused by polluted air. The article considers general approaches to the functioning of the air pollution monitoring system in Ukraine and the features of the formation of the local air pollution index. The article discusses the most common pollutants generated at energy-intensive enterprises in Ukraine, in particular benzo(a)pyrene (C20H12), sulfur dioxide (SO2), dust, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NxOy), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon disulfide (CS2), hydrogen fluoride (HF), ammonia (NH3), phenol (C6H6O) and others. Statistical information about emissions of pollutants (CO2, SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, PM2,5, PAHs, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As) into the air from stationary sources of pollution for the period 1990-2018 was analyzed and visualized. The dynamics of chemical air pollution in different cities and regions of Ukraine are analyzed in detail. For some cities (Kyiv, Dnipro, Odesa, Kharkiv), energy-intensive enterprises and types of pollutants emitted into the air have been identified. It is shown that among the most polluted cities are Mariupol, Dnipro, Odesa, Kamianske, Kyiv, Kryvyi Rih, Lutsk, Lysychansk, Mykolaiv, Sloviansk, Kramatorsk, Rubizhne, Lviv, Zaporizhzhia, Lysychansk, Kherson, Kremenchuk, and among the most polluting regions are Donetsk, Dnipropetrovsk, Ivano-Frankivsk, Zaporizhzhya, Lviv, Vinnytsia, Kyiv, Cherkasy, Poltava. These regions need priority implementation of modern air pollution monitoring systems. Об’єктивна інформація про стан забруднення атмосферного повітря є основою для здійснення заходів щодо забезпечення умов для безпечного проживання населення та вдосконалення мережі моніторингу забруднення довкілля. Мета роботи – дослідження впливу об’єктів енергетики (підприємств, що споживають різні види палив) на забруднення атмосферного повітря та його просторово-часовий розподіл у містах та регіонах України. Актуальність роботи підтверджується тим, що Україна, за даними Всесвітньої організації з охорони здоров’я, має найвищу смертність населення від хвороб, спричинених забрудненим повітрям. В статті розглянуті загальні підходи щодо функціонування системи моніторингу забруднення повітря в Україні, особливостей формування локального індексу забруднення повітря. В статті розглянуто найпоширеніші забруднюючі речовини, що генеруються на енергоємних підприємствах України, зокрема бенз(а)пірен (С20Н12), діоксид сірки (SO2), пил, монооксид вуглецю (СО), оксиди азоту (NxOy), cірководень (H2S), cірковуглець (СS2), фтористий водень (HF), аміак (NH3), фенол (C6H6O) та ін. Проаналізовано та візуалізовано статистичну інформацію щодо викидів забруднюючих речовин (CO2, SO2, NO2, CO, PM10, PM2,5, ПАР, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As) в повітря від стаціонарних джерел забруднення за період 1990-2018 рр. Детально проаналізовано динаміку хімічного забруднення повітря в різних містах та областях України. Для деяких міст (Київ, Дніпро, Одеса, Харків) визначено енергоємні підприємства та типи забруднюючих речовин, які вони викидають в повітря. Показано, що одними з найбільш забруднених міст є Маріуполь, Дніпро, Одеса, Кам’янське, Київ, Кривий Ріг, Луцьк, Лисичанськ, Миколаїв, Слов’янськ, Краматорськ, Рубіжне, Львів, Запоріжжя, Херсон, Кременчук, а до областей, що найбільше забруднюють повітря, належать: Донецька, Дніпропетровська, Івано-Франківська, Запорізька, Львівська, Вінницька, Київська, Черкаська, Полтавська. Ці регіони потребують першочергового впровадження сучасних систем моніторингу забруднення повітря. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2022-12-27 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/614 10.15407/srenergy2022.02.042 System Research in Energy; No. 2(71) (2022): System Research in Energy; 42-52 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 2(71) (2022): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 42-52 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/614/536 Copyright (c) 2022 Artur Zaporozhets , Vitalii Babak , Anastasiia Sverdlova , Leonid Shcherbak , Yurii Kuts https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | air pollution chemical pollution stationary sources energy objects pollution dynamics maximum permissible concentration Zaporozhets , Artur Babak , Vitalii Sverdlova , Anastasiia Shcherbak , Leonid Kuts , Yurii Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| title | Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| title_alt | Огляд стану забруднення повітря об’єктами енергетики в Україні |
| title_full | Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| title_short | Review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| title_sort | review of the state of air pollution by energy objects in ukraine |
| topic | air pollution chemical pollution stationary sources energy objects pollution dynamics maximum permissible concentration |
| topic_facet | air pollution chemical pollution stationary sources energy objects pollution dynamics maximum permissible concentration забруднення повітря хімічне забруднення стаціонарні джерела об’єкти енергетики динаміка забруднення гранично-допустима концентрація |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/614 |
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