Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation
The power sector plays a critical role in the functioning of the economy and the security of a country, being closely interconnected with other vital infrastructures, such as gas supply, water supply, transportation, and telecommunications. Ensuring a stable power supply is crucial for the uninterru...
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| Дата: | 2023 |
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2023
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System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871104314130300928 |
|---|---|
| author | Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur |
| author_facet | Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
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{
"author": "Artur Zaporozhets",
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| author_sort | Kostenko, Ganna |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:47Z |
| description | The power sector plays a critical role in the functioning of the economy and the security of a country, being closely interconnected with other vital infrastructures, such as gas supply, water supply, transportation, and telecommunications. Ensuring a stable power supply is crucial for the uninterrupted operation of these systems. One way to enhance the resilience of the power system is by integrating local networks with distributed renewable generation into the overall energy infrastructure. The flexibility, stability, controllability, and self-healing capabilities of microgrids make them an effective solution for improving the resilience of the power system. The power grid is susceptible to disturbances and disruptions that can cause large-scale power outages for consumers. Statistical data indicates that approximately 90% of outages occur due to issues in the distribution system, thus research focuses on local microgrids with distributed renewable generation. This study analyzed the role of microgrids with renewable generation in enhancing the resilience of power systems. Additionally, functions of microgrids that contribute to enhancing power system resilience, such as service restoration, network formation strategies, control and stability, as well as preventive measures, were summarized. It was found that local microgrids have significant potential to enhance power system resilience through the implementation of various strategies, from emergency response planning to providing reliable energy supply for quick responses to military, environmental, and human-induced crises. The concept of local distributed energy generation, storage, and control can reduce reliance on long-distance power transmission lines, reduce network vulnerabilities, and simultaneously improve its resilience and reduce recovery time. It has been determined that the most necessary and promising approaches to enhance the resilience of the power system include developing appropriate regulatory frameworks, implementing automatic frequency and power control systems, ensuring resource adequacy (including the reservation of technical components), promoting distributed generation, integrating energy storage systems into the energy grid, and strengthening cyber security. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2023.03.025 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:03:09Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 25
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online), ISSN 2786-7633 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.025
UDC 621.311:621.311.1
Ganna Kostenko1*, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-7633
Artur Zaporozhets1, 2, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Senior Researcher, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-
4116
1General Energy Institute of NAS of Ukraine, 172, Antonovycha St., 03150, Kyiv, Ukraine;
2State Institution “Center for evaluation of activity of research institutions and scientific support
of regional development of Ukraine of NAS of Ukraine”, 54, Volodymyrska St., 01030, Kyiv,
Ukraine
*Corresponding author: Kostenko_HP@nas.gov.ua
_______________________________________________________________________________________
ENHANCING OF THE POWER SYSTEM RESILIENCE THROUGH THE
APPLICATION OF MICRO POWER SYSTEMS (MICROGRID) WITH
RENEWABLE DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
Abstract. The power sector plays a critical role in the functioning of the economy and the security of a
country, being closely interconnected with other vital infrastructures, such as gas supply, water supply,
transportation, and telecommunications. Ensuring a stable power supply is crucial for the uninterrupted
operation of these systems. One way to enhance the resilience of the power system is by integrating local
networks with distributed renewable generation into the overall energy infrastructure. The flexibility,
stability, controllability, and self-healing capabilities of microgrids make them an effective solution for
improving the resilience of the power system. The power grid is susceptible to disturbances and
disruptions that can cause large-scale power outages for consumers. Statistical data indicates that
approximately 90% of outages occur due to issues in the distribution system, thus research focuses on
local microgrids with distributed renewable generation. This study analyzed the role of microgrids with
renewable generation in enhancing the resilience of power systems. Additionally, functions of microgrids
that contribute to enhancing power system resilience, such as service restoration, network formation
strategies, control and stability, as well as preventive measures, were summarized. It was found that local
microgrids have significant potential to enhance power system resilience through the implementation of
various strategies, from emergency response planning to providing reliable energy supply for quick
responses to military, environmental, and human-induced crises. The concept of local distributed energy
generation, storage, and control can reduce reliance on long-distance power transmission lines, reduce
network vulnerabilities, and simultaneously improve its resilience and reduce recovery time. It has been
determined that the most necessary and promising approaches to enhance the resilience of the power
system include developing appropriate regulatory frameworks, implementing automatic frequency and
power control systems, ensuring resource adequacy (including the reservation of technical components),
promoting distributed generation, integrating energy storage systems into the energy grid, and
strengthening cyber security.
Keywords: resilience, local power systems, MicroGrid, distributed generation, renewable energy sources.
1. Introduction
The electric power complex is a part of critical infrastructure and serves as the basement and driving
force of the economy, national security, and environmental conditions in the country. It is interconnected
with other critical infrastructure components, such as gas and water supply, transportation, and
communication systems. Any disruption in the power supply system directly and significantly impacts the
functioning of these critical infrastructure components.
Due to massive missile attacks on the energy infrastructure, the average household in Ukraine had to
endure a total of five weeks without electricity during the winter of 2022/2023 [1]. Electricity plays a vital
role in all aspects of ordinary life, and its absence leads to severe consequences for communities. The lack of
electricity complicates the provision of medical care, performance of various tasks, education of children,
and disrupts communication processes.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 26
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) along with the World Bank conducted an
assessment that identified specific areas of destruction and allowed for an estimation of repair work
possibilities and the required funding volume needed for infrastructure restoration. Ukraine suffered
significant damages amounting to 10 billion USD, which resulted in limited access to electricity for
12 million people, damage to 22 out of 36 power stations, and destruction of parts of the district heating
system in areas affected by military actions [2].
It is worth noting that the rate of recovery of the Ukrainian power system increased after each mass
attack, primarily due to organized and coordinated repair work by energy industry workers at all levels. This
ensured the prompt restoration of damaged power transmission lines and the repair of destroyed substations.
Achieving significant recovery efficiency, the power generation system is currently in a stable state, and
instances of limited electricity supply mostly occur during maintenance and repair work. Working together
with distribution system operators, "Ukrenergo" successfully implemented new approaches to respond to
russian missile and drone attacks on the power system [3]. These approaches are based on assimilating
previous experiences, improving the organization of repair and restoration work, and achieving faster and
more efficient responses to destructive events, in full compliance with global principles of enhancing power
system resilience.
Ensuring the resilience of systems is one of the main trends worldwide to ensure the security of both
critical infrastructure and national security as a whole. In the context of critical infrastructure security during
times of war in Ukraine, the goal of ensuring safety and stability in the country can be defined as
strengthening the protection of national critical infrastructure by preventing, deterring, neutralizing, or
mitigating the consequences of deliberate actions by aggressor countries aimed at destroying, disabling, or
exploiting critical infrastructure. The action plan to achieve this goal should involve enhancing national
preparedness, timely responses, and rapid restoration of critical infrastructure in the event of an attack,
natural disaster, or other emergencies [4].
2. The concept of resilience
In scientific literature, there is no universal definition of resilience, as this term is broad and
encompasses many factors [5]–[7]. It can be described as the ability to effectively prepare for low-
probability events with high potential impact, to timely and sufficiently withstand these events, to reduce
their negative consequences, and/or to shorten the recovery period. This includes the ability to endure crises,
adapt to them, address uncertainties, and recover quickly after such events.
The main characteristic of a resilient system is its ability to effectively function during all stages of
crisis response in order to fulfill its intended functions. As noted in [8], due to their economic, humanitarian,
and geopolitical significance, energy infrastructure facilities are particularly frequent targets of russian
military aggression. Therefore, in the context of the resilience of the electric power complex, this concept
can be defined as its ability to withstand disruptions and continue providing accessible energy services to
consumers.
In a broader sense, the resilience of critical infrastructure refers to its ability to reduce the scale and/or
duration of a destructive event. Therefore, in the context of the electric power complex, resilience implies its
capacity to meet consumers' needs for services (electricity) regardless of the circumstances. This means that
the system is capable of reliably functioning under normal conditions, resisting threats, adapting to
constantly changing conditions, and quickly recovering after the realization of any threats (attacks,
destruction, etc.).
The life cycle of resilience, developed in [9], shows in Fig. 1. It includes various stages of planning
and managing resilience, including a feedback loop to incorporate lessons learned from previous events. This
illustration emphasizes that resilience goes beyond reliability or the ability to recover. Resilience involves
planning for and mitigating these events before, during, and after their occurrence.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 27
Fig. 1. Resilience Lifecycle
In an ideal scenario, the electric power system should have a structure and organization that enables it
to possess the properties of elasticity: to flex without breaking, to withstand disturbances with minimal
damage, and to ensure quick recovery.
3. Criteria for a crisis situation in the power sector of Ukraine
Current legislation in Ukraine provides measures for the involved entities in the management and
economic activities of the power sector to respond to crisis situations. In the event of threats to the stability
of Ukraine's power system, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, in accordance with established legislation,
may introduce temporary "emergency measures" for the functioning of the energy market [10]–[11]. The
criteria for implementing such measures include:
1. Damage to electricity facilities or unauthorized interference by third parties that may result
in a reduction of electricity consumption by more than 100 MW.
2. Reduction of the reserve of energy-generating capacities in the power system of Ukraine
below the permissible level for three consecutive days.
3. Critical fuel supply condition, particularly a decrease in fuel reserves at individual thermal
power plants of energy-generating companies below a 20-day supply.
4. Lack of full payment for electricity for three consecutive months or payment below 90% in
the billing month.
The decision to implement temporary emergency measures is made by the Cabinet of Ministers of
Ukraine based on submissions from the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry or the National Commission
for State Regulation of Energy and Public Utilities. Temporary emergency measures may be imposed for a
period not exceeding one month during peacetime. During this period, power sector entities, regardless of
ownership form, are required to comply with the standards of operational safety of Ukraine's power system
and the operational commands and directives of the Transmission System Operator "NPC "Ukrenergo."
The issue of destructive and crisis events that go beyond ordinary failures has been extensively studied
in the literature, mainly focusing on the impact of natural disasters [12]–[15]. It should be noted that for
Ukraine, due to its favorable geographical location and climate, it was not such an urgent task until the
russian military aggression and deliberate attacks on the power sector. A comparative analysis of the
characteristics of ordinary failures and destructive crisis situations in the power sector is presented in
Table 1.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 28
Table 1. Comparative analysis of characteristics of ordinary failures and destructive crisis situations
in the power sector [15]
Typical (ordinary) failures Crisis Situations / Destructive Events
• A single failure due to the malfunction of one
component.
• General analyses do not consider the stochastic
component.
• There is no spatial-temporal correlation for the
failure - it occurs randomly.
• Most generating units continue to operate and
remain connected.
• System-forming and distribution networks remain
intact.
• Only the infrastructure of the electrical grid is
involved.
• It is quickly repaired and restored to a working
state.
• Multiple failures due to catastrophic damages.
• Uncertainty and stochasticity of natural disasters or
military attacks.
• Spatial-temporal correlation for failures caused by
crisis situations.
• Generating capacities may become inoperable.
• Transmission and distribution networks are
damaged and insufficient.
• Strong influence and interconnection with other
infrastructures.
• Difficult to repair and restore (e.g., consequences
of a catastrophe).
4. Main characteristics of power system resilience
Power system resilience can be divided into two main categories: 1) infrastructure resilience and
2) operational resilience. Infrastructure resilience is primarily defined as the sufficient physical strength of
the power system to withstand and be less susceptible to damage from major disruptions. Operational
resilience relates to the continuity of operations, i.e., uninterrupted supply or adequacy of ready-to-use
generating capacities despite adverse events.
Characteristics of power system resilience include aspects such as robustness, reliability, redundancy,
as well as time of response and recovery speed, as shown in Fig. 2. Robustness focuses on strengthening
components, reliability emphasizes designing components to work under various conditions, redundancy
involves installing backup components, and time of response and recovery speed pertain to how quickly and
effectively the system reacts during a failure [16].
Fig. 2. Key characteristics of power system resilience
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 29
Modern power systems are implemented through a combination of various technologies, including
solar energy, wind energy, energy storage, electric vehicles, smart buildings, and prosumers. All these
elements can be integrated into micropower systems that can operate both in isolated mode and in parallel
with the main grid. Integrating these micropower systems with intelligent sensors and energy management
systems allows for efficient integration at low and medium voltage levels into existing distribution networks,
ensuring their effective, reliable, and cost- benefited operation.
5. Directions to enhance the resilience of the power system
Development of physical protection systems for energy infrastructure objects. One of the key
directions of resilience in wartime is the construction of physical protection systems for energy infrastructure
objects, such as underground or surface shelters. Such shelters are specialized structures or areas designed to
protect vital energy infrastructure from missile attacks, bombardments, terrorist acts, and other hostile
actions. They can be built underground or on the surface, depending on the technical and technological
characteristics of the energy object. Shelters provide a high level of protection and resilience to the object
during hostile attacks, allowing for the preservation of operational capabilities and the continuation of energy
services even in conflict situations. Underground bunkers are also effective means of protecting energy
infrastructure objects from hostile actions. They can be used for storage and accumulation of reserve energy
supplies, as well as providing shelter for personnel and critical equipment during crisis situations.
Underground bunkers offer a higher level of security and resilience, reducing the vulnerability of energy
objects to external threats.
The development of physical protection systems is characterized by their high cost and complexity
of implementation. However, these costs are justified by the critical importance of ensuring the stability and
security of energy infrastructure facilities, especially in wartime, under the conditions of increasing threats of
missile attacks as well as terrorist acts.
Application of automatic frequency and power regulation system. Frequency is an important
parameter that determines the quality of electrical energy and the stability of the power system. Maintaining
a balance of power between generation and consumption is crucial for ensuring system reliability [17].
Frequency regulation is a critical tool for supporting the stability and reliability of the power system, which
directly influences its resilience.
Segmentation and infrastructure redundancy. Component failures during destructive events are a
common occurrence. Under extreme conditions, the probability of multiple components failing
simultaneously increases. However, system resilience can be ensured through redundancy, prevention of
sequential cascading failures, and designing the system with smooth power reduction in the event of
individual component failures. Another effective strategy is segmentation, which limits the impact of faults
or short circuits to specific sections without affecting others. Redundancy, although costly, remains a
prevalent method for mitigating the consequences of equipment failure. Duplicate power transmission lines
from different substations also ensure reliable electricity supply.
Development of energy storage systems. Energy storage has the potential not only for storage
purposes but also for improving the quality and reliability of distribution networks. Energy storage systems
can perform various functions, such as accumulation, storage, and providing additional services to the power
system. These energy storage systems can contribute to frequency stabilization, voltage regulation, reactive
power control, and restoration of operation after emergencies. Implementing energy storage systems into the
power supply infrastructure will ensure stability, reliability, and efficiency of the system, enhance resilience,
and promote the development of renewable energy sources [18].
Development of distributed generation. Reducing the “criticality” (meaning exceptionally high
importance for the economy, industry, society functioning, and population safety) of energy generation
facilities can be achieved through diversification of fuel supply sources and the development of renewable
energy sources that do not rely on fossil fuels. The growth of distributed energy generation aims to decrease
dependency on centralized electricity production and can enhance the resilience of the power supply system,
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 30
especially in remote areas and when utilizing various energy sources. Over the past few years, there has been
significant growth in distributed electricity generation, including the installation of household solar power
systems for consumers in many regions of Ukraine [19]. These trends are primarily driven by economic
factors but also offer considerable advantages in terms of resilience if these energy generation assets can
operate independently of the voltage and frequency requirements of the centralized power system.
Secure communications. In modern power supply systems, communications are essential for their
normal functioning. Previously, the design of power infrastructure aimed to minimize dependence on
communications due to their high costs and low reliability. However, with the development of
communication technologies, the dependency on them has significantly increased at all levels of power
supply. For instance, electricity market systems, ancillary services, and others can negatively impact the
system's reliability in case of communication failures. Implementing redundancy and reliable communication
helps reduce dependency, but there is a risk in scenarios with limited communication infrastructure
functionality, including cyber-attacks. Therefore, enhanced cybersecurity measures are necessary, and
strategies for the operation of the power complex in the absence of communications should be developed.
6. Micro power systems (MicroGrid) with distributed renewable generation for enhancing the
resilience of the power supply system
Increasing resilience requires the development of effective strategies for mitigating the impact and
consequences of destructive events, as well as facilitating the rapid recovery of the power system. These
requirements can be met through the integration of so-called local networks or micro power systems, also
known as MicroGrids, which the International Electrotechnical Commission defines as “a set of controlled
distributed generators and load resources located in close proximity to each other, consisting of several
sources of alternating current, including at least one renewable energy source such as wind or solar” [20].
MicroGrid, essentially, is a small-scale electrical network designed to manage distributed energy
resources and may include renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, and/or hydro energy) along with
conventional sources (such as diesel generators, gas turbines, etc.). These MicroGrids typically manage the
energy load of multiple generation systems and incorporate certain energy storage systems. They are
controlled using various types of software and management systems.
Among the aforementioned directions for strengthening the resilience of the power system, the
development of MicroGrids with distributed renewable energy generation requires particular attention in
modern conditions in Ukraine. According to another definition, MicroGrids represent intelligent power
systems on a small scale, functioning as a single structure, integrating consumers and local distributed energy
resources along with energy storage systems [21]. The definition of MicroGrids by the U.S. Department of
Energy emphasizes that it is a group of interconnected loads and distributed energy resources that are
confined within clearly defined electrical boundaries and operate as a single controlled entity in the power
system [22]. According to data from Bloom Energy [23], around 500 new MicroGrids are already in the
process of development or deployment, with the total capacity of such networks worldwide reaching several
gigawatts.
The U.S. Department of Energy's MicroGrid development program [24] indicates that by 2050,
distributed generation could constitute a significant portion of the generating capacity in the U.S., ranging
from 30% to 50%. From 2016 to 2019, over 200 new MicroGrids were installed in the U.S., which is a 65%
increase compared to the previous period (2013–2016). The average size of one MicroGrid is less than
5 MW. It is projected that the total global capacity of MicroGrids will increase from 3,500 MW in 2019 to
20,000 MW by 2028 [24].
The interest in distributed renewable generation within MicroGrids is driven by the decrease in costs
and increased awareness and societal interest. According to forecasts from Navigant Research, commercial
and industrial clients (C&I) are expected to significantly increase their investments in MicroGrids, growing
from $200 million in 2020 to nearly $1.5 billion in 2029 [25].
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 31
Furthermore, one of the advantages of distributed renewable generation is the reduction in the use of
fossil fuels. The share of MicroGrids relying on fossil fuels (such as diesel generators and mini-CHP)
decreased from 89% in 2019 to 16% in 2021 [24], indicating the increasing environmental friendliness of
such micropower systems.
These MicroGrids can be connected to the main power grid through a single point of connection or,
in some cases, operate in an isolated mode, allowing them to function independently of the main energy
infrastructure. Thus, islanding mode can be both permanent and temporary, forming dynamic energy islands
in emergency situations that prevent the operation of the unified power system due to extensive damage or
disruption to system-forming links. At the same time, they integrate both direct current and alternating
current networks (due to the use of different energy sources) as well as battery energy systems and,
potentially, fuel cells.
MicroGrids with renewable generation and energy storage systems have laid the foundation for smart
grids, providing the ability to create a self-controlled power system that can reliably operate within defined
electrical parameters through the organization of interconnections between distributed energy resources and
controllable loads. The MicroGrid's control system (controller) performs several functions [26], including:
(a) determining the time and method of connection and disconnection from the main grid; (b) ensuring the
balance of active and reactive power when the MicroGrid is disconnected and operating in islanding mode,
and (c) managing distributed energy resources (renewable generation and energy storage system) to support
the load.
It should be noted that the integration of distributed generation sources into power systems is carried
out at three hierarchical levels. Large-scale sources are usually connected through the point of
interconnection to existing substations with voltage reduction or to specially built substations with voltage
transformation at 110 kV and above for power transmission to major consumption centers. Medium-scale
sources (up to several MW) are, in most cases, directly integrated into distribution networks at 6–35 kV. For
connection to low-voltage networks, small-scale installations are used, which are applied by small
consumers. Depending on the level of integration of distributed generation devices into electrical grids, the
effective collaboration often requires the implementation of various new approaches, strategies, and
technologies.
Microgrids, due to their ability to operate in both parallel and autonomous modes and switch from
parallel to island mode, serve as an effective resilience resource for both transmission and distribution
systems. Distributed energy resources, microturbines, wind turbines, photovoltaic modules, energy storage
systems, etc., constitute critical units of local grids. Using microgrid technologies allows integration with the
grid and multiple smart grid technologies, integrating distributed and renewable energy sources to reduce
peak loads and provide power to critical energy-dependent facilities.
The design and construction of microgrids are influenced by various factors. Advancements in
electricity production and distribution technologies allow the creation of systems that reduce energy
consumption, utilize eco-friendly energy production methods, and meet critical requirements for power
supply. During extreme events, distributed energy resources can provide consumers with electricity when the
local grid operates in island mode or serve as a temporary resource (donor) for the power system. They can
also facilitate faster service restoration after destructive events. The concept of local grids with distributed
generation, storage, and energy control can reduce dependency on major transmission lines, lower network
vulnerability, and improve its resilience and reduce restoration time.
Local grids with renewable generation (mainly solar and wind) can have a significant impact on
improving the functioning of the power system during destructive events at the centralized energy generation
or transmission level. Among the key factors influencing the resilience of the power system when employing
local grids with distributed renewable generation are the following:
1. Autonomy: Local grids with renewable generation can operate autonomously, independent
of centralized grids or transmission lines. This allows for providing electricity to remote or critical facilities,
limiting the spread of outages, and preserving power stability in other areas.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 32
2. Decentralization: Solar and wind generation enables creating energy sources directly within
microgrids, avoiding dependence on large centralized power plants and reducing the load on centralized
energy generation and transmission. This division of energy production and consumption among multiple
small local sources helps improve load distribution and reduce the risk of system overload during
emergencies.
3. Reduced reliance on fossil fuels: The use of solar and wind generation in microgrids reduces
dependency on fossil fuels, which can be expensive and unreliable during emergencies.
4. Reduced carbon footprint: Utilizing renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants, contributing to environmental and public health
improvements within the microgrid.
5. Flexibility: Solar and wind generators can be easily deployed and expanded in various
locations within the microgrid based on needs and available resources. This allows for optimizing energy
production based on variable conditions. Local grids with renewable generation can also be more flexible in
load and energy management through smart grid technologies and control systems. Such grids can
effectively respond to changes in production and consumption, ensuring stability during complex situations.
6. Reliability: Local grids can provide reliable power in case of issues with central grids or
transmission lines. They can serve as backup power sources, reducing the risk of disconnection during
emergencies.
7. Stability and recovery: Local grids can facilitate faster recovery after problems occur. This
requires having reliable sources of renewable generation and efficient emergency response systems.
Fig. 3 illustrates how microgrids with distributed generation can be used to improve resilience during
disruptions at different levels of the power supply system, as well as how the stability of an individual local
network is strengthened [27].
Fig. 3. Enhancing resilience during destructive events at various levels of power system [27]
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 33
Enhancing resilience at the transmission system level: In the event of line damages in the transmission
system and isolation of a part of it, microgrids (MG) directly connected to the transmission system (MG1) or
microgrids connected to the distribution system (MG 2–MG 4) can act as energy resources to meet the needs
of the isolated part (both transmission and distribution systems) at the local level and reduce load gaps.
Enhancing resilience at the distribution system level: In the case of damages and isolation at the
distribution system level, microgrids connected to it (MG 2–MG 4) can act as energy sources to meet the
local needs of the distribution system. Additionally, in the event of multiple destructive events in the
distribution system, it is possible to divide it into separate autonomous microgrids, using various sources of
distributed generation to minimize load disconnection.
Enhancing resilience at the individual microgrid level: In the event of damages in the distribution
system, leading to the isolation of a microgrid (MG 4), it can operate in an isolated (islanded) mode, properly
allocating its resources to serve at least critical loads.
Creating and operating local microgrids with distributed renewable generation to enhance the
resilience of the power system requires both investment and planning measures, as well as the
implementation of advanced management and operational strategies. All types of actions must consider
uncertainties arising mainly from the stochastic nature of renewable energy resources and potential damages
in case of external threats.
Microgrids have significant advantages in enhancing the resilience of the power system by
implementing various strategies, ranging from planning for emergency responses to ensuring reliable power
supply to consumers. Ensuring the reliability of the power system occurs at different levels, starting from
physically strengthening system components and operational restoration of services, and extending to the
development of management strategies that reinforce power system resilience.
7. Approaches to assessing the impact of distributed renewable energy generation on the
resilience of the power system
The relevance of assessing the resilience of the power system in the development of distributed
renewable energy lies in the need to determine the nature and strength of the impact of these technologies on
the overall stability and reliability of the power system. Distributed renewable energy generation brings
changes to the traditional structure of electricity production and load distribution, which can affect the
operation and stability of the system.
Currently, there are no standardized resilience metrics, and there is no universal metric that would be
suitable for all cases. Most proposed quantitative assessments of resilience focus on monitoring system
degradation and recovery, but do not consider its preventive and adaptive capabilities. Additionally, each
category of assessment methods has its own advantages and limitations.
Analytical methods can reflect the impact of load levels on the resilience of the power system, but
these metrics require significant computational costs and do not consider the time of degradation and
recovery. Probabilistic methods are effective for assessing resilience as they can predict not only the severity
of an event and its impact on the system but also the probability of its occurrence. However, when modeling
the system, many assumptions need to be made, which can lead to significant errors due to
overgeneralization and simplification. Resilience assessments based on reliability indicators use standardized
indices that are well-developed and easily calculated. However, these indices do not account for catastrophic
events caused by extreme destructive events.
To assess the resilience of the power system in the context of distributed renewable generation,
various approaches and methods can be used, allowing for the consideration of different scenarios for the
integration of distributed renewable generation and evaluating their impact on load, costs, reliability, and
system stability [28]–[36].
In [28], limitations are considered to ensure an adequate operating reserve in the economic operation
of microgrids and to support critical loads in case of failures in the main grid. The concept of smart
distributed autonomous power supply systems is proposed in [29] to create a resilient microgrid, where
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 34
Demand Side Management methods are used as a tool to ensure critical load serving during emergency
conditions. The study [30] develops a sequence of control decisions to be made for service restoration in
systems consisting of multiple microgrids and subsequent islanding operation, and it is stated that this
sequence of control decisions and actions allows for reducing load restoration time and improving system
resilience. In [31], the development of load management functions in the microgrid is presented, including
energy storage, electric vehicles, and consumer load control, which contributes to increased microgrid
resilience after islanding for autonomous operation. In [32], a strategic planning approach is proposed to
create resilient microgrids by optimally locating distributed generators in the distribution system to optimize
the vulnerability, reliability, and economic efficiency of the microgrid.
Based on the reviewed literature, it can be concluded that resilience is a function of time and can be
categorized into short-term and long-term resilience. Short-term resilience defines the attributes that a
resilient power system should possess before, during, and after an event, namely, robustness/stability,
resourcefulness/reserve capacity, and recovery. On the other hand, long-term resilience pertains to the
attributes of an power system concerning new threats, changing conditions, and the system's ability to adapt
to them.
In the work [33], an approach was proposed to assess the impact of the penetration level of renewable
generation (ranging from 0% to 100%) and node voltage in the power system's resilience based on skew-
normal distribution and complex network methods. The study focused on the impact of distributed
generation on a power system with 2383 nodes (buses) in Poland. It was found that the initial
fraction F0 ≈ 1.6% of loaded nodes goes beyond the nominal voltage. In this context, α represents the level of
renewable energy production in local power systems.
Three scenarios were considered and analyzed:
1. α = 0: Renewable generation production is approximately equal to the consumer load.
2. α = -1: Renewable generation production exceeds the consumer load.
3. α = 1: Renewable generation production is below the consumer load.
Further, depending on the p-share of renewable generation in the overall generation structure at the
defined levels of renewable energy production α, the results are shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4. The impact of distributed renewable generation penetration p on microgrid resilience
at different α values [33]
It should be noted that lower F values of the relative share of nodes operating close to the nominal
voltage, correspond to higher resilience. As evident from the research results, the expansion of distributed
renewable energy generation initially enhances the resilience of the power system. However, at higher p
values (p ≥ 0.6), the resilience deteriorates, particularly if the distributed generation on average supplies
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 35
more energy than the normal load requirements (α = −1). Therefore, it is recommended to maintain the levels
of renewable energy generation below the load requirements (α = 1). Consequently, it has been identified
that uncontrolled deployment and growth of renewable energy generation can overload the power system
beyond its design parameters.
During assessing the resilience of power system with distributed renewable generation, it is important
to consider various factors and complex interconnections within microgrids. The generation structure, type of
renewable energy sources, storage technology, and their techno-economic parameters can significantly
influence the functioning of each individual microgrid and its contribution to enhancing the resilience of the
country's power supply system. Some proposed methods [34]–[36] may not accurately estimate the real
properties of the microgrid itself. Existing approaches are suitable for visualizing and measuring specific
aspects (e.g., system control efficiency [34] or economic aspects [35] or from the point of view of
management theory [36]) of operational and infrastructure resilience of the power system but have some
limitations and do not consider the following crucial factors:
1. Self-sufficiency: Increasing the penetration of distributed renewable generation can enhance
resilience if the system has the capability for full autonomous operation when disconnected from centralized
grids or remains self-sufficient while maintaining connections to the centralized grid. Autonomous and/or
self-sufficient microgrids can be more resilient to external disruptive events.
2. Coherence (preserving all key connections within microgrids): Considering the connections and
interactions among distributed generators, energy storage systems, and consumers within microgrids is
crucial for assessing resilience. Systems with balanced interactions between participants can be more robust
to failures.
3. Microgrid flexibility: Distributed renewable sources can provide stability, but their effectiveness
may depend on the system's flexibility in load management and production balance.
4. Microgrid response: In the case of significant failures or emergencies, the resilience of the
power system may also depend on the speed and effectiveness of the response within the microgrid with
distributed renewable generation to such events.
Formalizing and considering these factors will help achieve a more comprehensive assessment of the
resilience of the power system and develop effective strategies to enhance its stability and reliability.
Additionally, the application of mathematical modeling, economic analysis, and other analytical methods can
aid in determining optimal strategies for the implementation of distributed renewable generation while
considering the improvement of power system resilience. Currently, microgrids are extensively studied and
deployed, but further research is necessary to explore reliable management architectures for microgrids with
distributed renewable generation. Methods for forecasting with consideration of intermittency and variability
of solar and wind generation should be developed. Furthermore, optimization of integration and
synchronization between microgrids and centralized power systems is essential to achieve mutual
coordination for their sustainable and reliable operation.
8. Conclusions
The power sector is an integral part of critical infrastructure, serving as the epicenter and driving force
of the economy, national security, and environmental situation in a country. It is interconnected with other
critical infrastructure components, such as gas and water supply, transportation, and communication systems.
Any disruption in the energy supply system directly and significantly impacts the functioning of these critical
infrastructure components. Therefore, enhancing the power system resilience is crucial to ensure the
continuous operation of the overall critical infrastructure.
The definitions and key characteristics of the power system resilience in modern scientific literature
are considered. Resilience of a power system can be divided into two main categories: 1) infrastructure
resilience and 2) operational resilience. Infrastructure resilience is primarily defined as the physical strength
of the power system, which is sufficient to withstand and be less susceptible to damage from major
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 3(74) 36
disruptions. Operational resilience relates to the continuity of operations, ensuring uninterrupted supply or
sufficient available generating capacity, despite adverse events or disruptions.
It has been identified that the most necessary and promising approaches to enhance the power system
resilience include the development of relevant regulatory framework, physical protection systems (e.g.
shelters of different kinds) for energy infrastructure objects, the utilization of automatic frequency and power
regulation systems, ensuring resource adequacy (including technical component reserves), promoting the
development of distributed generation, integrating energy storage systems into the electric grid, and
strengthening cybersecurity. Implementing these approaches will enable the energy complex to increase its
self-recovery capability and resilience in destructive extreme situations that go beyond typical failures.
In this research, the role of micro power systems (MicroGrid) with renewable energy sources in
enhancing the power system resilience was analyzed. Additionally, the functions of microgrids that
contribute to improving the stability of power systems were summarized, such as service restoration,
network formation strategies, control and stability, as well as preventive measures. It was found that local
microgrids have significant potential to increase the power system resilience by implementing various
strategies, ranging from planning for emergency situations to ensuring reliable energy supply to consumers
for rapid response to military, environmental, and anthropogenic crises. The concept of local networks with
distributed generation, storage, and energy control can reduce dependence on main power transmission lines,
decrease network vulnerability, and simultaneously improve its resilience and reduce recovery time.
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ПОКРАЩЕННЯ РЕЗИЛЬЄНТНОСТІ ЕНЕРГОСИСТЕМИ
ШЛЯХОМ ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ МІКРОЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ
СИСТЕМ (MICROGRID) З ВІДНОВЛЮВАНОЮ
РОЗПОДІЛЕНОЮ ГЕНЕРАЦІЄЮ
Ганна Костенко1*, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-7633
Артур Запорожець1, 2, д-р техн. наук, ст. досл., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-4116
1Інститут загальної енергетики НАН України, вул. Антоновича, 172, м. Київ, 03150,
Україна;
2ДУ «Центр оцінювання діяльності наукових установ та наукового забезпечення розвитку
регіонів України Національної академії наук України», вул. Володимирська, 54, м. Київ,
01030, Україна
*Автор-кореспондент: Kostenko_HP@nas.gov.ua
Анотація. Енергетичний сектор відіграє критичну роль у функціонуванні економіки та безпеки
країни, знаходячись у тісному зв’язку з іншими важливими інфраструктурами, включаючи
газопостачання, водопостачання, транспорт та телекомунікації. Підтримка стабільного
електропостачання є вирішальною для безперебійної роботи цих систем. Інтеграція локальних
мереж з розподіленою генерацією з відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ-генерацією) у загальну
енергосистему є одним зі способів підвищення її резильєнтності. Гнучкість, стійкість,
керованість та здатність до самовідновлення мікромереж роблять їх ефективним рішенням для
покращення стійкості енергосистеми. Електромережа чутлива до збурень та руйнувань, що
можуть викликати масштабні відключення споживачів електроенергії. Статистичні дані
вказують, що приблизно 90% відключень відбуваються через проблеми в системі розподілу, тому
особливий фокус у дослідженнях направлений на локальні мережі з розподіленою ВДЕ-генерацією.
В ході дослідження була проаналізована роль мікромереж з ВДЕ-генерацією у підвищенні
резильєнтності енергетичних систем. Крім того, узагальнено функції мікромереж, які сприяють
підвищенню стійкості енергетичних систем, такі як відновлення обслуговування, стратегії
формування мережі, контроль і стабільність, а також запобіжні заходи. Виявлено, що локальні
мікромережі володіють значним потенціалом підвищення резильєнтності енергосистеми шляхом
реалізації різноманітних стратегій, від планування реагування на надзвичайні ситуації до
забезпечення надійного енергопостачання споживачів для швидкого реагування на військові,
екологічні та антропогенні кризи. Концепція локальних мереж з розподіленим виробництвом,
зберіганням та контролем енергії може зменшити залежність від магістральних ліній
енергопередачі, знизити вразливість мережі і водночас покращити її стійкість та зменшити час
відновлення.
Ключові слова: резильєнтність, локальні енергетичні системи, MicroGrid, розподілена генерація,
відновлювані джерела енергії.
Надійшла до редколегії: 31.07.2023
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230750400_Distributed_Generation_and_Resilience_in_Power_Grids
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envhaz.2007.10.001
https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2023.025863
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-7633
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-4116
mailto:Kostenko_HP@nas.gov.ua
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online), ISSN 2786-7633 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.025
UDC 621.311:621.311.1
|
| id | systemreorg-article-804 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:22:07Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/8f/6e5a690332b1328a9bbd0e983b65008f.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-8042026-07-18T12:57:47Z Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation Покращення резильєнтності енергосистеми шляхом застосування мікроенергетичних систем (microgrid) з відновлюваною розподіленою генерацією Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur resilience, local power systems, MicroGrid, distributed generation, renewable energy sources. резильєнтність, локальні енергетичні системи, MicroGrid, розподілена генерація, відновлювані джерела енергії. The power sector plays a critical role in the functioning of the economy and the security of a country, being closely interconnected with other vital infrastructures, such as gas supply, water supply, transportation, and telecommunications. Ensuring a stable power supply is crucial for the uninterrupted operation of these systems. One way to enhance the resilience of the power system is by integrating local networks with distributed renewable generation into the overall energy infrastructure. The flexibility, stability, controllability, and self-healing capabilities of microgrids make them an effective solution for improving the resilience of the power system. The power grid is susceptible to disturbances and disruptions that can cause large-scale power outages for consumers. Statistical data indicates that approximately 90% of outages occur due to issues in the distribution system, thus research focuses on local microgrids with distributed renewable generation. This study analyzed the role of microgrids with renewable generation in enhancing the resilience of power systems. Additionally, functions of microgrids that contribute to enhancing power system resilience, such as service restoration, network formation strategies, control and stability, as well as preventive measures, were summarized. It was found that local microgrids have significant potential to enhance power system resilience through the implementation of various strategies, from emergency response planning to providing reliable energy supply for quick responses to military, environmental, and human-induced crises. The concept of local distributed energy generation, storage, and control can reduce reliance on long-distance power transmission lines, reduce network vulnerabilities, and simultaneously improve its resilience and reduce recovery time. It has been determined that the most necessary and promising approaches to enhance the resilience of the power system include developing appropriate regulatory frameworks, implementing automatic frequency and power control systems, ensuring resource adequacy (including the reservation of technical components), promoting distributed generation, integrating energy storage systems into the energy grid, and strengthening cyber security. Енергетичний сектор відіграє критичну роль у функціонуванні економіки та безпеки країни, знаходячись у тісному зв’язку з іншими важливими інфраструктурами, включаючи газопостачання, водопостачання, транспорт та телекомунікації. Підтримка стабільного електропостачання є вирішальною для безперебійної роботи цих систем. Інтеграція локальних мереж з розподіленою генерацією з відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ-генерацією) у загальну енергосистему є одним зі способів підвищення її резильєнтності. Гнучкість, стійкість, керованість та здатність до самовідновлення мікромереж роблять їх ефективним рішенням для покращення стійкості енергосистеми. Електромережа чутлива до збурень та руйнувань, що можуть викликати масштабні відключення споживачів електроенергії. Статистичні дані вказують, що приблизно 90% відключень відбуваються через проблеми в системі розподілу, тому особливий фокус у дослідженнях направлений на локальні мережі з розподіленою ВДЕ-генерацією. В ході дослідження була проаналізована роль мікромереж з ВДЕ-генерацією у підвищенні резильєнтності енергетичних систем. Крім того, узагальнено функції мікромереж, які сприяють підвищенню стійкості енергетичних систем, такі як відновлення обслуговування, стратегії формування мережі, контроль і стабільність, а також запобіжні заходи. Виявлено, що локальні мікромережі володіють значним потенціалом підвищення резильєнтності енергосистеми шляхом реалізації різноманітних стратегій, від планування реагування на надзвичайні ситуації до забезпечення надійного енергопостачання споживачів для швидкого реагування на військові, екологічні та антропогенні кризи. Концепція локальних мереж з розподіленим виробництвом, зберіганням та контролем енергії може зменшити залежність від магістральних ліній енергопередачі, знизити вразливість мережі і водночас покращити її стійкість та зменшити час відновлення. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2023-08-24 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/804 10.15407/srenergy2023.03.025 System Research in Energy; No. 3 (74) (2023): System Research in Energy; 25-38 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 3 (74) (2023): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 25-38 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/804/700 Copyright (c) 2023 Ganna Kostenko, Artur Zaporozhets https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | resilience local power systems MicroGrid distributed generation renewable energy sources. Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation |
| title | Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation |
| title_alt | Покращення резильєнтності енергосистеми шляхом застосування мікроенергетичних систем (microgrid) з відновлюваною розподіленою генерацією |
| title_full | Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation |
| title_fullStr | Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation |
| title_short | Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation |
| title_sort | enhancing of the power system resilience through the application of micro power systems (microgrid) with renewable distributed generation |
| topic | resilience local power systems MicroGrid distributed generation renewable energy sources. |
| topic_facet | resilience local power systems MicroGrid distributed generation renewable energy sources. резильєнтність локальні енергетичні системи MicroGrid розподілена генерація відновлювані джерела енергії. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/804 |
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