PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT
The research is devoted to the theoretical and practical substantiation of the principles of formation of systems of combined energy supply with heterogeneous sources to increase the energy efficiency of territorial communities in the conditions of climate change resistance. New approaches and struc...
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| Дата: | 2023 |
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2023
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System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871104327983038464 |
|---|---|
| author | Kaplun, Viktor |
| author_facet | Kaplun, Viktor |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Viktor Kaplun",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Kaplun, Viktor |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:47Z |
| description | The research is devoted to the theoretical and practical substantiation of the principles of formation of systems of combined energy supply with heterogeneous sources to increase the energy efficiency of territorial communities in the conditions of climate change resistance. New approaches and structural models for the formation of local microenergy systems are proposed, which will encourage territorial communities to a new type of activity related to their own energy generation based on the use of local types of fuels and renewable energy sources. The principles of building such local energy supply systems, in general, consist in the rational distribution of resources (renewable sources, sources of combined energy generation using biofuels, energy from external networks) and coordination of the processes of generation, transmission, accumulation, distribution and consumption of energy within the boundaries of a separate territorial community by creating its own high-tech infrastructure assets. The formation of the energy balance in the medium and long term is proposed to be carried out on the basis of a resource-process analysis of the operation of local networks by finding the optimal use of local types of biofuels and renewable sources in the combined generation of electricity and heat, taking into account their current value. The cost of energy for the end consumer is determined by differentiated tariffs of energy supply companies and the use of several heterogeneous sources that participate in the process of decentralized energy production. Mathematical relations are obtained for calculating the values of the time intervals of the execution of a set of parallel processes that arise during the interaction of competing sources of distributed generation with end consumers and establishing the regularities of the formation of the energy balance a micro energy system. The proposed method can be a tool for finding optimal energy efficiency management scenarios of facilities with local energy supply, using operational redistribution of energy flows in the system of combined energy generation and forecasting current costs for energy supply in calculation periods. Such a concept can be a theoretical basis for the formation of principles of energy independence of territorial communities. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2023.04.055 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:03:12Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 54
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online), ISSN 2786-7633 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.054
UDK 621.316.1.052.6:696.6-1; 621.311(075.8)
Viktor Kaplun, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-9344
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15, Heroiv Oborony St.,
Kyiv, 03041, Ukraine
e-mail: kaplun.v@nubip.edu.ua
_______________________________________________________________________________________
PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL
COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE
CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT
Abstract. The research is devoted to the theoretical and practical substantiation of the principles of
formation of systems of combined energy supply with heterogeneous sources to increase the energy
efficiency of territorial communities in the conditions of climate change resistance. New approaches and
structural models for the formation of local microenergy systems are proposed, which will encourage
territorial communities to a new type of activity related to their own energy generation based on the use of
local types of fuels and renewable energy sources. The principles of building such local energy supply
systems, in general, consist in the rational distribution of resources (renewable sources, sources of
combined energy generation using biofuels, energy from external networks) and coordination of the
processes of generation, transmission, accumulation, distribution and consumption of energy within the
boundaries of a separate territorial community by creating its own high-tech infrastructure assets. The
formation of the energy balance in the medium and long term is proposed to be carried out on the basis of
a resource-process analysis of the operation of local networks by finding the optimal use of local types of
biofuels and renewable sources in the combined generation of electricity and heat, taking into account their
current value. The cost of energy for the end consumer is determined by differentiated tariffs of energy
supply companies and the use of several heterogeneous sources that participate in the process of
decentralized energy production. Mathematical relations are obtained for calculating the values of the time
intervals of the execution of a set of parallel processes that arise during the interaction of competing
sources of distributed generation with end consumers and establishing the regularities of the formation of
the energy balance a micro energy system. The proposed method can be a tool for finding optimal energy
efficiency management scenarios of facilities with local energy supply, using operational redistribution of
energy flows in the system of combined energy generation and forecasting current costs for energy supply
in calculation periods. Such a concept can be a theoretical basis for the formation of principles of energy
independence of territorial communities.
Keywords: territorial community, combined-heat-and-power-system, renewable energy sources, biofuel,
energy balances.
1. Introduction
The modern experience of organizing structures of territorial communities in the context of the global
"green" energy transition [1] and the decentralization of energy supply systems shows a return to collective
ownership and management of resource assets related to own energy generation through the introduction of
distributed generating capacities with renewable energy sources (RES) and energy generation systems based
on local biofuels [2]. Due to the rational distribution of resources and coordination of the processes of
generation, transmission, accumulation, distribution and consumption of energy, it becomes possible to create
local high-tech infrastructure assets within a separate territorial community for the formation of independent
(island) energy supply [3, 4].
Today's energy policy at the community level is implemented on the basis of the market for the services
of corporate suppliers. This means that such companies don’t participate in filling local budgets, because of
profits from their activities are directed to the shareholders of these companies, who, in the vast majority of
cases, are outside the territorial community. This does not contribute to the inflow of investments in this area
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-9344
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 55
and the creation of additional jobs. Under such conditions, regional development is quite problematic, since
the community does not receive economic benefits and constantly bears costs for energy consumption.
There is a well-known experience when newly created local cooperatives undertake to generate
ecological energy in the region by establishing an independent supplier [5, 6]. In this case, the creation of a
new local energy infrastructure provides consumers with an alternative to reorganizing energy supply
technologies in a way that would correspond to the region's development strategy. Decentralized management
of energy resources helps to achieve three main goals: implementation of energy generation facilities both at
the individual level and at the community level; accumulation of financial resources in the community for the
purpose of investing profits in regional sustainable development projects; strengthening the influence of end
consumers on the economic model of energy supply of the territorial community.
The current increase in interest in solving the problems of energy supply of local communities, which
could use local alternative fuels and renewable sources, as well as the development of "smart" networks, draws
attention to project activities on the creation and improvement of local microenergy systems of combined
energy generation of electricity and heat with heterogeneous sources (CHPS). Local communities (especially
in developed countries) are transforming, trying to change their traditional identity as passive consumers. There
is already experience in the formation of so-called active consumers who are both consumers and producers
of energy [7, 8]. Local energy systems can potentially contribute to overall energy and climate goals by helping
to reverse trends in energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
Local micro-energy networks have wide opportunities for the integration of renewable energy sources
by taking into account the peculiarities of their interaction in ensuring the demand of end consumers and
coordinating the use of the external energy system and require new organizational approaches in solving their
management tasks. New energy initiatives are aimed at using a different logic for structuring local energy
supply. This is consistent with the concept of "mass innovation", which aims to replace existing socio-technical
structures. The material manifestations of the new structure are facilities for local sustainable energy
generation, such as solar and wind power plants, biomass and biofuel generation facilities. In addition, local
cooperatives are experimenting with such innovations as energy storage and the creation of "smart" grids [7, 9].
In recent years, a number of fundamental and applied research works have been carried out, which touch
on the structural-parametric synthesis of combined power supply systems of energy-efficient buildings based
on smart technologies, management systems of micro-energy networks of local objects based on a conditional
dynamic tariff, etc. [10]. The decarbonization policy requires a further increase in the share of RES energy in
the balance of regional energy systems, which traditionally depended on fossil fuels. This leads to the need to
find solutions for the optimal combination of the processes of generation, transmission and distribution of
thermal and electrical energy. Traditionally, such energy networks were designed as separate independent
systems, but their integration in load nodes means that a deeper study of heat-electric processes at the level of
primary fuel conversion technologies and energy consumption management at the end consumer level is
necessary [11, 12].
Theoretical studies of the processes of formation of dynamic tariffs for the formation of daily
management scenarios at local energy facilities allowed to establish regularities in the development and
implementation of combined energy supply systems [13–15]. The basic objects in Ukraine for their use at the
initial stage of energy supply projects are solar power plants of households with a capacity up to 30 kW, the
number of which reaches almost 40 thousand as of 2023. This circumstance can significantly affect the level
of the current cost of electricity during the day and more long time intervals (month, year). Such systems in
the summer period are characterized by the use of significant amounts of electricity in the structure of
consumption for the generation of cold (air conditioning).
It is the formation of the overall energy balance of such a microenergy system in the absence of
expensive electricity storage technologies that opens up opportunities for finding optimal energy efficiency
management scenarios based on forecasting current energy supply costs. Such a concept can be the theoretical
basis of our approaches to the formation of energy independence of territorial communities.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 56
Several methods of modeling integrated energy systems are known. Such systems are often called
differently, but the key principles of their construction are similar: for example, multi-component energy
networks (MCEN) [16, 17], multi-flow energy systems (MEFS) [18], multi-vector energy networks and
integrated energy systems (IES). [19]. Energy networks with several different energy carriers are able to meet
demand and efficiently combine their use, including energy storage. Even in networks that do not have a clear
coordination of the work of sources (like MCEN), there is a growing number of elements that create additional
connections within local networks and between external networks. In principle, such networks cannot be
considered as independent from each other [20].
The scientific idea of using a resource-process analysis of the operation of local networks as a tool for
increasing the energy efficiency of objects with a separate formation of energy balances is increasingly
receiving support from clients acting as long-term investors. The development of new principles for the
construction of micro-energy systems became the main basis for the formation of energy independence of the
selected objects. The idea is not simply to use energy effectively, but, first of all, to change the attitude of the
end consumer towards the processes of own generation based on local fuels and renewable sources, taking into
account its present cost. The cost of energy is determined not only by differentiated tariffs of energy supply
companies, but also by the use of several heterogeneous sources that participate in the process of decentralized
energy production.
2. Research methodology
The principles of forming the energy independence of territorial communities are a modern approach to
the integration of several sources of distributed generation of small power to external power grids. The key
feature of such CHPS is their ability to predictably change the structure of the energy balance by replacing the
main component of energy consumption from external networks and, under certain conditions, to switch to an
isolated (island) mode of operation without reducing the quality of energy supply. At the same time,
synchronization with external networks makes it possible to maneuver distributed generation in a microenergy
system with stochastic parameters of its own generation and to have operational flexibility when using sources
of distributed generation.
The use of several sources of distributed generation, which form the CHPS structure and are integrated
into existing networks, requires the following tasks to be solved:
- implementation of automatic switching between external networks and the micro-energy system,
determination of the conditions for switching to the island mode of energy supply;
- development of principles of construction and algorithms of operation of network control systems of
CHPS with several heterogeneous sources;
- development of the principles of building a system of intelligent control of energy consumption on the
end consumer’s side and functioning algorithms to ensure the stability of the operation of the micro-energy
system when exchanging energy with external networks and when operating in island mode.
It is advisable to analyze the behavior of CHPS with several energy sources in several stages:
1) determination of annual energy consumption/production by companies, assessing the main variables
related to energy;
2) evaluation of the energy balance (demand/supply) for the calculation period (it is assumed that energy
generation should cover only current energy needs. Surplus energy produced in previous periods cannot cover
needs in future periods in which generation is insufficient);
3) determination of the short-term, medium-term and long-term energy profile for the generation of
electricity and heat and the consumer;
4) modeling of the formation of the energy balance in the combined CHPS and analysis of cost indicators
in the energy supply system to forecast future end consumer energy management scenarios.
We will assume that the mathematical model of a scalable distributed microgrid includes:
𝑛 ≥ 2 – the number of sources participating in the territorial community's own energy production;
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 57
𝐶 ≥ 2 – the number of final consumers of electricity (a building with a defined specific energy
consumption);
𝑊 ≥ 2 – the number of structured competing energy flows from sources of distributed generation,
taking into account their specific present values (price ranges 𝑉);
𝑇 = [𝑡𝑖𝑗], 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚 – the matrix of time intervals of energy transmission by the 𝑖-th source
from the 𝑗-th price range;
𝑉 = [𝑣𝑖𝑗]
𝑛×𝑚
– matrix of the cost of a reduced unit of energy from the 𝑗-th price range when generated
by the 𝑖-th source;
𝜉 > 0 is a parameter characterizing the system time that is spent on the organization of parallel
transmission of energy from 𝑛 sources 𝐶 to final consumers.
It is assumed that all sources of electrical energy are distributed, that is, energy flows are transmitted to
various end consumers who are connected to the network infrastructure. We will call a distributed microgrid
heterogeneous if the time intervals of energy transmission to end consumers are different for different sources.
We will call a distributed microgrid homogeneous if each end consumer has the opportunity to receive energy
from all selected sources of the micro energy system 𝑡𝑖𝑗 = 𝑡𝑗, 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚. A distributed microgrid will
be called uniformly distributed if the times of energy transmission by each source to all final consumers
coincide, that is, a fair sequence of equalities, 𝑡𝑖1 = 𝑡𝑖2 = ⋯ 𝑡𝑖𝑚 = 𝑡𝑖, for all 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛.
The approach to the selection of a technological base for the generation of electricity and heat and the
distribution of energy flows is proposed to be presented in the form of a local power node of the CHPS (Fig. 1,
Fig.2), which includes:
- at the system level: heterogeneous sources (centralized power supply system (CPSS), local heating
network (HG), solar power plant (SPP), wind power plant (WPP), thermal power plant (HPP), biofuel
cogeneration plant (BCP);
- at the local resource level: primary fuels (firewood, wood chips, agricultural waste, bioenergy crops,
peat, biogas);
- at the local consumer’s level: elements of individual energy supply of the end consumers (gas boiler,
solid fuel boiler, electric boiler, heat pump).
Fig. 1. The structure of energy flows of a local node CHPS
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 58
Fig. 2. Structure of combined energy supply with heterogeneous sources
In general, the following criteria can be chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of CHPS of this class:
- economic and financial efficiency;
- ecological neutrality;
- social orientation and increase of jobs in the community;
- priority use of local fuels with a competitive cost;
- minimal use of material and energy resources (implementation of energy management);
- energy quality indicators;
- indicators of reliability of energy supply;
- indicator of energy independence (indicator of the ratio of network and local components of energy in
the balance of CHPS).
All the criteria listed above have a complex hierarchical structure and are described by a set of partial
criteria that reflect their different specificities. The transition from general goals to partial ones is accompanied
by competition in the system of main priorities, which often leads to their mutual contradictions.
At the beginning of the analysis of the micropower system (Fig. 1, Fig. 2), let us denote the vector of
parameters of external factors (traditional energy sources) of the formation of the energy balance 𝐷(𝑡), the
vector of structuring parameters 𝑅(𝑡) (this includes primarily the structural implementations of СHPS with
heterogeneous sources, including RES with a stochastic nature of generation), the vector of control influences
𝑌(𝑡) and the criterion vector functional 𝐹𝑇.
The vector criterion (objective) functional is integral, since in multicomponent systems, optimal
solutions are usually determined not by the instantaneous response of the system, but by a certain calculation
period 𝑇:
𝐹𝑇 = ∫ 𝐹𝑖(𝐷(𝑡), 𝑅(𝑡), 𝑌(𝑡))𝑑𝑡, 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛 .
𝑇
0
(1)
With this representation (1), the value of the vector functional is a function of the input parameters, and
ultimately in the form of a function of the controlling influences 𝑌(𝑡).
The parameters 𝐷(𝑡), 𝑅(𝑡), 𝑌(𝑡) are usually variables and are specified by an expression of type
𝐷𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐷 ≤ 𝐷𝑚𝑎𝑥.
The change of these parameters is also mutually dependent
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 59
𝛥𝑡(𝐷(𝑡), 𝑅(𝑡), 𝑌(𝑡)) ≥ 0.
We believe that for the system shown in fig. 3, there is some information about the internal connections
between its elements, which allows the parameters of the system to be presented in the form of internal
(endogenous) 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑑(𝑡) and external (exogenous) 𝐷𝑒𝑥(𝑡) connections. The production of control influences by
the control system, the reaction of which occurs through feedback. The values acquired by the endogenous
variables depend on the values of the exogenous and control variables
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑑(𝑡) = 𝛥(𝐷𝑒𝑥(𝑡), 𝑅(𝑡), 𝑌(𝑡)) ≥ 0.
For the case of probabilistic conditions, parameter 𝐷 can take different values 𝑋1, 𝑋2 … 𝑋𝑛 with known
probabilities of occurrence of these parameters 𝑝1, 𝑝2 … 𝑝𝑛,
∑ 𝑝𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1 =1. (2)
From the logic of building microenergy systems building and their control systems, we consider
endogenous and control parameters to be dependent, and exogenous parameters to be independent. In addition,
the conditions for the formation of the system structure can be deterministic (defined), probabilistic and
uncertain. In the case of deterministically given parameters, the optimal solution search function can be written
in the form 𝐹(𝑌) → 𝑚𝑖𝑛. The parameters of internal and external influences in this case do not affect to the
search for the optimal solution, as they are set prescriptively.
3. Results
Obtaining mathematical ratios for calculating the exact values of the total execution time of a set of
parallel processes that occur during the interaction of competing sources of distributed generation with end
consumers will allow in real time to optimally control any segments of the microgrid, plan the connection of
new objects, quickly redistribute energy flows, manage the efficiency of the use of primary fuels.
If 𝑇𝜉 = [𝑡𝑖𝑗
𝜉
], аnd 𝑛 × 𝑚 is matrix of time intervals of energy transmission by the 𝑖-th source from the
𝑖-th price range, taking into account the parameter 𝜉. Then, if we establish a mutual and unambiguous
correspondence between the sources and the requirements for the formation of the energy balance based on
seasonal schedules of energy consumption, then the matrix of time intervals of energy transfer [𝑡𝑖𝑗
𝜉
], 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛,
𝑗 = 1, 𝑚 will coincide with the matrix of time intervals for the formation of the energy balance structure from
selected sources n with characteristics m as a single-route Bellman-Johnson task [21]. Therefore, to calculate
the minimum total time 𝑇∑(𝐶, 𝑛, 𝑚, 𝜉) of energy transfer by 𝑛 ≥ 2 heterogeneous distributed competing
sources that use 𝑚 ≥ 2 structured flows in a microenergy system with 𝐶 ≥ 2 final consumers, taking into
account the parameter 𝜉 > 0, then for our case the Bellman-Johnson functional can be written:
𝑇∑(𝐶, 𝑛, 𝑚, 𝜉) = 𝑚𝑎𝑥(1≤𝑢1≤𝑢2≤⋯ ≤ 𝑢𝑚−1≤𝑛) [∑ 𝑡𝑖1
𝜉
𝑢1
𝑖=1
+ ∑ 𝑡𝑖2
𝜉
+ ⋯ + ∑ 𝑡𝑖𝑚
𝜉
𝑛
𝑖=𝑢𝑚−1
𝑢2
𝑖=𝑢1
], (3)
where 𝑡𝑖𝑗
𝜉
= 𝑡𝑖𝑗 + 𝜉 , = 1, 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚, а 𝑢1, 𝑢2, … , 𝑢𝑚−1 are positive integers.
For micro-energy systems with combined energy supply, it is advisable to use a method that allows you
to solve the problem of determining the minimum total time 𝑇∑(𝐶, 𝑛, 𝑚, 𝜉) of transmission of heterogeneous
distributed competing energy flows in the form of an 𝑛 × 𝑚 transmission matrix from the 𝑗-th price range 𝑖-th
source 𝑇𝜉 = [𝑡𝑖𝑗
𝜉
], 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚. To do this, we build a network vertex-weighted graph 𝐺1, which contains
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 60
𝑛𝑚 vertices located at the nodes of a rectangular 𝑛 × 𝑚 − lattice (Fig. 3), the formation of which consists in
a tabular record of the time intervals for servicing applications (demand for energy), which consist of 𝑛 rows
and 𝑚 columns. The minimum element is defined in the table. If it belongs to the first column, its row number
is written in the first free position on the left of the prepared row. If this minimum belongs to another column,
its row number is written in the first free position from the right. In any case, the row where there was a
minimum is deleted from the table of the service interval. This sequence is repeated until all the empty positions
of the prepared line are filled.
This determines the optimal schedule, which sets the priority for the participation of sources in the
formation of the energy balance of the CHPS. If you need to select several identical minimums, you can select
any of them. When choosing a different minimum, a different optimal set of components of the energy balance
can be obtained.
Fig. 3. Network vertex-weighted graph for determining the minimum total time 𝑇∑(𝐶, 𝑛, 𝑚, 𝜉)
for the transfer of heterogeneous distributed competing energy flows
Each vertex of the graph 𝐺1 corresponds to the value 𝑡𝑖𝑗
𝜉
= 𝑡𝑗, 𝑖 = 1, 𝑛, 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚, and 𝑡11
𝜉
is the initial
vertex, 𝑡𝑛𝑚
𝜉
is the final vertex. The arcs in graph 𝐺1 reflect the linear order of transmission of structured
competing energy flows by each source of distributed generation, as well as the linear order of reception of the
same flows by different end consumers.
The basic configuration of a local microgrid with inputs from a centralized power system, wind-solar
power plants, autonomous generators with internal combustion engines, heat energy and cogeneration plants
(on biogas, biodiesel, biofuel), static power sources, a system for monitoring and managing the energy
consumption of end consumers will allow the formation of adaptive energy balances of the community, taking
into account the costs of primary fuel, transmission and distribution of electric and thermal energy among end
consumers.
For a conditional optimal solution selected from a set of solutions, 𝑌𝑖 (∗) and the value 𝐹𝑖(∗)) will be
reached with the same probability as the parameter 𝐷𝑖 will be formed. Therefore, the value of the functional
can be written in the form of a formula for finding the mathematical expectation:
𝑀𝐹(𝑌∗) = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖=1,𝑚 ∑ 𝑝𝑖𝐹𝑖𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1
(𝐷𝑗𝑌𝑖). (4)
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 61
In this case, the order of calculations can be carried out in the sequence outlined in Table 1.
Table 1. The order of calculations when searching for the optimal solution in the conditions of probabilistic-
deterministic determination of the initial data
D
Y
X1 X2 … Xj
MF
p1 p2 … pj
Y1 F11 F12 … F1j
𝑀𝐹1 = ∑ 𝑝𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1
𝐹1𝑗
Y2 F21 F22 … F2j
𝑀𝐹2 = ∑ 𝑝𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1
𝐹2𝑗
…
… … … … …
Yi Fi1 Fi2 … Fij
𝑀𝐹𝑖 = ∑ 𝑝𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1
𝐹𝑖𝑗
… …
… … … …
Yj Fm1 Fm2 … Fmj
𝑀𝐹𝑚 = ∑ 𝑝𝑗
𝑛
𝑗=1
𝐹𝑚𝑗
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖=1,𝑚𝑀𝐹𝑖
It is clear that the task of optimization based on the resource-process approach in probabilistic
deterministic should be based on the demand of the energy supply system 𝐷𝑗, 𝑗 = 1, 𝑛 and the probabilities
𝑝𝑗 with which these values are realized. If 𝑌𝑗, 𝑗 = 1, 𝑚 are options for forming the energy balance of a
microenergy system based on generation by several sources, and 𝐹𝑖𝑗 is an integrated reduced cost indicator
that takes into account the specific cost of electricity and heat energy. The optimal solution will be the one in
which the structure of the sources of the micro-energy system will provide the minimum integral indicator of
costs in the long term (from one calendar year).
The values of the functional 𝐹, obtained with comparable variants of alternative 𝑌𝑖 and various external
conditions X form the so-called payment matrix (highlighted in bold letters in Table 1). The value of the
function 𝐹, in this case can be rightfully interpreted as resource costs that we seek to minimize.
Recommendations or rules for choosing the best solution in such a situation are the subject of further research.
Based on the concept of creating a CHPS justified in this study and determining its functional
capabilities in relation to the insular character of replacing the share of electric and thermal energy in the
energy balance of the territorial community in Fig. 4 proposed a generalized structure from heterogeneous
sources of the network level (centralized power supply system (CPSS), local heating network (HG), solar
power plant (SPP), wind power plant (WPP), thermal power plant (HPP), biofuel cogeneration plant ( BCP)
and equipment for the end consumers energy supply (gas boiler, solid fuel boiler, electric boiler, heat pump).
Electricity generation technologies are based on the use of solar photovoltaic installations, wind power
plants and installations of combined energy generation on solid biofuel and biogas, allowing to maneuver
capacities to cover demand. Consumers united in energy communities independently consume the produced
energy and thus become collective end consumers of energy. Any additional electricity generation from such
sources can be exported to the main (centralized) grid, sold to third parties or accumulated.
Such approaches show a conceptual way of finding the best solution, which allows you to build several
chains of logical trends regarding the justification of the choice. This is precisely the principles of resource
and process optimization.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 62
Fig. 4. Generalized system of combined energy supply of the territorial community
Measures to increase the energy efficiency of territorial communities (as main or auxiliary) should
motivate community members to reduce energy consumption and invest in the modernization of buildings (for
the population) and production technologies (for businesses). An important factor is the further implementation
of the dynamic energy management system, which will allow for parity formation of tariff plans within the
territorial community and show investment-attractive directions for further energy efficiency improvement and
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Conclusions
The current state of implementation of renewable energy facilities and the development of the latest
technical and technological solutions for biofuel conversions for the combined generation of electricity and
heat creates opportunities for managing the efficiency of energy supply of territorial communities in the context
of greening the energy sector. The obtained results give an idea of further directions of research related to the
justification of economically achievable levels of energy independence of territorial communities based on the
development of their own generation and network infrastructure.
The work formulates theoretical and applied principles of structural implementations of combined
energy generation systems for energy supply of territorial communities with heterogeneous sources. The
formal presentation of results is related to the variability of competing resources and processes in CHPS when
forming energy balances on the basis of the reduced integral indicator of costs, which takes into account the
specific cost of electricity and thermal energy. The search for the optimal solution aims to consider the model
series of the structure of the sources of the micro-energy system to ensure the demand for electricity and heat
in the medium and long term at the minimum integral indicator of costs.
RES electricity generation and energy generation based on local biofuels are the basis of the structure
of energy flows of the local node as a basic element of the energy supply system of the territorial community,
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2023. 4(75) 63
a generalized structure of CHPS sources integrated into centralized networks is proposed. It is obvious that in
this form CHPS constitute a new type of economic entities with a special organizational structure in the
conditions of the functioning of the new energy market and the decarbonization of the economy.
The method of determining the integral indicator of costs for the energy supply of selected CHPS
structures can be used to develop a system of dynamic energy management, which will allow the formation of
tariff plans within the territorial community on a parity basis, taking into account the supply of energy from
external networks, the possibility of accumulation, and show investment-attractive directions for further
increasing energy efficiency and reducing greenhouse gas emissions gases This can play an important role in
starting a new cycle of sustainable regional development.
Acknowledgement
Supported by National Research Foundation of Ukraine call “Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in
the War and Post-War Periods” grants №202/0129.
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ПРИНЦИПИ РЕСУРСНО-ПРОЦЕСНОГО МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ КОМБІНОВАНОГО
ЕНЕРГОЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД В КОНТЕКСТІ
ПРОТИДІЇ ЗМІНИ КЛІМАТУ
Віктор Каплун, д-р техн. наук, професор, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-9344
Національний університет біоресурсів і природокористування України, вул. Героїв
Оборони, 15, м. Київ,
03041, Україна
e-mail: kaplun.v@nubip.edu.ua
Анотація. Дослідження присвячене теоретичному та практичному обґрунтуванню принципів
формування систем комбінованого енергозабезпечення з різнорідними джерелами для підвищення
енергоефективності територіальних громад в умовах протидії зміни клімату. Запропоновані нові
підходи і структурні моделі формування локальних мікроенергетичних систем, які спонукатимуть
територіальні громади до нового виду діяльності, пов’язаного з власним енерговиробництвом на
основі використання місцевих видів палив та відновлюваних джерел енергії. Принципи побудови
таких систем локального енергозабезпечення у загальному випадку полягають у раціональному
розподілі ресурсів (відновлюваних джерел, джерел комбінованого енерговиробництва на біопаливі,
енергії зовнішніх мереж) та узгодженні процесів генерації, передачі, акумулювання, розподілу та
споживання енергії у межах окремої територіальної громади шляхом створення власних
високотехнологічних інфраструктурних активів. Формування енергетичного балансу у середньо-
та довгостроковій перспективі запропоновано здійснювати на основі ресурсно-процесного аналізу
функціонування локальних мереж шляхом пошуку оптимального використання місцевих видів
біопалива та відновлюваних джерел у комбінованому виробництві електроенергії і тепла з
урахуванням їх приведеної вартості. Вартість енергії для кінцевого споживача обумовлюється
диференційованими тарифами енергопостачальних компаній та використанням декількох
різнорідних джерел, які беруть участь у процесі децентралізованого енерговиробництва. Отримані
математичні співвідношення для обчислення значень часових проміжків виконання множини
паралельних процесів, що виникають при взаємодії конкуруючих джерел розподіленої генерації з
кінцевими споживачами, і встановлення закономірностей формування енергетичного балансу
такої мікроенергосистеми. Запропонований метод може бути інструментом для пошуку
оптимальних сценаріїв управління енергоефективністю об’єктів з локальним енергозабезпеченням
при використанні оперативного перерозподілу потоків енергії у системі комбінованого
енерговиробництва та прогнозуванні поточних витрат на енергозабезпечення у розрахункових
періодах. Така концепція може бути теоретичною основою для формування принципів
енергонезалежності територіальних громад.
Ключові слова: територіальна громада, комбіноване виробництво електроенергії і тепла,
відновлювані джерела енергії, біопаливо, енергетичні баланси.
Надійшла до редколегії: 25.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.095
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2006.888988
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-9344
|
| id | systemreorg-article-817 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:22:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/5f/20ff31f63c162ddb70735d12e13d8d5f.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-8172026-07-18T12:57:47Z PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT Принципи ресурсно-процесного моделювання комбінованого енергозабезпечення територіальних громад в контексті протидії зміни клімату Kaplun, Viktor territorial community, combined-heat-and-power-system, renewable energy sources, biofuel, energy balances. територіальна громада, комбіноване виробництво електроенергії і тепла, відновлювані джерела енергії, біопаливо, енергетичні баланси. The research is devoted to the theoretical and practical substantiation of the principles of formation of systems of combined energy supply with heterogeneous sources to increase the energy efficiency of territorial communities in the conditions of climate change resistance. New approaches and structural models for the formation of local microenergy systems are proposed, which will encourage territorial communities to a new type of activity related to their own energy generation based on the use of local types of fuels and renewable energy sources. The principles of building such local energy supply systems, in general, consist in the rational distribution of resources (renewable sources, sources of combined energy generation using biofuels, energy from external networks) and coordination of the processes of generation, transmission, accumulation, distribution and consumption of energy within the boundaries of a separate territorial community by creating its own high-tech infrastructure assets. The formation of the energy balance in the medium and long term is proposed to be carried out on the basis of a resource-process analysis of the operation of local networks by finding the optimal use of local types of biofuels and renewable sources in the combined generation of electricity and heat, taking into account their current value. The cost of energy for the end consumer is determined by differentiated tariffs of energy supply companies and the use of several heterogeneous sources that participate in the process of decentralized energy production. Mathematical relations are obtained for calculating the values of the time intervals of the execution of a set of parallel processes that arise during the interaction of competing sources of distributed generation with end consumers and establishing the regularities of the formation of the energy balance a micro energy system. The proposed method can be a tool for finding optimal energy efficiency management scenarios of facilities with local energy supply, using operational redistribution of energy flows in the system of combined energy generation and forecasting current costs for energy supply in calculation periods. Such a concept can be a theoretical basis for the formation of principles of energy independence of territorial communities. Дослідження присвячене теоретичному та практичному обґрунтуванню принципів формування систем комбінованого енергозабезпечення з різнорідними джерелами для підвищення енергоефективності територіальних громад в умовах протидії зміни клімату. Запропоновані нові підходи і структурні моделі формування локальних мікроенергетичних систем, які спонукатимуть територіальні громади до нового виду діяльності, пов’язаного з власним енерговиробництвом на основі використання місцевих видів палив та відновлюваних джерел енергії. Принципи побудови таких систем локального енергозабезпечення у загальному випадку полягають у раціональному розподілі ресурсів (відновлюваних джерел, джерел комбінованого енерговиробництва на біопаливі, енергії зовнішніх мереж) та узгодженні процесів генерації, передачі, акумулювання, розподілу та споживання енергії у межах окремої територіальної громади шляхом створення власних високотехнологічних інфраструктурних активів. Формування енергетичного балансу у середньо- та довгостроковій перспективі запропоновано здійснювати на основі ресурсно-процесного аналізу функціонування локальних мереж шляхом пошуку оптимального використання місцевих видів біопалива та відновлюваних джерел у комбінованому виробництві електроенергії і тепла з урахуванням їх приведеної вартості. Вартість енергії для кінцевого споживача обумовлюється диференційованими тарифами енергопостачальних компаній та використанням декількох різнорідних джерел, які беруть участь у процесі децентралізованого енерговиробництва. Отримані математичні співвідношення для обчислення значень часових проміжків виконання множини паралельних процесів, що виникають при взаємодії конкуруючих джерел розподіленої генерації з кінцевими споживачами, і встановлення закономірностей формування енергетичного балансу такої мікроенергосистеми. Запропонований метод може бути інструментом для пошуку оптимальних сценаріїв управління енергоефективністю об’єктів з локальним енергозабезпеченням при використанні оперативного перерозподілу потоків енергії у системі комбінованого енерговиробництва та прогнозуванні поточних витрат на енергозабезпечення у розрахункових періодах. Така концепція може бути теоретичною основою для формування принципів енергонезалежності територіальних громад. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2023-11-13 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/817 10.15407/srenergy2023.04.055 System Research in Energy; No. 4 (75) (2023): System Research in Energy; 54-64 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 4 (75) (2023): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 54-64 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/817/721 Copyright (c) 2023 Viktor Kaplun https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | territorial community combined-heat-and-power-system renewable energy sources biofuel energy balances. Kaplun, Viktor PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT |
| title | PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT |
| title_alt | Принципи ресурсно-процесного моделювання комбінованого енергозабезпечення територіальних громад в контексті протидії зміни клімату |
| title_full | PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT |
| title_fullStr | PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT |
| title_full_unstemmed | PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT |
| title_short | PRINCIPLES OF RESOURCE-PROCESS MODELING OF TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES COMBINED ENERGY SUPPLY IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE PREVENTION CONTEXT |
| title_sort | principles of resource-process modeling of territorial communities combined energy supply in the climate change prevention context |
| topic | territorial community combined-heat-and-power-system renewable energy sources biofuel energy balances. |
| topic_facet | territorial community combined-heat-and-power-system renewable energy sources biofuel energy balances. територіальна громада комбіноване виробництво електроенергії і тепла відновлювані джерела енергії біопаливо енергетичні баланси. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/817 |
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