COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS
The global energy demand in the world continues to grow and environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels becomes increasingly serious, the development and utilization of new energy sources has become a hot topic of global concern. The development and utilization of new energy sources is one such p...
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2024
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System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871104368760061952 |
|---|---|
| author | Бойченко, Sergii Chen, Linfei |
| author_facet | Бойченко, Sergii Chen, Linfei |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Sergii Бойченко",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Linfei Chen",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Бойченко, Sergii |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:48Z |
| description | The global energy demand in the world continues to grow and environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels becomes increasingly serious, the development and utilization of new energy sources has become a hot topic of global concern. The development and utilization of new energy sources is one such possible solution, which can provide clean, renewable energy and thus reduce the impact on the environment. Hydrogen, as a clean, productive, carbon-free secondary energy source, has the potential to be used as a fuel and essential substance for different fields such as heating, transportation, industry, and power generation. As the international community strives to achieve a shift toward a more eco-conscious and sustainable future, hydrogen has received extensive research and attention due to its abundant resources and environmentally friendly properties. The main objective of this study was to describe and comparatively analyze the efficient production, accumulation, distribution and storage of hydrogen. Today the production of hydrogen is centered on the creation or extraction of hydrogen from primary energy sources. The accumulation of hydrogen involves the preservation of surplus hydrogen for subsequent utilization. The distribution of hydrogen encompasses the conveyance and delivery of hydrogen. The storage systems for hydrogen pertain to the technologies and infrastructure employed to retain hydrogen for future deployment. In complex, these constituents establish a comprehensive hydrogen value chain that facilitates the generation, preservation, and distribution of hydrogen as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solution. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2024.03.013 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:03:22Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 13
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online), ISSN 2786-7633 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.03.013
UDC 620.9.546.11
Sergii Boichenko, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Professor, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-4980
Linfei Chen*, https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9705-9896
National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, 115,
Borshchagivska St., Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine
*Corresponding author: chenlinfei@ntu.edu.cn
__________________________________________________________________________________
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION,
ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS
Abstract. The global energy demand in the world continues to grow and environmental pollution caused by
fossil fuels becomes increasingly serious, the development and utilization of new energy sources has become
a hot topic of global concern. The development and utilization of new energy sources is one such possible
solution, which can provide clean, renewable energy and thus reduce the impact on the environment.
Hydrogen, as a clean, productive, carbon-free secondary energy source, has the potential to be used as a fuel
and essential substance for different fields such as heating, transportation, industry, and power generation.
As the international community strives to achieve a shift toward a more eco-conscious and sustainable future,
hydrogen has received extensive research and attention due to its abundant resources and environmentally
friendly properties. The main objective of this study was to describe and comparatively analyze the efficient
production, accumulation, distribution and storage of hydrogen. Today the production of hydrogen is
centered on the creation or extraction of hydrogen from primary energy sources. The accumulation of
hydrogen involves the preservation of surplus hydrogen for subsequent utilization. The distribution of
hydrogen encompasses the conveyance and delivery of hydrogen. The storage systems for hydrogen pertain
to the technologies and infrastructure employed to retain hydrogen for future deployment. In complex, these
constituents establish a comprehensive hydrogen value chain that facilitates the generation, preservation,
and distribution of hydrogen as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solution.
Keywords: comparative analysis, hydrogen, production, accumulation, distribution, storage systems.
1. Introduction
As global energy demand continues to grow and environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels becomes
increasingly serious, the development and utilization of new energy sources has become a hot topic of global
concern. The importance of this issue lies in the need to find a solution that meets the energy needs while
reducing the impact on the environment. The development and utilization of new energy sources is one such
possible solution, which can provide clean, renewable energy and thus reduce the impact on the environment.
Hydrogen, as a clean, productive, carbon-free secondary energy source, has the potential to be used as a fuel and
essential substance for different fields such as heating, transportation, industry, and power generation [1].
Hydrogen production, hydrogen accumulation, hydrogen distribution, and storage systems are discrete
constituents of the hydrogen value chain, each fulfilling a distinctive function in the creation, retention, and
transportation of hydrogen [2–4].
2. Hydrogen Production
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, non-toxic gas, and people cannot detect its presence with the naked eye
or sense of smell. There are various options for producing hydrogen, and hydrogen is labeled as different colors
so people can know which way the hydrogen is produced and whether it is produced in a climate-friendly way.
Hydrogen can be classified as black hydrogen, brown hydrogen, gray hydrogen, blue hydrogen, turquoise
hydrogen, white hydrogen, orange hydrogen, green hydrogen, pink hydrogen and yellow hydrogen, as shown in
Table 1 [5].
Black hydrogen is produced by steam reforming hard coal, and brown hydrogen is based on brown coal.
The hydrogen production process produces large amounts of greenhouse gases (CO&CO2) into the atmosphere,
which is harmful to the climate and unsustainable.
Gray hydrogen is produced from natural gas through steam reforming [6]. During this process, exhaust
CO2 is released directly into the atmosphere. Gray hydrogen is currently the most produced hydrogen in the
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0007
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0007
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0007
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0007
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0007
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 14
world. It is not considered climate neutral or sustainable due to the large amount of CO2 it emits directly into
the atmosphere.
Blue hydrogen is based on gray hydrogen, but the CO2 generated during its production process does not
directly enter the atmosphere and through the implementation of carbon capture, use and storage to reduce the
emissions of CO2 [7].
Turquoise hydrogen is produced through the pyrolysis of methane [8]. Its principle is to treat natural gas
with high-temperature plasma in an oxygen-free container to separate carbon and hydrogen to obtain hydrogen.
White hydrogen refers to naturally occurring hydrogen [9]. This type of hydrogen occurs naturally as a
free gas in the continental crust, deep in the ocean crust, in volcanoes, and elsewhere.
Orange hydrogen is hydrogen that occurs naturally in the Earth's crust, but it is not like the white hydrogen.
It can be extracted through the process of hydraulic fracturing: Water is forced into the ground, causing the iron
oxides in the rock to react, and the hydrogen released in the process is captured by the borehole [10].
Green hydrogen is primarily produced by splitting water using electricity generated from renewable
energy sources such as solar or wind power, with no associated carbon emissions in the process. When used in
fuel cells, the only byproduct of using green hydrogen is water [11].
Pink hydrogen is just like the green hydrogen, but it is produced through electrolysis powered by nuclear
energy.
Yellow hydrogen refers to hydrogen produced by electrolysis using the grind electricity (a mixture of
renewable energy and fossil fuels).
Table 1. Comparison of different sourced hydrogen
Hydrogen Technology Source Products CO2 emissions
Black Hydrogen Gasification Black coal H2&CO2 High
Brown Hydrogen Gasification Brown coal H2&CO2 High
Gray Hydrogen Reforming Natural gas H2&CO2 Medium
Blue Hydrogen Reforming & CCUS Natural gas H2&CO2 Low
Turquoise Hydrogen Pyrolysis Natural gas H2&CO2 Negligible
White Hydrogen Borehole Natural hydrogen H2 Negligible
Orange Hydrogen Borehole Iron oxides & water H2&Fe2O3 Negligible
Green Hydrogen Electrolysis Water H2&O2 Negligible
Pink Hydrogen Electrolysis Water H2&O2 Negligible
Yellow Hydrogen Electrolysis Water H2&O2 Negligible
With the development of the water electrolysis, there are four typical water electrolysis technologies: (1)
Alkaline water electrolysis; (2) AEM water electrolysis; (3) PEM water electrolysis and (4) Solid oxide water
electrolysis. The working principles of four typical water electrolysis technologies are shown in Fig. 1 [5].
Comparison of 4 types of water electrolysis technology are shown in Table 2 [5, 11].
(1) ALK (2) AEM
(3) PEM (4) SOE
Fig. 1. The working principles of four typical water electrolysis technologies
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 15
Table 2. Comparison of 4 types of water electrolysis technology
ALK AEM PEM SOE
Electrolyte membrane Asbestos membrane
Proton exchange
membrane
Anion
exchange
membrane
Solid oxide
Current density/(A·cm–2) 0.2~0.8 0.2~2 1~2 0.3~1
Efficiency/% 50~78 57~59 50~83 89 %(Laboratory)
Operation temperature /℃ 70~90 40~60 50~80 700~850
Hydrogen production purity ≥ 99.8 % ≥ 99.9 % ≥ 99.9 % ≥ 99.9 %
Relative device volume 1 ~1/3 / /
Operational characteristics
Control pressure
difference/dealkalization
Quick start stop,
only water vapor
Quick start
stop, only
water vapor
Inconvenient start
stop, only water
vapor
Maintainability
Strong alkaline
corrosion
Non corrosive
media
Non corrosive
media
/
Environmentally
Harmful asbestos
membrane
Pollution-free Pollution-free /
Technology maturity Full industrialization
Preliminary
commercialization
Laboratory
stage
Initial
demonstration
Single machine scale
/(N·m3·h–1)
≤ 1000 ≤ 200 / /
3. Hydrogen Accumulation
The phenomenon of hydrogen accumulation pertains to the process of preserving and withholding
hydrogen gas for subsequent utilization. The process at hand pertains to the capture and retention of superfluous
hydrogen that is engendered in times of elevated renewable energy production. Approaches to hydrogen
accumulation comprise electrolysis, power-to-gas, subterranean storage, and biological processes. The chief
objective of hydrogen accumulation is to stockpile superfluous renewable energy in the form of hydrogen to
surmount the sporadic nature of renewable energy sources [12]. The stored hydrogen can be utilized
subsequently to balance energy supply and demand, particularly during periods of low renewable energy
generation or high energy demand.
Electrolysis, a prevalent technique, is frequently employed for the accumulation of hydrogen. By passing
an electric current through the water, the process splits the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. There
exist four frequently observed variations of electrolysis. For four different types of electrolyzed water (ALK,
AEM, PEM and SOE), the electrolyte membranes used are asbestos membrane, proton exchange membrane,
anion exchange membrane and solid oxide [13]. The process of electrolysis has the capability to harness
superfluous renewable energy, such as solar or wind power, to fabricate hydrogen, thus facilitating effective
energy storage.
The utilization of power-to-gas technology enables the transformation of excessive renewable electricity
into either hydrogen or methane gas. The given process entails the utilization of electrolysis method on water
molecules to generate hydrogen, which is subsequently amalgamated with carbon dioxide to bring forth synthetic
methane through the process of methanation. This synthetic methane can be stored in existing natural gas
infrastructure. Power-to-gas offers a flexible and scalable solution, allowing surplus renewable energy to be
stored and distributed through existing gas networks.
Biological processes, such as microbial electrolysis and dark fermentation, present an innovative approach
to hydrogen accumulation. The process of microbial electrolysis entails employing bacteria to generate hydrogen
from organic waste or wastewater, whereas dark fermentation relies on anaerobic bacteria to produce hydrogen
from organic matter. These processes provide an eco-friendly and sustainable way to accumulate hydrogen while
simultaneously treating waste materials.
Several chemical reactions can be utilized to accumulate hydrogen. One method is steam reforming, in
which high-temperature steam reacts with hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen. Another method, known as the
water-gas shift reaction, reacts carbon monoxide with steam to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Chemical
reactions offer the advantage of utilizing various feedstocks and can be optimized for specific applications or
available resources.
The accumulation of hydrogen presents a significant opportunity as an essential element of the shift
towards energy systems that are both clean and sustainable. Through the utilization of diverse techniques such
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 16
as electrolysis, bio-based mechanisms and chemical reactions, superfluous renewable energy can be proficiently
retained and employed to generate hydrogen. As technology advancements continue and costs decline, hydrogen
accumulation has the potential to transform energy storage systems, providing a reliable and flexible solution to
balance energy supply and demand. By adopting the practice of hydrogen storage, we can unleash the complete
capability of sustainable energy resources and facilitate the path towards a more environmentally-friendly and
robust future.
4. Hydrogen Distribution
There are three common methods for hydrogen distribution: 1) Pipeline; 2) Tube trailers; 3) Tankers.
Gaseous hydrogen can be distributed by pipeline or tube trailers, and liquid hydrogen can be distributed by
tankers. The pipeline is the best choice for the situation of large amounts over long distances; The tube trailers
is the best choice for the situation of small amounts and short distances; The tankers is the best choice for the
situation of medium amounts and long distances, as shown in Fig. 2 [14].
Fig. 2. Three common methods for hydrogen distribution
5. Hydrogen Storage Systems
Safe and efficient hydrogen storage is a challenging problem that involves many aspects of hydrogen as
a fuel, such as distribution, delivery, safety, etc. There are multiple ways to store hydrogen, and there are two
more advanced and typical methods, namely physical hydrogen storage and chemical hydrogen storage, as
shown in Fig. 3 [15]. In the physical based, the common ways are compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2)
storage, cryo-compressed hydrogen (CCH2) storage, and liquefied hydrogen (LH2) storage. In chemical based,
there are sorbents, metal hydrides and chemical hydrides [16, 17].
Fig. 3. Hydrogen storage technologies
Compressed gaseous hydrogen (CGH2) refers to gaseous hydrogen with a pressure higher than
atmospheric pressure. [18] CGH2 storage is the simplest hydrogen storage method, which is relatively mature
and the fastest growing among all hydrogen storage technologies currently under research. There are four main
types of storage tanks used for CGH2 storage as presented in Fig. 4 [19]. The Comparison of four type tanks is
presented in Table 3 [20–22].
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 17
● Type Ⅰ tanks: These storage tanks are generally cylindering which whole bodies are thick metal
liners, and widely used in the in industrial situation. The max storage pressure of this tanks can reach
200bar.
● Type Ⅱ tanks: These storage tanks are composed of thick metal liners and wrapped in cylindrical
components using fiber resin composite materials in hoop winding manner. The max storage pressure
of this tanks can reach 300 bar.
● Type Ⅲ tanks: These storage tanks are composed of thick metal liners and wrapped in the entire
surface using fiber resin composite materials. The max storage pressure of this tanks can reach
350 bar.
● Type Ⅳ tanks: These storage tanks are composed of polymer liners and wrapped in the entire surface
using fiber resin composite materials. The max storage pressure of this tanks can reach 700 bar.
Fig. 4. Four types storage tanks for CGH2
Table 3. The comparison of four types storage tanks
Types Construction
Max
Pressure
(bar)
Gravimetric
Capacity
(wt %)
Volumetric
Energy Density
(MJ/L)
Application
Scenarios
Cost
(USD/Kg)
Type I Metal body 200 1.1 1.4 Transportation 83
Type Ⅱ
Metal liner with
composite hoop winding
300 2.1 2.9 Transportation 86
Type Ⅲ
Metal liner with
composite overwrap
350 4.21 2.9 Fuel cell vehicle 700
Type Ⅳ
polymer liners with
composite overwrap
700 5.7 4.9 Fuel cell vehicle 633
Liquefied hydrogen (LH2) refers to hydrogen gas in liquid form, which is a colorless, transparent low-
temperature liquid. The normal boiling point is 20.38 K, and the density at boiling point is 70.77 kg/m3 [18].
The volumetric energy density of liquid hydrogen is up to 8.5 MJ/L. To take advantage of the advantages of
liquid hydrogen, liquefaction cycles can be used to liquefy hydrogen at 253°C (20 K). Linde Hampson (L-H)
liquefaction cycle is the simplest way, and there are some other hydrogen liquefaction cycles, such as Linde
Hampson Cycle, Claude Cycle, Collins Helium Cycle, Helium Brayton Cycle, Magnetic Liquefaction, and
Catalyzed Ortho- to Para-Hydrogen Conversion, as shown in Fig. 5 [23, 24].
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 18
Fig. 5. Various Hydrogen Liquefaction Cycles
CcH2 combines the characteristics of CGH2 and LH2. Compared with compressed CGH2 and LH2
methods, CcH2 storage shows superior performance in terms of storage density and dormancy time [25]. The
main advantages associated with cryogenic storage are the density of the liquid and the storage efficiency (See
Fig. 6) [16]. The comparison of CGH2, CCH2 and LH2 are shown in table 4 [25].
Table 4. Comparison of CGH2, CCH2 and LH2
Storage method
Volumetric density
(g/L)
H2 loss rate
(maximum) (g/h/kg)
Volumetric energy
(MJ/dm3)
CGH2 40 (700 bar/288 K) / 4.2
CcH2 80 (300 bar/38 K) 0.2-1.6 9.6
LH2 69 (1.5–3 bar/26 K) 8 10
Fig. 6. Hydrogen density versus pressure and temperature
Compared with compressed hydrogen storage methods, storage of hydrogen in solids has certain
advantages in volumetric density. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, hydrogen can be reversibly
absorbed by solid compounds. The creation of hydrides is a consequence of dissociative chemisorption. The
atoms of the hydrogen molecule initially dissociate on the solid’s surface, then diffuse into the host metal.
Depending on the bonding mechanism between hydrogen and the host material, different hydride families exist:
ionic hydrides, covalent hydrides, and interstitial metal hydrides. Ionic and covalent hydrides are also called
complex metal hydrides [16].
6. Conclusion
In essence, the production of hydrogen is centered on the creation or extraction of hydrogen from primary
energy sources. The accumulation of hydrogen involves the preservation of surplus hydrogen for subsequent
utilization. The distribution of hydrogen encompasses the conveyance and delivery of hydrogen. The storage
systems for hydrogen pertain to the technologies and infrastructure employed to retain hydrogen for future
deployment. Collectively, these constituents establish a comprehensive hydrogen value chain that facilitates the
generation, preservation, and distribution of hydrogen as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy
solution.
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Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 3(79) 20
ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СИСТЕМ ВИРОБНИЦТВА,
АКУМУЛЮВАННЯ, РОЗПОДІЛУ ТА ЗБЕРІГАННЯ ВОДНЮ
Сергій Бойченко, д-р техн. наук, професор, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-4980
Лінфей Чен*, https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9705-9896
Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут імені
Ігоря Сікорського», вул. Борщагівська, 115, м. Київ, 03056, Україна
*Автор-кореспондент: chenlinfei@ntu.edu.cn
Анотація. Глобальний попит на енергію у світі продовжує зростати, а забруднення
навколишнього середовища, спричинене спалюванням викопного палива, стає дедалі серйознішим.
Важливим напрямом розвитку науки та техніки стало розроблення та використання нових джерел
енергії. Розроблення та використання нових джерел енергії є однією з актуальних тем міжнародної
дискусії, що формує варіанти можливих рішень для забезпечення чистої відновлюваної енергії та,
відповідно, зменшує вплив на навколишнє середовище. Водень, як чисте, продуктивне, безвуглецеве
вторинне джерело енергії, має потенціал для використання як палива та основної речовини для різних
галузей, таких як опалення, транспорт, промисловість та виробництво електроенергії. Оскільки
міжнародне співтовариство прагне досягти переходу до більш екологічно свідомого та сталого
майбутнього, водень отримав широке дослідження та увагу завдяки своїм багатим ресурсам та
екологічним властивостям. Основною метою цього дослідження було описати та порівняти
ефективне виробництво, накопичення, розподіл і зберігання водню. Сьогодні його виробництво
зосереджено на створенні або видобутку з первинних джерел енергії. Накопичення водню передбачає
збереження його надлишків для подальшої утилізації. Розподіл водню охоплює його транспортування
та доставку. Системи зберігання водню належать до технологій та інфраструктури, що
використовуються для його збереження для майбутнього розгортання. У комплексі ці компоненти
створюють інтегрований ланцюжок вартості водню, що сприяє його продукуванню, збереженню та
розподілу як сталого та екологічно чистого енергетичного рішення.
Ключові слова: порівняльний аналіз, технології виробництва водню, акумулювання, дистрибуції та
систем зберігання водню.
Надійшла до редколегії: 01.05.2024
https://orcid.org/0000-0000-0000-0007
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| id | systemreorg-article-855 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:22:59Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/e3/77afce79a533dd4e9cb8c44f33a333e3.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-8552026-07-18T12:57:48Z COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS Порівняльний аналіз систем виробництва, акумулювання, розподілу та зберігання водню Бойченко, Sergii Chen, Linfei comparative analysis, hydrogen, production, accumulation, distribution, storage systems порівняльний аналіз, технології виробництва водню, акумулювання, дистрибуції та систем зберігання водню. The global energy demand in the world continues to grow and environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels becomes increasingly serious, the development and utilization of new energy sources has become a hot topic of global concern. The development and utilization of new energy sources is one such possible solution, which can provide clean, renewable energy and thus reduce the impact on the environment. Hydrogen, as a clean, productive, carbon-free secondary energy source, has the potential to be used as a fuel and essential substance for different fields such as heating, transportation, industry, and power generation. As the international community strives to achieve a shift toward a more eco-conscious and sustainable future, hydrogen has received extensive research and attention due to its abundant resources and environmentally friendly properties. The main objective of this study was to describe and comparatively analyze the efficient production, accumulation, distribution and storage of hydrogen. Today the production of hydrogen is centered on the creation or extraction of hydrogen from primary energy sources. The accumulation of hydrogen involves the preservation of surplus hydrogen for subsequent utilization. The distribution of hydrogen encompasses the conveyance and delivery of hydrogen. The storage systems for hydrogen pertain to the technologies and infrastructure employed to retain hydrogen for future deployment. In complex, these constituents establish a comprehensive hydrogen value chain that facilitates the generation, preservation, and distribution of hydrogen as a sustainable and environmentally friendly energy solution. Глобальний попит на енергію у світі продовжує зростати, а забруднення навколишнього середовища, спричинене спалюванням викопного палива, стає дедалі серйознішим. Важливим напрямом розвитку науки та техніки стало розроблення та використання нових джерел енергії. Розроблення та використання нових джерел енергії є однією з актуальних тем міжнародної дискусії, що формує варіанти можливих рішень для забезпечення чистої  відновлюваної енергії та, відповідно, зменшує вплив на навколишнє середовище. Водень, як чисте, продуктивне, безвуглецеве вторинне джерело енергії, має потенціал для використання як палива та основної речовини для різних галузей, таких як опалення, транспорт, промисловість та виробництво електроенергії. Оскільки міжнародне співтовариство прагне досягти переходу до більш екологічно свідомого та сталого майбутнього, водень отримав широке дослідження та увагу завдяки своїм багатим ресурсам та екологічним властивостям. Основною метою цього дослідження було описати та порівняти ефективне виробництво, накопичення, розподіл і зберігання водню. Сьогодні його виробництво зосереджено на створенні або видобутку з первинних джерел енергії. Накопичення водню передбачає збереження його надлишків для подальшої утилізації. Розподіл водню охоплює його транспортування та доставку. Системи зберігання водню належать до технологій та інфраструктури, що використовуються для його збереження для майбутнього розгортання. У комплексі ці компоненти створюють інтегрований ланцюжок вартості водню, що сприяє його продукуванню, збереженню та розподілу як сталого та екологічно чистого енергетичного рішення. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-07-01 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/855 10.15407/srenergy2024.03.013 System Research in Energy; No. 3 (79) (2024): System Research in Energy; 13-20 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 3 (79) (2024): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 13-20 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/855/765 Copyright (c) 2024 Sergii Бойченко, Linfei Chen https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | comparative analysis hydrogen production accumulation distribution storage systems Бойченко, Sergii Chen, Linfei COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
| title | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
| title_alt | Порівняльний аналіз систем виробництва, акумулювання, розподілу та зберігання водню |
| title_full | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
| title_fullStr | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
| title_full_unstemmed | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
| title_short | COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, ACCUMULATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND STORAGE SYSTEMS |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of hydrogen production, accumulation, distribution, and storage systems |
| topic | comparative analysis hydrogen production accumulation distribution storage systems |
| topic_facet | comparative analysis hydrogen production accumulation distribution storage systems порівняльний аналіз технології виробництва водню акумулювання дистрибуції та систем зберігання водню. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/855 |
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