INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH
The article examines the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into Ukraine’s social infrastructure as a key factor in ensuring energy independence, the stable functioning of public institutions, and achieving sustainable development goals. In light of current challenges − particularly the o...
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2025
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| author | Dranik, Maksym |
| author_facet | Dranik, Maksym |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Maksym Dranik",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Dranik, Maksym |
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| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:50Z |
| description | The article examines the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into Ukraine’s social infrastructure as a key factor in ensuring energy independence, the stable functioning of public institutions, and achieving sustainable development goals. In light of current challenges − particularly the ongoing war, widespread infrastructure damage, and energy instability − special emphasis is placed on the urgent need for decentralized energy supply and a transition to environmentally friendly energy sources. The study examines the potential for utilizing solar, wind, bioenergy, and geothermal resources in educational institutions, healthcare facilities, social services, and administrative and municipal establishments. The article also outlines the main technical, organizational, and economic aspects of RES integration into the social infrastructure. It presents an overview of current legislation, as well as national and international funding programs that support such initiatives. Furthermore, particular attention is given to the analysis of successful case studies of energy efficiency projects implemented at the local community level. The study identifies key barriers hindering the widespread adoption of renewable technologies, including insufficient technical preparedness of facilities, lack of qualified personnel, limited awareness among local authorities, and difficulties in accessing financial resources. As a result, the research justifies the need for a comprehensive strategy for renewable energy deployment in the social sector, taking into account both national priorities and regional specifics. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for integrating RES into local-level energy policies in Ukraine.Keywords: renewable energy, social infrastructure, decentralization of electricity supply, energy efficiency, energy security, sustainable development. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2025.04.018 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:03:36Z |
| format | Article |
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Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 18
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online), ISSN 2786-7633 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2025.04.018
UDK 620.91
Maksym Dranik, https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8366-3533
General Energy Institute of NAS of Ukraine, 172, Antonovycha St., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine
e-mail: ml.dranik@gmail.com
_______________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL
INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH
Abstract. The article examines the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into Ukraine’s social
infrastructure as a key factor in ensuring energy independence, the stable functioning of public institutions,
and achieving sustainable development goals. In light of current challenges − particularly the ongoing war,
widespread infrastructure damage, and energy instability − special emphasis is placed on the urgent need for
decentralized energy supply and a transition to environmentally friendly energy sources. The study examines
the potential for utilizing solar, wind, bioenergy, and geothermal resources in educational institutions,
healthcare facilities, social services, and administrative and municipal establishments. The article also outlines
the main technical, organizational, and economic aspects of RES integration into the social infrastructure. It
presents an overview of current legislation, as well as national and international funding programs that
support such initiatives. Furthermore, particular attention is given to the analysis of successful case studies of
energy efficiency projects implemented at the local community level. The study identifies key barriers hindering
the widespread adoption of renewable technologies, including insufficient technical preparedness of facilities,
lack of qualified personnel, limited awareness among local authorities, and difficulties in accessing financial
resources. As a result, the research justifies the need for a comprehensive strategy for renewable energy
deployment in the social sector, taking into account both national priorities and regional specifics. The paper
concludes with practical recommendations for integrating RES into local-level energy policies in Ukraine.
Keywords: renewable energy, social infrastructure, decentralization of electricity supply, energy efficiency,
energy security, sustainable development.
1. Introduction
The necessity of integrating renewable energy sources (RES) into Ukraine’s social infrastructure stems
from a combination of current challenges, most notably energy instability caused by the military aggression of
the Russian Federation, the significant wear and tear of traditional energy systems, and the intensification of global
climate change. Social infrastructure − which includes educational institutions, healthcare facilities,
kindergartens, and cultural centers − plays a critical role in ensuring the continuity of daily life. Its uninterrupted
operation is particularly vital during times of crisis. Indeed, the reliable energy supply of such facilities directly
affects social stability, community well-being, and the preservation of human capital [1].
Given that Ukraine is a net importer of energy resources, its energy strategy, priorities, and implementation
mechanisms differ from those of energy-producing countries. In order to secure stable imports of the required
energy volumes from global markets, Ukraine must remain competitive in the global economy. This
competitiveness is crucial for winning the price competition over scarce energy resources with other consumer
countries [2].
Therefore, the issue of energy independence and the modernization of energy supply systems within the
social sector is of national significance. Transitioning to renewable energy technologies represents not only an
environmental imperative but also a strategic necessity for increasing resilience and reducing dependency on
external energy supplies. As such, this topic requires comprehensive research and the development of practical,
scalable solutions tailored to Ukraine’s socio-economic and geopolitical realities.
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8366-3533
mailto:ml.dranik@gmail.com
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 19
According to data from the Kyiv School of Economics, between February 2022 and May 2024, Russian
attacks resulted in damage or total destruction of 18 large combined heat and power plants (CHPs), 815 boiler
houses, 152 central heating substations, and 354 kilometers of heating networks. The direct financial losses from
these attacks are estimated at $2.4 billion USD, with more than half of the damage attributed to assaults on CHPs
specifically [3].
In this context, where Ukraine’s centralized energy systems are under considerable stress and at constant
risk of disruption, the implementation of decentralized and environmentally sustainable energy sources becomes
not only a technical or economic challenge but also a matter of national security. The deployment of solar
photovoltaic systems (PV), heat pumps, and other renewable energy technologies contributes significantly to
strengthening regional energy independence, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and supporting sustainable
development.
Given these circumstances, a systematic analysis of the effectiveness of integrating RES into Ukraine’s
social infrastructure is crucial − particularly in facilities such as hospitals and schools. These institutions serve as
vital components of public safety and social welfare. Therefore, the research aims to assess both the economic
and ecological benefits of applying PV systems and heat pumps, their role in enhancing the reliability of local
energy grids, and to identify the primary obstacles hindering their large-scale adoption. This comprehensive
approach is essential for formulating effective strategies for the resilient transformation of the country’s energy
infrastructure.
In his report, V.P. Babak proposes a conceptually new approach to the integration of RES into district
heating systems by electrifying centralized thermal networks through the use of electric boilers. This approach
utilizes the unstable generation from wind and solar power plants (WPPs and SPPs) without incurring significant
costs for maintaining frequency stability, as electric boilers can operate across a wide range of electricity inputs.
The proposed structure incorporates autonomous subsystems of WPPs/SPPs combined with energy storage
systems, ensuring self-sufficiency and stability of the energy network. Implementing this model would reduce
energy market costs, significantly decrease natural gas consumption (by more than 7 billion cubic meters
annually), and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Furthermore, this system facilitates the efficient integration of
RES generation, enhancing the economic attractiveness and competitiveness of renewable energy in Ukraine [4].
Artur Zaporozhets focuses his research on minimizing the environmental impact of energy facilities, along
with the strategic and practical aspects of integrating renewable distributed generation into Ukraine’s energy
supply system − a system currently facing the dual challenges of global decarbonization and military threats. In
one of his studies, co-authored with H.P. Kostenko, he emphasizes the importance of distributed generation in
enhancing energy resilience, reducing dependence on centralized sources, and improving the flexibility of energy
resource management. The study analyzes successful examples of distributed RES projects implemented abroad
and explores their potential adaptation in Ukraine, particularly in the domains of solar, wind, and small-scale
hydropower. Zaporozhets further underscores the need for a comprehensive integration approach that includes
technical, economic, legal, and regulatory dimensions, as well as the implementation of innovative management
and energy storage systems. The integration of RES is expected to increase the reliability, safety, and efficiency
of Ukraine’s energy system while offering substantial economic and environmental benefits [5, 6].
Volodymyr Derii explores the integration of Power-to-Heat technologies − namely electric boilers and heat
pumps − into thermal networks and energy systems. His research focuses on enhancing the resilience of energy
systems during periods of excess renewable energy production (from solar and wind sources) by using thermal
storage units as a means of load balancing. These technologies enable more flexible energy consumption and
contribute to the stability of energy supply under fluctuating generation conditions [7].
In a 2019 study, Oleksandr Teslenko analyzed three modernization scenarios for boiler houses −
progressive, traditional, and conservative. All scenarios anticipate a significant reduction in nitrogen oxide (NOₓ)
emissions by 50–60 %, in compliance with the environmental requirements of the EU Directive 2010/75/EU. The
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 20
objective of this modernization is to improve both the efficiency and environmental performance of centralized
heating systems [8].
The outcomes of these studies provide a scientifically substantiated foundation for the development of
effective policies aimed at integrating renewable energy sources into Ukraine’s social infrastructure. These efforts
align with the country's strategic objectives of energy security and environmental sustainability.
2. Main Part
The primary goal of this article is to evaluate the feasibility of implementing renewable energy sources in
social infrastructure facilities, with a focus on solar photovoltaic systems (PVs) and heat pumps. This evaluation
considers technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects, and aims to formulate conclusions regarding
their potential impact on the overall resilience of Ukraine’s energy system.
Analysis of Recent Research and Publications Addressing the Problem
The issue of integrating RES into social infrastructure is actively addressed in both Ukrainian and
international academic and professional publications. Ukrainian studies, particularly the reports from the “Energy
Act for Ukraine” [9] and “RePower Ukraine” [10] projects, emphasize the potential of hybrid solar installations
for ensuring autonomous power supply to healthcare facilities during electricity outages.
A notable example is the Mykolaiv Regional Children's Hospital, where a solar power plant (PV system)
with a capacity of 58.24 kW and a battery storage system of 112 kWh was installed. This case illustrates a new
approach to strengthening the energy security of social institutions through the decentralization of energy supply.
Rather than relying solely on centralized power grids, the system combines autonomous and hybrid energy
solutions based on RES.
The photovoltaic system supplies the hospital with electricity during daylight hours, while the storage
system accumulates excess energy for use at night or during outages. This ensures uninterrupted operation of
critical medical equipment, which is particularly vital during wartime conditions, emergency situations, or periods
of unstable power supply.
Beyond enhancing energy independence, the implementation of such a system also contributes to reducing
electricity costs. As a result, budgetary resources can be allocated more efficiently to other priority areas.
Moreover, this initiative demonstrates environmental responsibility and serves as a scalable model for replication
in other healthcare and social infrastructure facilities. It lays a practical foundation for sustainable development
and improving energy efficiency within the public sector [11].
Domestic Research. Over the past five years, Ukraine has witnessed a significant increase in scientific and
applied research focused on the use of RES, particularly in the context of social infrastructure. Recent green
reconstruction initiatives in Ukraine illustrate the practical benefits of combining solar photovoltaics and heat
pump technologies in healthcare facilities. For example, in Horenka hospital near Kyiv − damaged during recent
military actions − a heat pump coupled with a solar power system was installed, enabling the hospital to restore
heating even during blackouts, reduce heating costs by approximately 80 %, and have up to 60 % of its annual
energy consumption supplied by the hybrid solar installation. Greenpeace Similarly, in Zviahel (Zhytomyr
Oblast), a rooftop solar installation was deployed at the city hospital; in its first month of operation, it generated
about 800 kWh of electricity, enough to power life‐support equipment, thereby helping to buffer operational
disruptions and reduce energy costs under wartime conditions [12, 13].
Practical energy audit case studies conducted in healthcare facilities in the Cherkasy, Sumy, and Lviv
regions have revealed high potential efficiency gains from the implementation of hybrid systems combining
photovoltaic installations (PV) and heat pumps. These findings are especially relevant for regions where heat
supply remains unstable [14, 15].
However, many studies are limited by a narrow geographical focus and often fail to account for regional
climatic and infrastructural differences. In addition, there is a lack of long-term operational data, making it
https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/58111/building-ukraine-resilience-green-reconstruction-horenka-hospital
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 21
difficult to assess the reliability and sustainability of these systems over time. Another shortcoming is the limited
coverage of social aspects, such as the acceptance of new technologies by school staff and parents, which is
essential for the successful scaling of such initiatives.
A noteworthy example supported by the EU and NEFCO involved the modernization of a school building
in the village of Susk, attended by approximately 200 students and staff. Previously, the school relied on solid
fuel for heating and electric water heaters, resulting in high energy consumption. The modernization project
improved the building's thermal insulation, upgraded the heating system to reduce fossil fuel use, and introduced
mechanical ventilation to enhance indoor air quality. These measures are expected to save about 61 tons of solid
fuel and 45 MWh of electricity annually, while reducing CO₂ emissions by 148 tons per year. The resulting
financial savings are projected to range from €25,900 to €30,500 annually. Thus, the project not only boosts
energy efficiency and reduces operational costs but also improves the overall learning environment [16].
The issue of ensuring the energy security of Ukraine’s social infrastructure − particularly hospitals, schools,
and other essential institutions − has become increasingly urgent in light of ongoing military conflict and the
instability of centralized electricity supply networks. In this context, RES, when combined with battery storage
systems, represent a key solution for enhancing the autonomy and resilience of such facilities.
Ukrainian researchers and practitioners are actively developing and implementing innovative energy
solutions tailored to the specific needs of the social sector amid current national challenges.
One notable contribution comes from Kilnitska O. [11], who presents a comprehensive analysis of energy
management in Ukraine's social sphere. Her work focuses especially on the difficulties faced by medical
institutions located in remote and frontline regions.
Kilnitska O. emphasizes the necessity of introducing decentralized RES systems as a viable strategy to
ensure energy security and increase the flexibility of energy supply. In particular, he highlights that the integration
of PV and battery storage allows hospitals to reduce their dependence on centralized power grids − which may be
unreliable under crisis conditions − and simultaneously establish backup capacity for critical medical equipment.
This approach not only contributes to technical stability but also plays a vital role in improving the level of
social protection for communities during emergencies. Ultimately, such solutions underscore the importance of
sustainable and adaptable energy systems in safeguarding public health and welfare.
UNDP Ukraine (2023) [15] highlights the practical implementation of projects involving the installation of
photovoltaic stations and battery storage systems in hospitals across the country. The report emphasizes that such
initiatives ensure the uninterrupted operation of critical medical equipment, even during frequent disruptions in
the centralized power grid − disruptions that have intensified amid the ongoing conflict. It presents specific case
studies where the use of RES has proven crucial for maintaining essential healthcare services, particularly in areas
with unstable electricity supply.
Moreover, UNDP draws attention to the broader social impact of these projects. This includes the
promotion of energy literacy among local communities, the creation of new jobs in the green energy sector, and
the development of a culture of energy efficiency. These initiatives not only improve the energy resilience of
medical institutions but also contribute to the sustainable development of entire communities.
A comprehensive review of recent research confirms the critical importance of implementing solar PV and
heat pumps in social infrastructure, especially in hospitals and schools. In his work “Formation of Technological
Structures of Energy-Independent Communities”, V.V. Kaplun stresses the potential of RES to reduce community
dependence on centralized energy supply and to lower greenhouse gas emissions [17].
Practical examples from Ukraine clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of these solutions. For instance, a
solar power station installed at a hospital in Kharkiv significantly reduced reliance on grid electricity and improved
both economic and environmental performance. Similarly, in Kostopil, the introduction of a 16 kW geothermal
heat pump in a medical facility helped reduce heating costs and enhance the reliability of energy supply.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 22
These examples illustrate the real-world potential of RES technologies in strengthening the autonomy,
efficiency, and sustainability of Ukraine’s social infrastructure.
An important factor in the transition to renewable energy is its economic viability. Studies indicate that
initial investment costs can account for up to 70 % of the total project cost. However, in the long term, energy
savings can fully offset these expenses, particularly in the presence of favorable tariff policies and state support
mechanisms [17]. This makes renewable energy not only an environmentally conscious choice but also a
financially sound strategy for public institutions and municipalities.
Before the full-scale war, the share of renewable energy sources in Ukraine’s energy balance amounted to
8.1 %, with an installed capacity of 9.9 GW (including 6 GW of solar, 2 GW of wind, and 0.2 GW of biomass).
In 2019, the country ranked 6th globally in terms of investment attractiveness in the renewable energy sector, with
total investments exceeding USD 12 billion. As of 2023, the share of renewable energy, including large
hydropower plants, reached 22 %, compared to 42 % in the European Union [18].
The war resulted in a reduction of installed capacity to 8.7 GW, the destruction of approximately 13 % of
industrial solar power plants and 80 % of wind power facilities, as well as the loss of nearly 2.5 GW of hydropower
capacity (including the Kakhovka HPP). Despite these challenges, more than 1,400 new facilities were
commissioned in 2023, adding 182.3 MW of wind and around 500 MW of solar generation. In August 2024, the
government approved an investment plan of USD 20 billion aimed at increasing the share of renewable energy to
27 % of the national energy balance by 2030, while international assistance (USA, EU, G7) provided over USD
1 billion in support for the recovery of the sector [18].
The study by Kostenko H., and Zaporozhets A. focuses on enhancing the resilience of energy systems
through the integration of microgrid systems with distributed renewable energy generation. The authors
emphasize that approximately 90 % of power outages occur in distribution networks. Thus, the use of local
microgrids powered by RES significantly improves the reliability and stability of electricity supply. Their
proposed solution involves creating autonomous local energy systems capable of operating in both normal and
emergency modes, ensuring uninterrupted power for critical infrastructure. Key advantages of microgrids include
their ability to self-recover quickly, reduce emergency response time, and decrease reliance on centralized power
networks. Consequently, the deployment of RES-based microgrids emerges as an effective strategy to enhance
energy resilience and security amid modern challenges such as military threats and environmental crises [19].
Regarding international experience, Germany stands out as one of the global leaders in the use of renewable
energy. A widely adopted model there is the energy cooperative, which unites citizens to jointly invest in solar
and wind power installations. By 2022, approximately 25 % of the energy used in the country’s social
infrastructure was generated through cooperative renewable energy projects. As a result, hospitals and schools
benefited from stable, cheaper, and environmentally friendly electricity, enhancing their resilience to external
crises [20].
In Lithuania, the government actively supports the installation of photovoltaic systems integrated with
smart energy platforms. Over the past three years, more than 100 social institutions have achieved partial energy
autonomy through these systems, resulting in a 40 % reduction in energy consumption from the centralized grid.
This shift has strengthened both energy security and the financial sustainability of public facilities [21].
In Israel, where frequent power outages are linked to geopolitical tensions, mobile solar power stations
equipped with battery storage are widely used. These mobile systems can be rapidly deployed to hospitals,
schools, and social service centers. In 2023 alone, over 50 such deployments were recorded in critical regions,
ensuring uninterrupted operation of essential medical equipment and communication infrastructure even during
total power failures [22].
These international examples highlight that decentralized renewable energy solutions not only contribute
to energy independence but also offer high levels of environmental safety, cost efficiency, and social resilience.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 23
For Ukraine, adapting such models in line with national circumstances, financial resources, and technical
capacities is crucial for the sustainable development of social infrastructure amid ongoing challenges.
A particularly promising solution for enhancing the energy efficiency of public buildings is the combination
of solar panels and heat pumps with loop heat pipe (LHP) systems. Experimental results demonstrated that the
PV/LHP hybrid system achieved an electrical efficiency of 9.13 %, thermal efficiency of 39.25 %, and an overall
efficiency of 48.37 %, with COP_th = 5.51 and COP_PV/T = 8.71—substantially outperforming conventional
technologies. The economic analysis revealed annual savings of 364 kWh of heat and 85 kWh of electricity in
Shanghai, yielding a payback period of 16 years; in London, the payback period falls to 9 years. Over 25 years of
operation, the system reduces CO₂ emissions by 12.06 tonnes in Shanghai and 2.94 tonnes in London,
underscoring its high environmental effectiveness [23].
Moreover, international studies consistently highlight the broad applicability of heat pump − solar hybrid
systems, particularly across EU countries. For instance, in the United Kingdom, governmental schemes for
installing solar panels on school buildings mandate integration within the educational process, where students
learn principles of sustainable development [14]. A systematic review [24] further emphasizes the adaptability of
hybrid systems combining heat pumps and solar energy to different climatic conditions and their superior energy
efficiency.
International studies increasingly utilize modeling tools such as EnergyPLAN, HOMER Pro, and TRNSYS,
which allow for the consideration of a wide range of technical, economic, and climatic parameters. For example,
Weiss and Spörk-Dür [25] conducted a study on the effectiveness of solar energy deployment in municipal
institutions.
Based on a systematic analysis of both Ukrainian and international research on the integration of RES into
social infrastructure, several critical shortcomings have been identified. First and foremost, there is insufficient
attention paid to the comparative efficiency of photovoltaic systems and heat pumps, especially when considering
the diverse energy consumption profiles of social institutions. Educational establishments such as schools
typically operate predominantly during the colder months, resulting in high thermal loads, whereas hospitals
maintain a stable energy demand throughout the year. This heterogeneous energy usage pattern necessitates the
development of flexible and context-specific energy solutions, which remain underexplored in current literature.
Secondly, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic analysis of the impact of RES integration on
local energy networks under conditions of unstable electricity supply, which is particularly relevant for Ukraine
during the ongoing military aggression and numerous technical challenges in the energy sector. Underestimating
such factors may lead to system failures and reduce the overall reliability of energy supply to social facilities.
Thirdly, current research insufficiently considers the social aspects of RES implementation, particularly the
readiness level of institution administrations to adopt new technologies, the availability of qualified personnel to
maintain the equipment, and the involvement of local communities in funding and supporting projects. This
highlights the need for a comprehensive approach that encompasses not only technical and economic parameters
but also socio-cultural factors that determine the success of RES integration into the social support system [26,
27].
Nevertheless, even within the European Union, certain challenges persist. These include insufficient
coordination between local energy planning and educational policies [28], as well as complicated licensing
procedures for small-scale energy systems.
Given the above, it should be emphasized that the implementation of RES in social facilities is not solely a
technical or economic issue but represents an essential component of national energy policy and security,
contributing to the decentralization of energy systems and the strengthening of social stability in the country.
The results of the conducted research confirm the high potential of hybrid systems combining photovoltaic
(PV) systems and heat pumps in reducing energy consumption in social infrastructure facilities. An analysis of
practical case studies indicates that such technologies enable significant energy savings − ranging from 35 % to
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 24
65 % depending on the type and energy consumption profile of the institution. For example, in a rural school, the
integration of a 15 kW solar power plant together with an air-to-water heat pump led to a 42 % reduction in
electricity consumption from the grid and a 58 % decrease in thermal energy use. In healthcare facilities with
higher thermal loads, a ground-source heat pump proved to be the more effective solution, achieving up to 63 %
reduction in heat consumption and ensuring more stable system performance despite its higher initial cost [15].
Beyond quantitative energy savings, qualitative benefits of RES should also be highlighted: improved
indoor thermal comfort, reduced noise and vibration compared to traditional gas or diesel boilers, and more
reliable energy supply in the event of central grid disruptions.
The integration of RES into local energy networks contributes to lowering peak loads, increasing overall
energy resilience, and consequently reducing the risk of emergency power outages. This is especially critical for
socially significant facilities amid the ongoing military conflict [29].
Thus, a comprehensive analysis of current scientific publications and real projects − both Ukrainian and
international − provides a complete picture of the current state of renewable energy implementation in social
infrastructure. At the same time, identified shortcomings and limitations highlight key areas for further research
and practical action aimed at improving the effectiveness, adaptability, and scalability of these technologies in
Ukraine.
An important aspect of integrating PV and heat pumps into social infrastructure facilities is their economic
efficiency. Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) makes it possible to determine actual payback periods and assess the
financial impact of these technologies on institutional budgets.
The economic evaluation of heat pump installations in public buildings shows the financial attractiveness
of such projects. The Simple Payback Time (SPBT) ranges from 4.1 to 7.8 years depending on the previously
used heat source and the size of the building. Furthermore, the calculated Levelized Cost of Heat (LCOH) for heat
pumps is significantly lower compared to other traditional energy sources, such as electric heating, LPG, and oil
products, offering additional savings for institutional budgets [30].
In the context of the growing share of renewable energy sources in Ukraine's energy balance and the
increasing need for decentralized, environmentally sustainable heating, Power-to-Heat (PtH) technologies are
gaining particular significance. These solutions enable the efficient use of intermittent solar and wind power by
converting it into thermal energy for heating, hot water supply, and support of critical infrastructure. Implementing
such technologies in social infrastructure − schools, hospitals, kindergartens, and administrative buildings − paves
the way for reducing dependence on imported energy carriers, cutting greenhouse gas emissions, and forming a
sustainable energy model during and after wartime.
The study on the implementation of Power-to-Heat (PtH) technologies in Ukraine's district heating systems
analyzes the potential of using surplus electricity from RES (solar and wind power plants) for thermal energy
production. The main problem this technology addresses is the instability of RES generation and nighttime
consumption "valleys," which require load reduction in the energy system. Using PtH helps reduce energy losses,
lower fossil fuel consumption, and contribute to the decarbonization of the energy sector [31].
The study identifies the economic indicators of the feasibility of implementing PtH, specifically:
− at a surplus electricity price of €10–20/MWh, feasible use is possible with a capacity utilization factor
of at least 10–15 %;
− at €30/MWh – at least 25 %;
− investment attractiveness arises when the cost of ancillary services at night is around €25–30/MWh [31].
It is also found that the economic efficiency of PtH primarily depends on the cost of natural gas, surplus
electricity, and equipment utilization rates. Heat pumps included in PtH systems have low operating costs, are
autonomous, versatile, environmentally safe, and durable.
Thus, PtH technology is appropriate for integration into Ukraine’s heating systems, especially under the
development of RES and the need to balance the power system.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 25
The decentralization of energy production through local systems based on solar power plants (PV systems)
and heat pumps has significant potential to improve the stability and efficiency of local energy networks,
particularly in social infrastructure. The use of these technologies helps to offload energy grids, which is critically
important during peak loads, especially in the winter season when demand for thermal and electrical energy is at
its highest.
Researchers in the United States have calculated that, on a national scale, heat pumps reduce average
household energy consumption by 31 % to 47 %, depending on efficiency level, and by 41 % to 52 % when
combined with building upgrades such as improved insulation. Heat pumps reduce greenhouse gas emissions in
the residential sector by 36–64 %, including emissions from additional electricity generation. These findings may
also be relevant for Ukraine [32].
At the same time, despite the clear advantages, the implementation of local RES systems faces several
significant barriers that hinder the scaling of such projects:
1. High initial investment costs limit the capacity of many social infrastructure institutions and local
communities in Ukraine, especially in the context of economic instability and tight budgets.
2. A lack of qualified specialists at the community level for installing, operating, and maintaining RES
systems poses risks of technical failures and reduces equipment longevity.
3. An imperfect regulatory framework complicates the connection procedures of local generation
capacities to central power grids. Lengthy and complex approvals, along with the lack of unified
standards and regulatory norms, significantly delay project implementation.
A positive sign is the high level of interest from local communities in transitioning to RES. According to
sociological surveys, 64 % of amalgamated territorial communities already have experience cooperating with
donors in the field of energy efficiency, indicating readiness and capacity to implement such projects.
Furthermore, 82 % of surveyed ATCs expressed their willingness to join RES programs if adequate financial
support is available, emphasizing the importance of creating accessible funding tools and state incentives.
Additional research by the Institute of General Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
indicates significant economic benefits of implementing heat pump units (HPUs) in district heating systems.
Specifically, financial modeling has shown that HPUs utilizing waste heat from boiler houses and CHPs have the
highest economic efficiency, providing an internal rate of return (IRR) of up to 49.7 % and a payback period of
up to 3.2 years, allowing such projects to be implemented even without state financial support. However, systems
using other low-grade heat sources − wastewater, ground, air, and river water − require comprehensive state
support, as their payback period may exceed 10 years without it [33].
Thus, decentralizing energy production through local solar power plants and heat pumps not only helps to
relieve local grids and enhance the energy resilience of social infrastructure but also opens up prospects for
forming a more flexible, adaptive, and secure energy system. Overcoming the existing barriers requires joint
efforts from government authorities, local communities, donor organizations, and businesses to ensure the
financial, technical, and regulatory conditions necessary to scale the implementation of RES in Ukraine's social
sector [34].
3. Conclusions
The conducted study has demonstrated that the implementation of renewable energy sources, particularly
solar PV and heat pumps, in Ukraine’s social infrastructure − namely hospitals and schools − holds substantial
potential for reducing energy consumption, lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and achieving local energy
independence. A systematic analysis revealed that the deployment of these technologies is associated with
significant economic benefits, including reduced operational costs for institutions, enhanced energy stability, and
long-term financial viability [11, 12, 24].
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2025. 4(84) 26
Moreover, the implementation of renewable energy projects in educational and healthcare institutions
yields notable social impacts: it fosters energy literacy among the population, improves indoor environmental
conditions, and stimulates the creation of new jobs in the green energy sector [26].
From a technical perspective, the integration of PV systems and heat pumps positively affects local energy
networks by decreasing peak loads and enhancing the reliability of energy supply.
At the same time, the study identified several limitations, including uneven data availability across regions,
technical barriers to integrating renewable energy systems into older buildings, and a shortage of qualified
specialists for system maintenance. These findings highlight the need for further research into regional specifics
and the development of financial and regulatory incentives to scale such solutions at the national policy level.
First, the use of decentralized renewable energy systems in hospitals, schools, and other social institutions
enhances their energy security, particularly under conditions of armed conflict and unstable centralized power
grids. Proposed solutions, such as solar power stations combined with battery storage systems, ensure
uninterrupted electricity supply and reduce dependence on centralized sources.
Second, Ukrainian research and practical case studies confirm the effectiveness of such systems,
demonstrated by reduced energy consumption, cost savings, and increased resilience of social infrastructure. At
the same time, international experience − particularly in Germany, Lithuania, and Israel − illustrates broad
opportunities for scaling and adapting innovative energy supply models based on community cooperatives, smart
monitoring systems, and mobile solutions.
Third, the implementation of renewable energy sources has a positive impact on the environment by
reducing harmful emissions and contributing to the sustainable development of cities and communities. This
aspect is particularly significant for improving population health and overall quality of life [35].
Fourth, the successful application of such technologies in Ukraine requires consideration of local
conditions, the regulatory framework, and the investment climate, as well as encouraging state support and
international cooperation [25].
Thus, the integration of renewable energy sources into social infrastructure represents a promising direction
that enhances energy resilience, reduces environmental impact, and establishes a reliable foundation for the
development of society as a whole. Future research should focus on optimizing technical solutions and developing
comprehensive strategies for the deployment of renewable energy across different regions of Ukraine.
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05380-z
ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ ВІДНОВЛЮВАНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ЕНЕРГІЇ У
СОЦІАЛЬНУ ІНФРАСТРУКТУРУ. ОГЛЯД ДОСЛІДЖЕНЬ
Максим Дранік, https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8366-3533
Інститут загальної енергетики НАН України, вул. Антоновича, 172, Київ, 03150, Україна
e-mail: ml.dranik@gmail.com
Анотація. У статті розглядається впровадження відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ) у соціальну
інфраструктуру України як один із ключових чинників забезпечення енергетичної незалежності,
стійкого функціонування громадських об'єктів і досягнення цілей сталого розвитку. З огляду на сучасні
виклики, зокрема війну, руйнування інфраструктури та енергетичну нестабільність, особлива увага
приділяється потребі децентралізації енергопостачання та переходу на екологічно безпечні джерела
енергії. У дослідженні проаналізовано потенціал використання сонячної, вітрової, біоенергетичної та
геотермальної енергії в закладах освіти, охорони здоров’я, соціального обслуговування, а також в
адміністративних і комунальних установах. Розкрито основні технічні, організаційні та економічні
аспекти інтеграції ВДЕ у соціальну інфраструктуру, охарактеризовано чинне законодавче поле та
надано огляд державних і міжнародних програм фінансування. Особлива увага приділена аналізу
успішних кейсів реалізації енергоефективних проєктів на рівні територіальних громад. Виокремлено
бар’єри, які перешкоджають широкому впровадженню ВДЕ, зокрема технічну неготовність об’єктів,
брак кваліфікованих кадрів, низький рівень поінформованості місцевих органів влади та складнощі з
доступом до фінансування. У результаті дослідження обґрунтовано необхідність формування
комплексної стратегії розвитку відновлюваної енергетики у соціальній сфері з урахуванням
національних і регіональних особливостей, а також запропоновано практичні рекомендації щодо
інтеграції ВДЕ в енергетичну політику України на місцевому рівні.
Ключові слова: відновлювана енергетика, соціальна інфраструктура, децентралізація джерел
електропостачання, енергоефективність, енергетична безпека, сталий розвиток.
Надійшла до редколегії: 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-90466-0_10
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-90466-0_10
https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2024/benefits-of-heat-pumps-detailed-in-new-nrel-report.html
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.03.004
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2025.115540
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05380-z
|
| id | systemreorg-article-922 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:23:52Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/79/0415dc0c74c4b16af84ea8c531ce9479.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-9222026-07-18T12:57:50Z INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH Впровадження відновлюваних джерел енергії у соціальну інфраструктуру. Огляд досліджень. Dranik, Maksym renewable energy, social infrastructure, decentralization of electricity supply, energy efficiency, energy security, sustainable development. відновлювана енергетика, соціальна інфраструктура, децентралізація джерел електропостачання, енергоефективність, енергетична безпека, сталий розвиток. The article examines the integration of renewable energy sources (RES) into Ukraine’s social infrastructure as a key factor in ensuring energy independence, the stable functioning of public institutions, and achieving sustainable development goals. In light of current challenges − particularly the ongoing war, widespread infrastructure damage, and energy instability − special emphasis is placed on the urgent need for decentralized energy supply and a transition to environmentally friendly energy sources. The study examines the potential for utilizing solar, wind, bioenergy, and geothermal resources in educational institutions, healthcare facilities, social services, and administrative and municipal establishments. The article also outlines the main technical, organizational, and economic aspects of RES integration into the social infrastructure. It presents an overview of current legislation, as well as national and international funding programs that support such initiatives. Furthermore, particular attention is given to the analysis of successful case studies of energy efficiency projects implemented at the local community level. The study identifies key barriers hindering the widespread adoption of renewable technologies, including insufficient technical preparedness of facilities, lack of qualified personnel, limited awareness among local authorities, and difficulties in accessing financial resources. As a result, the research justifies the need for a comprehensive strategy for renewable energy deployment in the social sector, taking into account both national priorities and regional specifics. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for integrating RES into local-level energy policies in Ukraine.Keywords: renewable energy, social infrastructure, decentralization of electricity supply, energy efficiency, energy security, sustainable development. У статті розглядається впровадження відновлюваних джерел енергії (ВДЕ) у соціальну інфраструктуру України як один із ключових чинників забезпечення енергетичної незалежності, стійкого функціонування громадських об'єктів і досягнення цілей сталого розвитку. З огляду на сучасні виклики, зокрема війну, руйнування інфраструктури та енергетичну нестабільність, особлива увага приділяється потребі децентралізації енергопостачання та переходу на екологічно безпечні джерела енергії. У дослідженні проаналізовано потенціал використання сонячної, вітрової, біоенергетичної та геотермальної енергії в закладах освіти, охорони здоров’я, соціального обслуговування, а також в адміністративних і комунальних установах. Розкрито основні технічні, організаційні та економічні аспекти інтеграції ВДЕ у соціальну інфраструктуру, охарактеризовано чинне законодавче поле та надано огляд державних і міжнародних програм фінансування. Особлива увага приділена аналізу успішних кейсів реалізації енергоефективних проєктів на рівні територіальних громад. Виокремлено бар’єри, які перешкоджають широкому впровадженню ВДЕ, зокрема технічну неготовність об’єктів, брак кваліфікованих кадрів, низький рівень поінформованості місцевих органів влади та складнощі з доступом до фінансування. У результаті дослідження обґрунтовано необхідність формування комплексної стратегії розвитку відновлюваної енергетики у соціальній сфері з урахуванням національних і регіональних особливостей, а також запропоновано практичні рекомендації щодо інтеграції ВДЕ в енергетичну політику України на місцевому рівні. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2025-11-21 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/922 10.15407/srenergy2025.04.018 System Research in Energy; No. 4 (84) (2025): System Research in Energy; 18-28 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 4 (84) (2025): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 18-28 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/922/820 Copyright (c) 2025 Maksym Dranik https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | renewable energy social infrastructure decentralization of electricity supply energy efficiency energy security sustainable development. Dranik, Maksym INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH |
| title | INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH |
| title_alt | Впровадження відновлюваних джерел енергії у соціальну інфраструктуру. Огляд досліджень. |
| title_full | INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH |
| title_fullStr | INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH |
| title_full_unstemmed | INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH |
| title_short | INTRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES INTO THE SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE. REVIEW OF RESEARCH |
| title_sort | introduction of renewable energy sources into the social infrastructure. review of research |
| topic | renewable energy social infrastructure decentralization of electricity supply energy efficiency energy security sustainable development. |
| topic_facet | renewable energy social infrastructure decentralization of electricity supply energy efficiency energy security sustainable development. відновлювана енергетика соціальна інфраструктура децентралізація джерел електропостачання енергоефективність енергетична безпека сталий розвиток. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/922 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dranikmaksym introductionofrenewableenergysourcesintothesocialinfrastructurereviewofresearch AT dranikmaksym vprovadžennâvídnovlûvanihdžerelenergííusocíalʹnuínfrastrukturuoglâddoslídženʹ |