ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023
The main results of reports at the "Solar Energy" section were considered and summarized, in particular, one of the areas of solar energy – photoenergy. Specialists from Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the work of the section in this...
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| author | Bondarenko, D. Matyakh, S. Surzhyk, Т. Sheiko, I. |
| author_facet | Bondarenko, D. Matyakh, S. Surzhyk, Т. Sheiko, I. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "D. Bondarenko",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy, National Academy of Science of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "S. Matyakh",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy, National Academy of Science of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Т. Surzhyk",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy, National Academy of Science of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "I. Sheiko",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy, National Academy of Science of Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Bondarenko, D. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:19Z |
| description | The main results of reports at the "Solar Energy" section were considered and summarized, in particular, one of the areas of solar energy – photoenergy. Specialists from Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the work of the section in this area. A total of 22 reports were presented, which related to the issues of increasing the energy efficiency and reliability of the operation of solar power plants, the peculiarities of the operation of solar autonomous power plants and installations, new technologies for the production of photo modules, etc. For the most part, the reports focused on the creation and operation of energy-efficient and reliable solar power plants. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2023.4(75).45-49 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T11:39:15Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
45
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
УДК 620.91 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2023.4(75)45-49
ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF
THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE
«RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023
Received Nov. 13. 2023; accepted Dec. 20. 2023
Available online Dec. 30. 2023
D. Bondarenko1, S. Matyakh2, Т. Surzhyk3,
I. Sheiko4
Author for correspondence: Dmytro Bondarenko,
e-mail: renewable@ukr.net
The main results of reports at the "Solar Energy" section were consid-
ered and summarized, in particular, one of the areas of solar energy
– photoenergy. Specialists from Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic
and the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the work of the section in
this area. A total of 22 reports were presented, which related to the
issues of increasing the energy efficiency and reliability of the operation of solar power plants, the peculiarities of
the operation of solar autonomous power plants and installations, new technologies for the production of photo
modules, etc. For the most part, the reports focused on the creation and operation of energy-efficient and reliable
solar power plants.
Key words: electric energy, solar power plant, photovoltaic module, energy efficiency, artificial intelligence, pho-
tovoltaic technologies.
АСПЕКТИ ПОДАЛЬШОГО РОЗВИТКУ ФОТОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ НАУКОВО-
ПРАКТИЧНОЇ КОНФЕРЕНЦІЇ
«ВІДНОВЛЮВАНА ЕНЕРГЕТИКА ТА ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ У ХХІ СТОЛІТТІ» 2023
Отримано 13 жов. 2023 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 20 груд. 2023 р.
Доступно онлайн 30 груд. 2023 р.
Д. В. Бондаренко1, С. В. Матях2, Т. В. Суржик3,
І. О. Шейко4
Автор для коресподенції: Дмитро Бондаренко,
e-mail: renewable@ukr.net
Розглянуто та узагальнено основні результати доповідей на
секції «Сонячна енергетика», зокрема одного з напрямів
сонячної енергетики – фотоенергетики. У роботі секції з
цього напряму взяли участь фахівці з України, Польщі, Чеської
Республіки та Республіки Узбекистан. Всього було представлено 22 доповіді, які стосувалися питань
підвищення енергоефективності та надійності роботи сонячних електростанцій, особливостей
експлуатації сонячних автономних електростанцій та установок, нових технологій виготовлення
фотомодулів тощо. Здебільшого в доповідях висвітлювалися питання створення та функціонування
енергоефективних і надійних сонячних електростанцій.
Ключові слова: електрична енергія, сонячна електростанція, фотоелектричний модуль, енергоефек-
тивність, штучний інтелект, фотоелектричні технології.
1 Cand. of tech. Sciences.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
2 Cand. of tech. Sciences.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1707-3519
3 Doc. of tech. Sciences.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-7748
4 Senior Engineer.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-3677
1,2,3,4 Institute of Renewable Energy,
National Academy of Science of Ukraine
1 Канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
2 Канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1707-3519
3 Доктор техн. наук.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1418-7748
4 Провідний інж.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5770-3677
1,2,3,4 Інститут відновлюваної енерге-
тики НАН України
46
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
Introduction. During the XXIV International Scientific and
Practical Conference "Renewable Energy and Energy Effi-
ciency in the 21st Century" (Ukraine, Kyiv, May 18–19,
2023), the "Solar Energy" section highlighted aspects of the
further development of one of the areas of solar energy –
photoenergy in Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, and
the Republic of Uzbekistan [1]. At the conference in this
field of solar energy, 22 reports were presented, which re-
lated to the issues of increasing the efficiency and reliability
of the operation of solar power plants, the features of the
operation of low-power solar (grid and autonomous) power
plants and installations, new technologies for the produc-
tion of photo modules, etc.
The purpose of the publication is to summarize the research
materials that were presented in the reports, and to highlight
the features of the further development of photoenergy as a
component of one of the areas of renewable energy.
Analysis of the content of reports. The current problems of
traditional energy are related to the limited and uneven dis-
tribution of energy resources on the planet, the imperfec-
tion of traditional energy technologies and the need to
solve the global tasks of providing energy to mankind in the
future, related to the complete depletion of organic fuel re-
serves and environmental safety issues.
To solve these problems, the European Union (EU) adopted
a strategic plan in 2019 – the European Green Course [2],
which is a roadmap for measures to achieve an efficient,
sustainable and competitive economy that will ensure the
creation of a climate-neutral continent by 2050. One of the
key areas of the European Green Course is clean energy,
which includes renewable sources. Increasing the energy
efficiency of power systems, creating conditions for sus-
tainable and comprehensive growth and development are
the most cost-effective ways not only to reduce emissions
of greenhouse gases and other substances that pollute the
environment, but also to reduce import dependence and
strengthen energy security. Today, Europe's policy is aimed
at maximally reducing its dependence on Russian fossil
fuels by increasing the rate of development of renewable
energy sources (RES). Ukraine is a direct part of the Euro-
pean energy system and must ensure the fulfillment of in-
ternational obligations to increase energy efficiency and
decarbonize the economy in accordance with the Associa-
tion Agreement with the EU, the Paris Agreement, the
Treaty on the Establishment of the Energy Community [3],
the European Green Course, a number of EU directives, etc.
Photoenergy is one of the most promising areas of using
RES, the advantage of which is the ability to directly convert
the energy of solar radiation into electrical energy. Ecolog-
ically clean solar energy is the most accessible and practi-
cally inexhaustible energy resource from all renewable
sources, the use of which is effective in most areas of the
Earth's surface. The high energy potential of solar radiation
in Ukraine is sufficient for the introduction of electric power
equipment almost throughout the country. According to
the results of scientific research, the theoretical installed
capacity of solar power plants (SPPs) is 82,768 MW, and the
annual potential of generating electrical energy of SPPs in
Ukraine is about 100 billion kWh/year [4, 5], i.e. Ukraine has
sufficient capacity to replace a significant part of Russian
energy resources with its renewable generation.
The resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated
July 30, 2021, in accordance with the international obliga-
tions to reduce emissions in the Nationally Determined
Contributions (NDC2) to the Paris Climate Agreement by
2030, provided for a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
by 65% of the 1990 level [6]. One of the directions in ac-
cordance with the higher goals set by Ukraine at the inter-
national level regarding the reduction of harmful emissions
in the NDC2 is photoenergy - a significant share in the field
of electricity production should be solar power. In 2021, the
National Economic Strategy of Ukraine until 2030 was
adopted, according to which the share of renewable energy
sources should increase to 25% in the country's electricity
balance by 2030 [7]. These requirements correspond to the
"scenario" of keeping global warming below 2 degrees by
2050 (REmap Case) of the program for the further develop-
ment of the renewable energy sector, published in 2019 by
the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in the
report "The Future of Solar Photovoltaic Energy: Develop-
ment , investments, technologies, integration into energy
systems and socio-economic aspects" [8]. According to
IRENA forecasts, solar energy will play a central role in the
energy transition, the main components of which are re-
newable energy and energy efficiency improvement [9]. To
implement the climate goals established by the Paris Agree-
ment, a significant increase in photovoltaic generation is
foreseen: the agency expects that by 2050, the share of
large-scale projects will be equal to about 60% of the total
installed capacity of photovoltaic systems in the world [8].
In the last years before the full-scale war, the photo-energy
industry of Ukraine developed quite intensively, despite
some market instability and deterioration of the invest-
ment climate. According to the results of 2021, the installed
capacity of the solar energy sector of Ukraine reached
7,586.25 MW (excluding those SPPs located in temporarily
occupied territories). In 2021, the share of electricity gen-
erated from RES reached 8.1% or 12.8 TWh, of which 56%
is due to solar radiation. However, starting from 2020, an
active pace of development was observed only in the SPPs
segment for private households, the capacity of which in-
creased by 426.1 MW in 2021. The total installed capacity
of all household solar systems reached 1205.1 MW at the
end of the year [10].
The situation worsened significantly after the full-scale in-
vasion. According to experts in the field of energy, at the
end of October 2022, about 45–50% of SPPs, most of which
are located in the south of the country, were decommis-
sioned. The war caused significant losses to the industry,
the share of RES in the total volume of electricity produc-
tion fell almost twice: by 2022, this indicator was 13.4%,
now it is 5–6% [11].
47
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
At the current stage of the development of photoenergy,
the problems of efficient use of solar radiation energy due
to the use of advanced technologies come to the fore. The
conference reports were devoted to the solution of these
issues, which are impossible without the development of
new technical and technological scientifically based solu-
tions.
Modern photoenergy technologies are quite effective and
reliable. Today, solar modules can generate electricity with
an efficiency of about 20%. In addition, the cost of innova-
tive technologies, which used to be expensive, is reduced.
The use of double-sided solar modules is rapidly develop-
ping, which can generate 10–15% more electricity than sin-
gle-sided ones, which significantly reduces the area for
their installation. Solar tracking systems are becoming
more competitive, in which two main types of dynamic
tracking systems are distinguished - uniaxial and biaxial. A
single-axis tracking system can increase productivity by 15–
20% compared to a stationary system, a two-axis system by
35–50% [12]. Research in this field continues, so we can ex-
pect additional developments and improvements in tech-
nology to improve the efficiency of solar power plants.
At the conference, methods of achieving maximum energy
efficiency and reliability of solar tracker power plants were
discussed in reports [13-17]. Examples of the use of artifi-
cial intelligence in tracking SES [13, 14] deserve attention,
which is an effective tool for ensuring their maximum
productivity. The use of artificial intelligence will make it
possible to automatically adjust the position of the photo-
modules relative to the sun, reduce the influence of unde-
sirable factors on the operation of the equipment, increase
the reliability and durability of the equipment, as well as
reduce the impact of shadows and other obstacles on the
operation of the photomodules. Various methods are con-
sidered, such as the use of neural networks, machine learn-
ing and optimization algorithms, etc. Specialists from the
Republic of Uzbekistan shared their experience in using a
smart system to increase the energy efficiency of SPPs [15].
The calculation of the selection of components for the
study of energy efficiency indicators of a photovoltaic in-
stallation using the SMART system, which is used to achieve
the optimal supply of electric energy for an autonomous
object, is given. Reports [16, 17] also presented the results
of research into the operation of tracker photovoltaic sys-
tems, showing their advantages in comparison with statio-
nary systems. The obtained data make it possible to predict
an increase in the effective operation of the photovoltaic
plant due to the formation of the profile of the solar energy
input with the help of tracking systems and module fields
of different orientations. The experience of operating a
rooftop photovoltaic station with a capacity of 2.5 kW with
a hybrid inverter is presented in the report [18]. The condi-
tions for the generation of excess electricity into the net-
work have been determined. The equipment and software
for the implementation of the algorithm based on the com-
parison of network and hybrid inverter voltages have been
developed, the conditions for optimal consumption and
generation of electricity in network and autonomous
modes have been determined.
In a number of reports, proposals were presented regard-
ing the practical application of power systems based on
photovoltaic modules, which is very relevant for Ukraine,
especially in the conditions of martial law. A report on the
design of a photovoltaic system with the use of software
was devoted to the issue of power supply of temporary
modular towns for the residence of war victims (shelters)
[19]. Photoelectric system for electricity supply of the shel-
ter is a complex task, which includes the correct selection
of electrical parameters of individual components, taking
into account environmental conditions, the load schedule
of the shelter and electrical devices in its composition. Rec-
ommendations for the use of electrical appliances will help
to increase the efficiency of operation of the photovoltaic
system for power supply of shelters. A comparative analysis
of the requirements for a hybrid photovoltaic plant and an
electric generator with an internal combustion engine to
meet the needs of electricity in wartime conditions was
given [20]. Features of the operation of power transfor-
mers to ensure the reliability of the power system and the
photoelectric plant in its composition in the conditions of
war were considered in the report [21]. The use of dynamic
switching of cells in electric energy accumulators allows
you to quickly change the topology of the electric energy
accumulator to obtain the required output parameters,
which gives advantages in controlling the generation, accu-
mulation and consumption systems in the process of direct
application and, as a result, increases the efficiency of the
accumulator [22].
In the reports of scientists, attention was paid to the tech-
nical capacity of the energy system to balance the growing
capacities of SPPs. In particular, the factor of power losses,
which are caused by overflows in the electrical networks of
electrical systems from renewable sources, which reduces
their energy efficiency, was estimated. Determination of
power and electricity losses in electrical networks and its
separate branches, which are caused by individual photo-
voltaic plants and their groups, makes it possible to evalu-
ate and take into account the impact of photovoltaic plant
on the electricity balance, taking into account the losses,
which can be used for operational planning of the electri-
city balance in the energy system [23]. Assessment of sensi-
tivity to changes in meteorological parameters for forecast-
ing electricity generation schedules by photovoltaic sta-
tions by analyzing the results of a field experiment at an op-
erating solar station with a capacity of 3.2 kW is presented
in the report [24]. An overview of the existing methods of
forecasting the photovoltaic power of solar panels was con-
sidered in the report [25], where the main forecasting
methods and models were described and classified, and
their comparative analysis was made with an assessment of
the accuracy of software calculation methods.
Today, the global market is dominated by crystalline silicon
(c-Si) and thin film technologies. However, solar panel manu-
facturers are constantly improving their production
48
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
technologies, new more efficient and reliable photovoltaic
modules appear, the use of which makes it possible to in-
crease generation and extend their service life. The report
[26, 27] was devoted to the review of new technologies for
the production of photovoltaic modules. The report [26]
presented an overview of new types of photomodules that
allow to increase the efficiency of both rooftop and ground
solar power plants, considered their features, differences
and advantages compared to photomodules that are cur-
rently actively used. The report [27] provides a comparison
of n-type and p-type photovoltaic modules, which are gain-
ing more and more popularity, their main advantages and
disadvantages are given.
The reports of Uzbek specialists highlighted the results of
research into new technologies for the manufacture of so-
lar cells [28-30]. In particular, new materials and structures
were considered as a means of increasing the efficiency of
ZnO/Si and TiO2/Si heterojunction solar cells [28]. A report
[29] was devoted to the study of solar cells based on gal-
lium arsenide (GaAs), which are called cascade, multi-junc-
tion or tandem. Solar panels built from such elements op-
erate in most bands of the solar spectrum and have an
efficiency of over 30%. To date, the technology of recrystal-
lization of thin-film amorphous or fine-crystalline films has
developed high-efficiency solar cells intended for use in so-
lar panels with solar radiation concentrators.
At the conference, attention was also paid to the issue of
using photoenergy potential for the production of green
hydrogen. The implementation of scientific research in the
direction of technical improvement and cheapening of so-
lar and hydrogen energy technologies will allow to trans-
form the ways of carbon-free production, supply, storage
and consumption of energy, improve the level of energy ef-
ficiency and deep decarbonization of vehicles, construction
and industry of the country [31].
Conclusions. Implementation of the best models of photo-
energy equipment, determined on the basis of analytical
studies of world and domestic experience, for the effective
use of photo-energy is one of the priority tasks both at the
current stage of development of the economy of Ukraine
and for the long-term post-war perspective.
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1 Vidnovliuvana enerhetyka ta enerhoefektyvnist u XXI stolitti:
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.36296/renewable.conf.18-19.05. 2023.
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| id | veorgua-article-429 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:12:11Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/e8/67eb1d042f492b9ecabd2005dd741fe8.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-4292026-07-18T06:32:19Z ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 АСПЕКТИ ПОДАЛЬШОГО РОЗВИТКУ ФОТОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ НАУКОВО-ПРАКТИЧНОЇ КОНФЕРЕНЦІЇ «ВІДНОВЛЮВАНА ЕНЕРГЕТИКА ТА ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ У ХХІ СТОЛІТТІ» 2023 Bondarenko, D. Matyakh, S. Surzhyk, Т. Sheiko, I. electric energy, solar power plant, photovoltaic module, energy efficiency, artificial intelligence, photovoltaic technologies. електрична енергія, сонячна електростанція, фотоелектричний модуль, енергоефек¬тивність, штучний інтелект, фотоелектричні технології. The main results of reports at the "Solar Energy" section were considered and summarized, in particular, one of the areas of solar energy – photoenergy. Specialists from Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic and the Republic of Uzbekistan took part in the work of the section in this area. A total of 22 reports were presented, which related to the issues of increasing the energy efficiency and reliability of the operation of solar power plants, the peculiarities of the operation of solar autonomous power plants and installations, new technologies for the production of photo modules, etc. For the most part, the reports focused on the creation and operation of energy-efficient and reliable solar power plants. Розглянуто та узагальнено основні результати доповідей на секції «Сонячна енергетика», зокрема одного з напрямів сонячної енергетики – фотоенергетики. У роботі секції з цього напряму взяли участь фахівці з України, Польщі, Чеської Республіки та Республіки Узбекистан. Всього було представлено 22 доповіді, які стосувалися питань підвищення енергоефективності та надійності роботи сонячних електростанцій, особливостей експлуатації сонячних автономних електростанцій та установок, нових технологій виготовлення фотомодулів тощо. Здебільшого в доповідях висвітлювалися питання створення та функціонування енергоефективних і надійних сонячних електростанцій. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2023-12-30 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/429 10.36296/1819-8058.2023.4(75).45-49 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 4(75) (2023): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 45-49 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 4(75) (2023): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 45-49 Відновлювана енергетика; № 4(75) (2023): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 45-49 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2023.4(75) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/429/337 Copyright (c) 2023 D. Bondarenko, S. Matyakh, Т. Surzhyk, I. Sheiko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | electric energy solar power plant photovoltaic module energy efficiency artificial intelligence photovoltaic technologies. Bondarenko, D. Matyakh, S. Surzhyk, Т. Sheiko, I. ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 |
| title | ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 |
| title_alt | АСПЕКТИ ПОДАЛЬШОГО РОЗВИТКУ ФОТОЕНЕРГЕТИКИ ЗА МАТЕРІАЛАМИ НАУКОВО-ПРАКТИЧНОЇ КОНФЕРЕНЦІЇ «ВІДНОВЛЮВАНА ЕНЕРГЕТИКА ТА ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ У ХХІ СТОЛІТТІ» 2023 |
| title_full | ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 |
| title_fullStr | ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 |
| title_full_unstemmed | ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 |
| title_short | ASPECTS OF THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTOENERGY ACCORDING TO THE MATERIALS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE «RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE 21st CENTURY» 2023 |
| title_sort | aspects of the further development of photoenergy according to the materials of the scientific and practical conference «renewable energy and energy efficiency in the 21st century» 2023 |
| topic | electric energy solar power plant photovoltaic module energy efficiency artificial intelligence photovoltaic technologies. |
| topic_facet | electric energy solar power plant photovoltaic module energy efficiency artificial intelligence photovoltaic technologies. електрична енергія сонячна електростанція фотоелектричний модуль енергоефек¬тивність штучний інтелект фотоелектричні технології. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/429 |
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