OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS
The article considers the topology of electric circuits of photovoltaic panels and photovoltaic plants. The existing principles of connection are considered, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A parallel-serial connection cell for connecting two power sources is proposed. It is possible to i...
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| author | Bondarenko, D. |
| author_facet | Bondarenko, D. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": " D. Bondarenko",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine"
}
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| description | The article considers the topology of electric circuits of photovoltaic panels and photovoltaic plants. The existing principles of connection are considered, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A parallel-serial connection cell for connecting two power sources is proposed. It is possible to implement parallel connection, serial connection and shunt, simultaneously, in one device. Switching in this cell is controlled and dynamic. The topology of combining a large number of photovoltaic devices is demonstrated. A topological structure in the form of a tree is used. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are shown. A modern technological approach to the implementation of such a controlled system is proposed. Conclusions are made. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.1(76).57-61 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T11:39:21Z |
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57
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
УДК 621.316 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2024.1(76)57-61
OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING
CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS
Received Oct. 10. 2023; accepted Mar. 22. 2024
Available online Mar. 01. 2024
Bondarenko D.1
Corresponding author: Bondarenko Dmytro,
e-mail: dima7007bond@gmail.com
Abstract. The article considers the topology of electric circuits of photovoltaic panels and photovoltaic plants.
The existing principles of connection are considered, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A parallel-
serial connection cell for connecting two power sources is proposed. It is possible to implement parallel connec-
tion, serial connection and shunt, simultaneously, in one device. Switching in this cell is controlled and dynamic.
The topology of combining a large number of photovoltaic devices is demonstrated. A topological structure in
the form of a tree is used. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are shown. A modern techno-
logical approach to the implementation of such a controlled system is proposed. Conclusions are made.
Keywords: electrical circuit topology, photovoltaic panel, solar power plant, parallel-series combination, con-
trolled connection, dynamic switching.
ОПТИМАЛЬНА ТОПОЛОГІЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ КІЛ В СОНЯЧНИХ ПАНЕЛЯХ ТА СТАНЦІЯХ З
ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КЕРОВАНИХ З’ЄДНАНЬ
Отримано 10 жов. 2023 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 22 бер. 2024 р.
Доступно онлайн 01 квіт. 2024 р.
Бондаренко Д. В.1
Автор для кореспонденції: Бондаренко Дмитро,
e-mail: dima7007bond@gmail.com
Анотація. В статті розглядається топологія електричних кіл у фотовольтаїчних панелях та сонячних
станціях, а також існуючі принципи з’єднання, проаналізовано їхні переваги та недоліки. Запропоновано
паралельно-послідовну комутуючу комірку для з’єднання двох джерел живлення. Можлива реалізація
паралельного з’єднання, послідовного з’єднання та шунтування одночасно, в одному пристрої.
Комутація в такій комірці є керованою та динамічною. Продемонстровано топологію об’єднання
більшої кількості фотоелектричних пристроїв. Застосовано топологічну структуру у вигляді дерева.
Показано переваги та недоліки такого підходу. Запропоновано сучасний технологічний підхід для
реалізації такої керованої системи. Зроблено висновки.
Ключові слова: топологія електричного кола, фотовольтаїчна панель, сонячна електростанція,
паралельно-послідовна комірка, кероване з’єднання, динамічна комутація.
Introduction. The development and implementation of en-
ergy systems using renewable energy sources, especially
solar photovoltaic systems, prompts us to conduct theoret-
ical research on establishing the optimal topology of elec-
trical circuits in solar photovoltaic panels and solar power
plants. Also, it should be noted that the development of mi-
croelectronics has led to the introduction of automatic con-
trol systems based on microcontrollers in power equip-
ment. And developments in the field of commutation of
large currents and voltages, with the help of semiconductor
1 канд. техн. наук.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
1 Інститут відновлюваної енергетики
НАН України, м. Київ, Україна
1 PhD.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
1 Institute of Renewable Energy NAS of
Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
58
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
devices, made it possible to dynamically adjust the main en-
ergy parameters.
Setting objectives. Investigate the topology of electric cir-
cuits in photovoltaic panels and solar power plants, taking
into account the possibility of dynamic control of circuit
commutation. To propose an optimal scheme for automatic
control of power equipment parameters in real time.
Topology of electrical circuits of solar cells. A traditional
solar semiconductor photovoltaic cell is usually made of sil-
icon in various condensed states. Note that the open circuit
voltage of silicon is 0.5-0.6 Volts [1]. We should also note
that modern technology for the production of photovoltaic
elements involves the production of elements with an out-
put power of 2-5 Watts at maximum illumination. Such a
value of power, in real conditions, is too small for the con-
struction of power equipment, which prompts us to com-
bine such elements in circuits of different topologies. It
should also be mentioned that other semiconductor ele-
ments, such as arsenide-gallium, telluride-cadmium and
others, have the open-circuit voltage and output power,
and these are also within the limits of a standard semicon-
ductor, such as silicon.
Common topological solutions are parallel and series con-
nections of electrical circuit elements. So, to increase the
voltage in the pv-modules, photovoltaic cells are connected
in series, and to increase the current characteristics, they
are connected in parallel. Similarly, at solar pv-plants, pho-
tovoltaic panels are connected in series in strings, and
strings are connected in parallel. But there are other,
mixed, topological solutions that allow obtaining various
energy characteristics and increasing the stability of oper-
ating parameters. Thus, works [2,3,4] show serial-parallel
connections (SP) (Fig. 1), total cross tide connections (TCT)
(Fig. 2), bridge link connections (BL) (Fig. 3), honey comb
connection (HC) (Fig. 4). The advantages and disadvantages
of such topologies are described in works [2,3,4]. The main
advantage is the stability of operating modes and the pos-
sibility of bypassing fauls [5,6], but the main disadvantage
is the impossibility of generating arbitrary parameters of
electricity.
Fig. 1. Serial-parallel connection
Fig. 2. Total cross tide connection
Fig. 3. Bridge link connection
Fig. 4. Honey comb connection
59
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
An interesting approach is the creation of a universal topol-
ogy in the form of matrix switching [7]. With the use of such
a topology, there is a need for a large number of conduc-
tors, since, in fact, it is necessary to connect all the cells in
the module (or panels in the station) to each other with in-
dividual connectors, which can overload the implemented
circuit. But the advantage of this topology is the ability to
dynamically control energy parameters in a certain range.
Therefore, to implement dynamic commutation, fixed con-
nections are replaced by switching elements, such as elec-
tro-mechanical relays or power semiconductor elements
that work in the switch mode (thyristors, field-effect tran-
sistors, etc.) [8].
In this work, it is proposed to use the advantages of all the
above approaches.
Topology based on a parallel-serial cell. To implement dy-
namic commutation, it is proposed to use a parallel-serial
cell in which two generating elements are connected by
four switching elements (Fig. 5), two elements for parallel
connection, one element for serial and one more for full
shunting. Such a cell can be the basic unit for the formation
of a universal generating photovoltaic module or a univer-
sal solar pv-plant, which can form a certain range of oper-
ating voltages and currents.
Fig. 5. Сommutation of two sources (PV- pv-element, P1
and P2- parallel connection, S- series connection, Z- bypass
connection)
The approach, using a universal, basic, element-cell, is con-
venient to apply to the topological scheme of switching el-
ements in the form of a tree (Fig. 6). That is, there will be
switching that will allow to form a wide range of currents
and voltages according to the topological structure of such
a tree. But such currents and voltages will be multiples of
2n, where n are natural numbers that mean the number of
tree branches. This factor is a certain drawback, because it
limits us in the range of initial values. For example, when
using 16 photovoltaic elements, or 8 commutation cells, we
will have output working voltages of 0.5 Volts, 1 Volt, 2
Volts, 4 Volts, 8 Volts. But the above-mentioned approach
allows you to significantly reduce the number of current
conductors and switching elements in comparison with ma-
trix switching.
When implementing such an approach, as shown in Figure
6, it is convenient to move the switching elements to a sep-
arate block (PSZ). This is convenient from the point of view
of actual implementation, as the generating and switching
parts are structurally and electro physically separate ele-
ments.
Switching elements, which are indicated in Figure 6, must be
controlled from the outside manually or automatically ac-
cording to a predetermined algorithm. Thus, such controlled
elements will allow to realize dynamic commutation of pho-
tocells in a panel, or commutation of panels at a pv-plant [9].
It should be noted that from a modern point of view it is
convenient to use MOSFET transistors for controlled com-
mutation of power electric circuits. They have ultra-low in-
ternal resistance, there is a large elemental base of such
transistors, and based on them there are well-developed
circuit solutions [10, 11]. To control such transistors, it is
appropriate to use programmable microcontrollers [12],
which can implement arbitrary algorithms and scenarios of
the system as a whole.
Use of transistor assemblies and microcontrollers. When
implementing a switching PSZ-node, it is appropriate to use
a group combination of transistors into assemblies, for ex-
ample, two MOSFET-transistors assembled in pairs in one
SO-8 case, or assemblies with greater integration. It should
also be noted that SiC and GaN technologies are gaining
popularity, which allow controlling larger currents with
lower heat losses [13, 14].
To control such commutating cells and the system as a
whole, it is appropriate to use modern programmable mi-
crocontrollers that have the ability to flexibly control gen-
eration processes using various algorithms. The communi-
cation line between the microcontroller and the
commutating cells can be a power transmission line, cou-
pled two in one.
Modelling. From Figure 6, we can see that the union of
electric circles into one circle in the form of a tree was
formed. Therefore, to calculate such a circle, it is advisable
to use calculation and modelling algorithms that are in-
tended for this configuration. On the other hand, to model
and calculate the currents and voltages in the parallel-se-
ries cell from Figure 5, it is advisable to use the matrix-vec-
tor representation. Thus, at each step of calculating such “a
tree”, the PSZ-cell will be represented by a matrix with ele-
ments that correspond to the topology of the required cir-
cuit.
Conclusion. After conducting research, the optimal topol-
ogy of electric circuits in solar photovoltaic panels and in
solar power pv-plants was established. Such a topology re-
quires the implementation of dynamic switching for opera-
tional management of the output parameters of the energy
system. Modern microcontrollers and semiconductor
power elements make it possible to dynamically adjust the
main energy parameters.
60
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2023 | Сонячна енергетика
A great advantage of dynamic control of the output param-
eters and modes of the generating device is the possibility
of implementing smart energy systems of various scales
[15], as well as the possibility of complex simultaneous con-
trol of generation, accumulation and consumption, de-
pending on needs.
Fig. 6. Сonnection of commutation element in tree style (PV- pv-element, PSZ- commutation cell, OUT- output terminals)
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|
| id | veorgua-article-442 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:12:48Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
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| spelling | veorgua-article-4422026-07-18T06:32:19Z OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS ОПТИМАЛЬНА ТОПОЛОГІЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ КІЛ В СОНЯЧНИХ ПАНЕЛЯХ ТА СТАНЦІЯХ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КЕРОВАНИХ З’ЄДНАНЬ Bondarenko, D. electrical circuit topology, photovoltaic panel, solar power plant, parallel-series combination, controlled connection, dynamic switching. топологія електричного кола, фотовольтаїчна панель, сонячна електростанція, паралельно-послідовна комірка, кероване з’єднання, динамічна комутація. The article considers the topology of electric circuits of photovoltaic panels and photovoltaic plants. The existing principles of connection are considered, advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. A parallel-serial connection cell for connecting two power sources is proposed. It is possible to implement parallel connection, serial connection and shunt, simultaneously, in one device. Switching in this cell is controlled and dynamic. The topology of combining a large number of photovoltaic devices is demonstrated. A topological structure in the form of a tree is used. The advantages and disadvantages of this approach are shown. A modern technological approach to the implementation of such a controlled system is proposed. Conclusions are made. В статті розглядається топологія електричних кіл у фотовольтаїчних панелях та сонячних станціях, а також існуючі принципи з’єднання, проаналізовано їхні переваги та недоліки. Запропоновано паралельно-послідовну комутуючу комірку для з’єднання двох джерел живлення. Можлива реалізація паралельного з’єднання, послідовного з’єднання та шунтування одночасно, в одному пристрої. Комутація в такій комірці є керованою та динамічною. Продемонстровано топологію об’єднання більшої кількості фотоелектричних пристроїв. Застосовано топологічну структуру у вигляді дерева. Показано переваги та недоліки такого підходу. Запропоновано сучасний технологічний підхід для реалізації такої керованої системи. Зроблено висновки. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-04-05 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/442 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.1(76).57-61 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 1(76) (2024): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 57-61 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 1(76) (2024): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 57-61 Відновлювана енергетика; № 1(76) (2024): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 57-61 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.1(76) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/442/350 Copyright (c) 2024 D. Bondarenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | electrical circuit topology photovoltaic panel solar power plant parallel-series combination controlled connection dynamic switching. Bondarenko, D. OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title | OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_alt | ОПТИМАЛЬНА ТОПОЛОГІЯ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ КІЛ В СОНЯЧНИХ ПАНЕЛЯХ ТА СТАНЦІЯХ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КЕРОВАНИХ З’ЄДНАНЬ |
| title_full | OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_fullStr | OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_full_unstemmed | OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_short | OPTIMAL TOPOLOGY OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS IN PV-PANELS AND PV-PLANTS WITH USING CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_sort | optimal topology of electric circuits in pv-panels and pv-plants with using controlled connections |
| topic | electrical circuit topology photovoltaic panel solar power plant parallel-series combination controlled connection dynamic switching. |
| topic_facet | electrical circuit topology photovoltaic panel solar power plant parallel-series combination controlled connection dynamic switching. топологія електричного кола фотовольтаїчна панель сонячна електростанція паралельно-послідовна комірка кероване з’єднання динамічна комутація. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/442 |
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