COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS
Abstract. The paper shows the energy characteristics and efficiency of photovoltaic thermal solar collectors. The possibility of combining photovoltaic thermal collectors in series and in parallel is considered. Calculations have been made. The connection of the thermal and photovoltaic parts of the...
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| description | Abstract. The paper shows the energy characteristics and efficiency of photovoltaic thermal solar collectors. The possibility of combining photovoltaic thermal collectors in series and in parallel is considered. Calculations have been made. The connection of the thermal and photovoltaic parts of the collectors using a switching device is shown, and the possibility of dynamic connection of both the thermal and electric parts in one energy-generating system is shown. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of integrating a photovoltaic thermal collector with an automatic control system, for effective operation and joint thermal and electrical regulation in autonomous and grid modes. Conclusions are made. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.2(77).86-91 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T11:39:29Z |
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86
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2024 | Сонячна енергетика
УДК 621.316 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2024.2(77)86-91
COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS
Received Mar. 07, 2024; accepted Jun. 21, 2024
Available online Jul. 01, 2024
Bondarenko D.1
Author for correspondence: Bondarenko Dmytro,
e-mail: dima7007bond@gmail.com
Abstract. The paper shows the energy characteristics and efficiency of photovoltaic thermal solar collectors. The
possibility of combining photovoltaic thermal collectors in series and in parallel is considered. Calculations have
been made. The connection of the thermal and photovoltaic parts of the collectors using a switching device is
shown, and the possibility of dynamic connection of both the thermal and electric parts in one energy-generating
system is shown. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of integrating a photovoltaic thermal collector with an au-
tomatic control system, for effective operation and joint thermal and electrical regulation in autonomous and grid
modes. Conclusions are made.
Keywords: combination, PVT-collector, photovoltaic, thermal collector, thermal energy, electric energy, power,
dynamic connections.
ПОЄДНАННЯ PVT-КОЛЕКТОРІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КЕРОВАНИХ З’ЄДНАНЬ
Отримано 07 бер. 2024 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 21 чер. 2024 р.
Доступно онлайн 01 лип. 2024 р.
Бондаренко Д.1
Автор для кореспонденції: Бондаренко Дмитро,
e-mail: dima7007bond@gmail.com
Анотація. В роботі показані енергетичні характеристики та ефективність фотоелектричних тепло-
вих сонячних колекторів. Розглянуто можливість поєднання фотоелектричних теплових колекторів
послідовно та паралельно. Зроблені розрахунки. Показано з’єднання теплової та фотоелектричної ча-
стини колекторів за допомогою комутуючого пристрою та показано можливість динамічного з’єд-
нання, як теплової, так і електричної частини в одній енергогенеруючій системі. Акцентовано на мож-
ливості інтеграції фотоелектричного теплового колектору з системою автоматичного керування,
для здійснення ефективної роботи та спільного теплового та електричного регулювання в автоном-
ному та мережевому режимах. Зроблені висновки.
Ключові слова: поєднання, PVT-колектор, фотоелектрика, тепловий колектор, теплова енергія, елек-
трична енергія, потужність, динамічні з’єднання.
Index terms:
PVT – photovoltaic thermal
PV – photovoltaic
Introduction. Modern trends in the development of energy
systems using renewable energy sources, namely solar en-
ergy systems, prompt us to implement versatile ap-
proaches to the use of both electrical and thermal generat-
ing devices. In particular, their combination [1]. Thus, there
are ideas for research on the connection of solar
photovoltaic panels and thermal-generating devices of so-
lar collectors into a single system. The advantage of such a
combination is the possibility of maximum conversion of
solar radiation into the necessary energy for consumption
and the possibility of managing the mutual influence on the
generation of thermal and electrical energy. In addition,
1 PhD
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
1 Institute of Renewable Energy of the National
Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
1 канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
1 Інститут відновлюваної енергетики НАН
України, м. Київ, Україна
87
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2024 | Сонячна енергетика
such devices could be combined into more powerful sys-
tems. That is, there is a need to research the connection of
electrical and thermal parts of generating devices, for ex-
ample, in parallel and serially connected systems.
Setting objectives. To research thermal and electrical en-
ergy processes in a PVT collector with parallel and serial
connection of electrical circuits and thermal structures in
the general energy system. To propose a scheme for auto-
matic dynamic connection of PVT-collectors.
PVT-collector construction. As the spectrum of solar radia-
tion that reaches the Earth is quite wide, it is advisable to
have devices that combine the electrical and thermal com-
ponents of energy generation to absorb the entire poten-
tial of solar radiation. Such a device is a photovoltaic ther-
mal solar collector [2, 3, 4]. A typical construction of a PVT-
collector is a combination of a photovoltaic absorbing layer
and heat absorbing layer (Fig.1). Thera is a layer of the pho-
tovoltaic converter, which consists of photovoltaic ele-
ments of silicon or other semiconductors, also absorber
plate, usually metal, with a black or selective surface, tubes
or channels (made integral with or attached to the absorber
plate) for water or air, also enclosure and base [5, 6].
Fig.1. Photovoltaic thermal solar collector
Theory. To understand the energy processes in the PVT col-
lector, it is necessary to do a theoretical analysis. The re-
search of such collectors was made in works [7, 8, 9].
The calculation of possible losses lies in the plane of calcu-
lations of energy parameters and efficiency of the photo-
voltaic thermal collector.
The power N produced by the PVT collector from solar ra-
diation coming from the Sun is determined by the formula:
𝑁 = 𝐽𝑆𝜂𝑝𝑣𝑡 , (1)
where J - the radiation intensity on the radiation-receiving
surface of the solar device, W/m2; S - the area of the radia-
tion-receiving surface of the solar device, m2; pvt – PVTcol-
lector efficiency.
But for a correct presentation and full understanding, it is
necessary to decompose the energy in the PVT collector
into its components [10].
The energy production of a solar PVT collector depends on
the efficiency of the photovoltaic conversion, the efficiency
of the thermal conversion, and the thermal loss of the PVT
collector. And also from optical losses, which are affected
by the inclination angle of the collector and the optical ef-
ficiency, which is determined by the reflection and absorp-
tion coefficients of the glass coating.
For power we have:
𝑁 = 𝑁0 + 𝑃 + 𝑊 , (2)
where N0 – optical power losses of the PVT collector, W; W
– thermal power of the PVT collector, W; P – electric power
of the photovoltaic part of the PVT collector, W.
Optical power losses:
𝑁0 = 𝐽𝑆(1 − 𝜇0) , (3)
where 0 – the "optical" efficiency of the collector, which is
essentially the transmission coefficient of the collector and
is determined by the reflection coefficient of the glass, the
transmission coefficient of the glass and the angle between
the sun's rays and the plane of the collector. This coefficient
usually lies within 0.8-0.99. Reflection losses depend on the
inclination angle of the collector to the sun's rays and are
determined by the sine of the angle between the direction
of the sun's rays and the radiation-receiving plane of the
collector.
Electric power:
𝑃 = 𝐽𝑆𝜇0𝜂𝑃𝑉 , (4)
where PV – the efficiency of the photovoltaic part, which
is essentially the absorption coefficient of photons to cre-
ate an electric charge on the output electrodes of the PVT
collector, and is determined by the material of the
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Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2024 | Сонячна енергетика
photovoltaic converter, its crystal structure, and manufac-
turing technologies. This coefficient, for example, for
monocrystalline silicon lies within 0.15-0.25. It should be
noted that there is a temperature effect on efficiency:
𝜂𝑃𝑉 = 𝜂𝑃𝑉0(1 − 𝛼(𝑇 − 𝑇0)) , (5)
where α - temperature coefficient, K-1; PV0 - efficiency un-
der standard conditions; T - working temperature, K; T0 -
temperature under standard conditions [11].
Thermal power:
𝑊 = 𝐽𝑆𝜇0𝜂𝑃𝑉𝜂𝑡ℎ , (6)
where th – the efficiency of the thermal part, which is es-
sentially the absorption coefficient of photons to create
thermal energy and transfer it to the coolant.
The efficiency of the thermal part of the PVT collector is de-
termined by the thermal losses of the collector. Thermal
loss is a part of the solar energy that was converted in the
solar collector into thermal energy, but was not used to
heat the coolant, so it dissipated in the surrounding air. This
type of loss depends on the temperature difference in the
collector and the surrounding air and the heat thermal co-
efficients k1 (linear thermal loss coefficient W/(m2·K)) and
k2 (thermal loss coefficient taking into account nonlinearity
W/(m2·K2)) [12].
The efficiency of the thermal part in the PVT collector is as
follows:
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 1 −
𝑘1∆𝑇
𝐽
−
𝑘2∆𝑇2
𝐽
, (7)
where k1 - linear thermal loss coefficient, W/(m2·K); k2 - co-
efficient of thermal loss taking into account nonlinearity,
W/(m2·K2); ∆Т - temperature difference between the collec-
tor and air, K;
The useful thermal energy received in the PVT collector is
taken by the coolant as follows:
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑝𝑚(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛) = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉(𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛), (8)
𝑄 = 𝑊𝑡 , (9)
where Cp – specific thermal capacity of the coolant in the
PVT collector, J/(kgK); m – mass of the coolant in the PVT-
collector, kg; V – volume of the coolant in the PVT collector,
м3; – the density of the coolant in the PVT collector,
kg/м3; Tin, Tout – temperatures of the coolant at the inlet and
outlet of the PVT collector, К; W – thermal power of the
PVT collector, W; t – time, s.
Electric energy:
𝐸 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝐼𝑈𝑡, (10)
where P – electric power of the photovoltaic part of the PVT
collector, W; I – electric current of the photovoltaic part of
the PVT collector, А; U – voltage of the photovoltaic part of
the PVT collector, V; t – time, s.
Total energy G, which is generated by the system:
𝐺 = 𝑄 + 𝐸, (11)
where Q - thermal energy and E - electrical energy.
Combination of two PVT collectors: Theoretically. Con-
sider the joint operation of two PVT collectors. For this, col-
lectors could be connected either in series or in parallel.
When two collectors are connected, energy and power add
up:
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 → 𝑊𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑊1 + 𝑊2, (12)
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 → 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2. (13)
When two PVT collectors are connected in series, the vol-
ume of the coolant pumped through such a system will be
the same as through each collector:
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2, (14)
and the current I that flows through such a system will be
the same as through each collector:
𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 . (15)
Then heat is received by the coolant of the collector:
𝑄1 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉∆𝑇1 , (16)
𝑄2 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉∆𝑇2 , (17)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉(∆𝑇1 + ∆𝑇2). (18)
And electric power:
𝑃1 = 𝐼𝑈1 , (19)
𝑃2 = 𝐼𝑈2 , (20)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼(𝑈1 + 𝑈2). (21)
If PVT collectors are the same, and are in the same condi-
tions, then:
∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 , (22)
𝑈 = 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 . (23)
That:
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉∆𝑇 , (24)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐼𝑈 . (25)
When two PVT collectors are connected in parallel, the
temperature of the coolant pumped through such a system
will be the same as through each collector:
∆𝑇 = ∆𝑇1 = ∆𝑇2 , (26)
and the voltage at the terminals of both collectors will be
the same as at each collector:
𝑈 = 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 . (27)
Then heat is received by the coolant of the collector:
𝑄1 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉1∆𝑇 , (28)
𝑄2 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉2∆𝑇 , (29)
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌(𝑉1 + 𝑉2)∆𝑇 . (30)
That electric power:
𝑃1 = 𝐼1𝑈, (31)
𝑃2 = 𝐼2𝑈 , (32)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝐼1 + 𝐼2)𝑈 . (33)
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Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2024 | Сонячна енергетика
If PVT collectors are the same, and are in the same condi-
tions, then:
𝑉 = 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 , (34)
𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 . (35)
Then the total heat of two collectors is obtained:
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉∆𝑇, (36)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2𝐼𝑈 . (37)
That is, in an ideal case, we get energy that consists of two
energies, and we can balance them:
𝐺𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 2(𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉∆𝑇 + 𝐼𝑉𝑡) , (38)
We can transform one into the other. To heat the coolant
by electricity, or to receive additional electrical energy at
the expense of the coolant.
In the general case when connected in series:
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉 ∑ ∆𝑇𝑘
n
k=1 (39)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼 ∑ 𝑈𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1 (40)
where n - number of PVT collectors.
In the general case with a parallel connection:
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌∆𝑇 ∑ 𝑉𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1 (41)
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑈 ∑ 𝐼𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1 (42)
where n - number of PVT collectors.
In this way, it is convenient to research on the mutual influ-
ence and flow of thermal and electrical energy in several
connected PVT collectors. Then, given (11), (10) we have:
𝐺𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌𝑉 ∑ ∆𝑇𝑘
n
k=1 + 𝐼𝑡 ∑ 𝑈𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1 (43)
𝐺𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 = 𝐶𝑝𝜌∆𝑇 ∑ 𝑉𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1 + 𝑈𝑡 ∑ 𝐼𝑘
𝑛
𝑘=1 (44)
where Gseries - total energy where connected in series, Gpar-
allel - total energy where connected in parallel.
Combination of two PVT collectors: Schematically. As
mentioned above, the PVT collector is structurally com-
posed of two parts: the photovoltaic one, which consists of
an array of photovoltaic cells that are placed on a substrate
and connected by buses; thermal, which can be based on
liquid coolant or gas coolant, and in any case contains a
heat exchanger that is placed behind the photovoltaic part
[13].
The connection of PVT collectors in the energy system into
strings or arrays, to increase the generated energy, is a ra-
tional step in renewable energy [14]. For the actual imple-
mentation of the theoretical principles outlined above, let's
connect two PVT collectors (Fig. 2) with the help of a
switching device. We need to implement the mechanisms
of serial and parallel electrical and hydraulic (air) connec-
tions in one device.
To implement dynamic switching, fixed connections are
replaced by controlled switching elements [15]. In the
case of electrical connections, these are electro-mechani-
cal relays or power semiconductor elements that work in
key mode (thyristors, field-effect transistors, etc.) [16]. In
the case of hydraulic or air connections, it is advisable to
use controlled electromechanical valves. To implement
dynamic switching, it is proposed to use such a device as
a parallel-serial switching cell [17] in which two generat-
ing elements are connected by three switching elements,
two elements - for parallel connection, and one element -
for serial one. External pumps or air blowers will create
the necessary pressure. To control these switches, it is ap-
propriate to use programmable microcontrollers which
could implement arbitrary algorithms and scenarios of the
system as a whole.
Fig. 2. Combination of two PVT-collectors with controlled connections
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Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2024 | Сонячна енергетика
The cell can be the basic unit for the formation of a uni-
versal generating photoelectric thermal union, which
can form a certain range of operating voltages, currents,
the output temperature of the coolant and the volumes
of coolant pumped.
For more efficient use of the system with the principles of
dynamic switching, it is possible to use a larger number of
collectors, for example, four (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Combination of four PVT collectors with controlled connections
It should also be noted that the combination of thermal and
electrical parts in PVT collectors provides a number of ad-
vantages. For example, pumping the coolant through the
photovoltaic elements allows the cooling of the photovol-
taic elements, which has a positive effect on their operation
[18]. And the electrical energy generated by photovoltaic
elements should be used to power the pumps. The mutual
connection of thermal and electrical energy, as well as the
mechanical part for pumping the coolant, allows you to
build an energy-optimized system.
The system from Figure 2 and Figure 3 can autonomously
provide electric and thermal energy to specified objects,
enabling coordinated control of electric and thermal pa-
rameters.
An important aspect in using PVT collectors is the genera-
tion of electric and thermal energy into the general grid [19,
20]. Grid parameters, such as voltage or coolant tempera-
ture, may differ from local values. Therefore, devices for
matching such parameters should be used in the systems.
For example, in the case of connecting the local electric
power system from PVT collectors to the AC grid, the am-
plitude, frequency, and phase of the output current and
voltage must be coordinated with the grid. And, in order to
connect the thermal part of such local collectors to the gen-
eral power system, it is necessary to coordinate thermal pa-
rameters, such as the temperature of the network coolant
and the temperature of the coolant in the PVT collector sys-
tem, to form the necessary temperature gradient in the
heat exchangers with the grid. Also, it is necessary that the
system include devices for removing heat from the
autonomous system and supplying it to the heat-conduct-
ing system, for example, heat exchangers. Summarizing, it
must be said that the effectiveness of using such collectors
in energy applications requires comprehensive research
and modelling [21, 22].
Conclusion. Application of advanced technologies, such as
PVT collectors, in electrical and thermal power supply is an
important task of the energy industry.
It is necessary to perform a comprehensive energy analysis
since the photovoltaic thermal collector has several energy
components. When calculating power systems with PVT
collectors, it is necessary to conduct an efficiency analysis
and investigate the mutual influence of the electrical and
thermal parts of the collector.
Combining several collectors into a combined system using
series and parallel connections allows you to create flexible
energy systems with a wide range of output thermal and
electrical parameters. And dynamic control of connections
allows you to quickly change the characteristics of thermal
and electrical generation of a system with PVT collectors.
The analysis, described in the article, will make it possible
to effectively create systems with a PVT collector, both for
an autonomous system and for the creation of energy clus-
ters. The use of modern automated control devices leads to
effective modes of operation and will allow to coordinate
the parameters of connection to the electricity and heat
generation grids.
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|
| id | veorgua-article-459 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:13:17Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/43/8734bc668bc636ec6e5d879ae6ae8843.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-4592026-07-18T06:32:20Z COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS ПОЄДНАННЯ PVT-КОЛЕКТОРІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КЕРОВАНИХ З’ЄДНАНЬ Bondarenko, D. combination, PVT-collector, photovoltaic, thermal collector, thermal energy, electric energy, power, dynam-ic connections. поєднання, PVT-колектор, фотоелектрика, тепловий колектор, теплова енергія, електрична енергія, потужність, динамічні з’єднання. Abstract. The paper shows the energy characteristics and efficiency of photovoltaic thermal solar collectors. The possibility of combining photovoltaic thermal collectors in series and in parallel is considered. Calculations have been made. The connection of the thermal and photovoltaic parts of the collectors using a switching device is shown, and the possibility of dynamic connection of both the thermal and electric parts in one energy-generating system is shown. Emphasis is placed on the possibility of integrating a photovoltaic thermal collector with an automatic control system, for effective operation and joint thermal and electrical regulation in autonomous and grid modes. Conclusions are made. Анотація. В роботі показані енергетичні характеристики та ефективність фотоелектричних теплових сонячних колекторів. Розглянуто можливість поєднання фотоелектричних теплових колекторів послідовно та паралельно. Зроблені розрахунки. Показано з’єднання теплової та фотоелектричної частини колекторів за допомогою комутуючого пристрою та показано можливість динамічного з’єднання, як теплової, так і електричної частини в одній енергогенеруючій системі. Акцентовано на можливості інтеграції фотоелектричного теплового колектору з системою автоматичного керування, для здійснення ефективної роботи та спільного теплового та електричного регулювання в автономному та мережевому режимах. Зроблені висновки. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-07-01 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/459 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.2(77).86-91 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 2(77) (2024): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 86-91 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 2(77) (2024): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 86-91 Відновлювана енергетика; № 2(77) (2024): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 86-91 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.2(77) uk https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/459/368 Copyright (c) 2024 D. Bondarenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | combination PVT-collector photovoltaic thermal collector thermal energy electric energy power dynam-ic connections. Bondarenko, D. COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title | COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_alt | ПОЄДНАННЯ PVT-КОЛЕКТОРІВ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КЕРОВАНИХ З’ЄДНАНЬ |
| title_full | COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_fullStr | COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_full_unstemmed | COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_short | COMBINATION OF PVT-COLLECTORS WITH USING OF CONTROLLED CONNECTIONS |
| title_sort | combination of pvt-collectors with using of controlled connections |
| topic | combination PVT-collector photovoltaic thermal collector thermal energy electric energy power dynam-ic connections. |
| topic_facet | combination PVT-collector photovoltaic thermal collector thermal energy electric energy power dynam-ic connections. поєднання PVT-колектор фотоелектрика тепловий колектор теплова енергія електрична енергія потужність динамічні з’єднання. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/459 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bondarenkod combinationofpvtcollectorswithusingofcontrolledconnections AT bondarenkod poêdnannâpvtkolektorívzvikoristannâmkerovanihzêdnanʹ |