ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE
This paper investigates the heat transfer process from combustion products to the coolant in solid fuel boilers, taking into account the impact of soot deposits. A comprehensive computational model has been developed to simulate heat transfer mechanisms, which includes factors such as convective hea...
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Vidnovluvana energetika| _version_ | 1871103866082164736 |
|---|---|
| author | Surzhyk , O. |
| author_facet | Surzhyk , O. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "O. Surzhyk ",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy of NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Surzhyk , O. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:21Z |
| description | This paper investigates the heat transfer process from combustion products to the coolant in solid fuel boilers, taking into account the impact of soot deposits. A comprehensive computational model has been developed to simulate heat transfer mechanisms, which includes factors such as convective heat transfer, radiation, and thermal resistance of soot deposits. The results provide an understanding of the impact of soot accumulation on heat transfer efficiency and offer recommendations to mitigate this impact. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.1(80).38-43 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T11:39:49Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
38
Відновлювана енергетика. №1/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
УДК 662.6 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2025.1(80)38-43
ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER
THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE
Received Feb. 28, 2025; accepted Mar. 14, 2025
Available online Apr. 01, 2025
Surzhyk O.
Author for correspondence: Surzhyk Oleksandr,
e-mail: oleksander.surzhyk@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper investigates the heat transfer process from combustion products to the coolant in solid fuel
boilers, taking into account the impact of soot deposits. A comprehensive computational model has been devel-
oped to simulate heat transfer mechanisms, which includes factors such as convective heat transfer, radiation,
and thermal resistance of soot deposits. The results provide an understanding of the impact of soot accumulation
on heat transfer efficiency and offer recommendations to mitigate this impact.
Key words: heat transfer, combustion products, solid fuel boilers, soot deposits, energy efficiency
АНАЛІЗ ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОТЛА ВІД ТОВЩИНИ ШАРУ САЖІ, ЩО
ВІДКЛАДАЄТЬСЯ НА ЙОГО ТЕПЛООБМІННІЙ ПОВЕРХНІ
Отримано 28 лют. 2025 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 14 бер. 2025 р.
Доступно онлайн 01 квіт. 2025 р.
Суржик О. М.
Автор для кореспонденції: Суржик Олександр,
e-mail: oleksander.surzhyk@gmail.com
Анотація. У роботі досліджується процес теплопередачі від продуктів згоряння до теплоносія в твер-
допаливних котлах з урахуванням впливу відкладень сажі. Розроблено комплексну обчислювальну мо-
дель для моделювання механізмів теплопередачі, що враховує такі фактори, як конвективний теплоо-
бмін, випромінювання та термічний опір відкладень сажі. Результати досліджень дали змогу
визначити вплив накопичення сажі на ефективність теплопередачі та запропонувати рекомендації
щодо пом’якшення цього впливу.
Ключові слова: теплообмін, продукти згоряння, твердопаливні котли, відкладення сажі, енергоефек-
тивність
Introduction. Boilers are critical components in industrial
applications such as power generation, heating systems
and various manufacturing processes where thermal en-
ergy is required. In general, a more efficient boiler results
in a more efficient conversion of fuel into usable energy,
reducing the amount of fuel required to achieve the same
thermal output. Therefore, maximizing the boiler efficiency
is an important goal for both economic and environmental
sustainability [1, 2].
One factor that negatively affects boiler efficiency is the ac-
cumulation of soot on heat exchange surfaces. Soot is a by-
product of incomplete combustion, consisting mainly of
carbon particles and other combustion-related com-
pounds. As soot accumulates on the internal surfaces of the
heat exchanger, it acts as an insulating layer, preventing the
transfer of heat from the combustion gases to the water or
steam circulating inside the boiler. This results in a decrease
in the thermal efficiency of the boiler, as the heat transfer
process becomes less efficient. As a result, this leads to in-
creased fuel consumption, higher operating costs and
higher pollutant emissions. In addition, excessive soot ac-
cumulation can cause long-term damage to the equipment,
requiring expensive repairs and more frequent mainte-
nance [3].
The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of soot
deposits and to assess the dependence of boiler efficiency
on the thickness of the soot layer on its heat transfer sur-
faces. By quantifying the relationship between soot
PhD
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-8584
Institute of Renewable Energy of NAS of Ukraine,
Kyiv, Ukraine
канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7403-8584
Інститут відновлюваної енергетики НАН України,
м. Київ, Україна
39
Відновлювана енергетика. №1/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
thickness and heat transfer degradation, this study aims to
provide a clearer understanding of how soot accumulation
directly affects the overall performance of a boiler. The re-
sults presented here can help develop effective mainte-
nance strategies and inform some aspects of future boiler
designs to increase resistance to loss of efficiency due to
soot accumulation [1, 2].
Analysis of the current state of study into the dependence
of boiler energy efficiency on soot accumulation. Boiler
energy efficiency is a topic that has attracted considerable
attention in recent years, especially in light of rising energy
prices and environmental concerns. Numerous studies
have been conducted to examine the various factors that
affect boiler efficiency, including combustion processes,
heat transfer mechanisms, and soot accumulation on heat
exchange surfaces. The relationship between soot accumu-
lation and energy efficiency is complex and depends on the
boiler design, fuel type, and operating conditions [1, 2].
Boiler energy efficiency: Boiler efficiency is primarily deter-
mined by the heat transfer characteristics, which are influ-
enced by the design of the heat exchanger surfaces, their
thermal conductivity, the combustion process and the tem-
perature gradients in the system. According to [2], boilers
with a higher heat transfer density operate more efficiently
because they require less fuel to achieve the desired ther-
mal output. However, the accumulation of soot on the heat
exchange surfaces can significantly reduce the heat trans-
fer rate, thereby reducing efficiency. Studies have shown
that even a relatively small amount of soot can lead to a
noticeable decrease in boiler efficiency. This is because
soot acts as an insulating layer, reducing the effective heat
transfer between the gases produced during combustion
and the boiler heat exchanger surfaces [3]. Soot formation
is primarily the result of incomplete combustion, especially
in boilers using solid fuels such as coal or biomass. The com-
bustion process produces carbon particles that can deposit
on the heat transfer surfaces, forming a soot layer. This ac-
cumulation is influenced by several factors, including fuel
composition, combustion temperature, and air-fuel ratio.
In particular, fuels with higher carbon content tend to pro-
duce more soot, as does incomplete combustion due to in-
sufficient oxygen or suboptimal temperature control [4].
The effect of soot on heat transfer can be modeled using
various equations, which usually include the thermal re-
sistance of the soot layer. According to [5], the thermal re-
sistance of the soot layer increases with increasing soot
layer thickness, which significantly reduces the heat trans-
fer coefficient. As a result, heat exchange between the
gases formed during combustion and the heat exchange
surfaces of the boiler becomes less efficient, which leads to
a decrease in the overall efficiency of the boiler. In practice,
this means that boilers with a thicker soot layer may con-
sume more fuel and have a lower thermal output, which
makes them less economically viable and more harmful to
the environment. In addition, the formation of soot on the
heat exchanger surfaces can cause an increase in
temperature differences, which reduces the reliability of
the boiler [5].
Various methods have been developed to measure soot
layer thickness and assess its impact on boiler efficiency.
Traditional approaches include visual inspections and phys-
ical measurements, but these methods are often laborious
and time-consuming. More advanced methods, such as
thermography, ultrasonics, and laser-induced fluorescence
[6], have been used to provide more accurate and non-de-
structive measurements of soot accumulation [7, 8]. These
methods allow real-time monitoring of soot layers and al-
low operators to adjust boiler operation before significant
efficiency losses occur [9].
Mathematical models have also been developed to esti-
mate the effect of soot accumulation on heat transfer.
These models typically include the thermal resistance of
the soot layer and are used to predict the overall heat
transfer coefficient as a function of the soot layer thickness
[5]. A well-known model [3] has been proposed that takes
into account the various properties of the soot layer and its
effect on the heat flow from the combustion gases to the
heat exchanger surfaces. This approach is widely used to
estimate energy losses in boilers with significant soot accu-
mulation [10].
Strategies to mitigate soot accumulation. Given the nega-
tive impact of soot on boiler efficiency, many studies have
focused on strategies to mitigate its formation and accumu-
lation. For example, soot blowing techniques are com-
monly used to remove soot deposits from heat transfer sur-
faces. These techniques include the use of high-pressure air
to physically remove soot from boiler heat transfer surfaces
[11], acoustic soot cleaning, chemical cleaning and high-fre-
quency pulse detonation cleaning [12]. However, the effec-
tiveness of soot blowing systems can vary depending on the
boiler design and operating conditions. It is also recom-
mended that boiler designers implement systems to physi-
cally remove soot from boiler heat transfer surfaces [13].
Another promising area of study involves optimizing com-
bustion conditions to reduce soot formation. By adjusting
the air-fuel ratio, combustion temperature, and boiler de-
sign, soot formation can be minimized, and the resulting
soot collected in appropriate containers for subsequent
disposal [2, 4]. In addition, the use of alternative fuels with
lower carbon content, such as biofuels, reduces soot for-
mation and improves overall boiler efficiency [14].
Theoretical provisions. In a boiler, thermal energy is trans-
ferred from the combustion gases to water or steam circu-
lating through the heat exchanger tubes or in the boiler
cooling jacket. This heat transfer occurs by three main
mechanisms: conduction, convection, and radiation.
Thermal conductivity occurs when heat is transferred
through solid materials of the heat exchanger by direct mo-
lecular collision in the presence of a temperature gradient.
The heat transfer density by conduction Q is determined by
Fourier’s law [15]:
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Відновлювана енергетика. №1/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
Q=−k⋅A⋅ΔT/L,
where k — thermal conductivity of the material, A — cross-
sectional area through which heat flows, ΔT — temperature
difference between the hot gases and water or steam, L —
thickness of the material.
Convection is the transfer of heat between liquid or gas (in
this case, gaseous combustion products) and the heat
transfer surface of the boiler. The convective heat transfer
coefficient h depends on the properties of the gaseous
combustion products and the flow characteristics (e.g.,
laminar or turbulent flow). The density of convective heat
transfer Q is determined by Newton's law of cooling [15]:
Q=h⋅A⋅ΔT,
where h – convective heat transfer coefficient, A – surface
area, ΔT – temperature difference between gaseous com-
bustion products and the heat exchange surface.
Radiation occurs when heat is transferred in the form of
electromagnetic waves, typically from high-temperature
combustion gases to the surfaces of a heat exchanger. The
density of radiative heat transfer Q is governed by the
Stefan-Boltzmann law [15]:
Q=ϵ⋅σ⋅A⋅(T4−T0
4),
where ϵ — surface emissivity, σ — Stefan-Boltzmann con-
stant, A — surface area, T — combustion gas temperature,
T0 — heat exchanger surface temperature.
The presence of soot on the heat exchanger tubes creates
an additional layer of thermal resistance between the hot
combustion products and the surface heat transfer. This
layer acts as an insulator, reducing the overall heat trans-
fer coefficient of the system. The effect of soot on heat
transfer can be modeled as an increase in the effective
thermal resistance, which includes both the resistance of
the soot layer itself and the resistance of the boundary
layer between the soot and the surface heat exchanger
[16].
To quantify the effect of soot on heat transfer, we can ex-
tend Fourier’s law of thermal conductivity to include the
soot layer. Assuming that the soot is uniformly distributed
over the heat exchanger surface, the total thermal re-
sistance R can be expressed as the sum of the resistances
of the soot layer and the heat exchanger material [3]:
Rtotal=Rsoot+Rtube,
where Rsoot =Lsoot/(ksoot ⋅ A) — thermal resistance of the soot
layer, where Lsoot— soot layer thickness, ksoot — thermal
conductivity of soot; Rtube=Ltube/(ktube⋅A) — thermal re-
sistance of the heat exchanger tube, where Ltube — pipe
thickness, а ktube — thermal conductivity of the pipe mate-
rial, A — heat exchange surface area.
Then the total heat transfer density is inversely propor-
tional to the total thermal resistance [2]:
Q=(Tgas−Tliq)/ Rtotal,
where Tgas, Tliq — temperatures of combustion gases and
liquid (water) or steam, respectively.
As can be seen from the above, with increasing thickness of
the soot layer Lsoot thermal resistance increases, which
leads to a decrease in the heat transfer rate. This, in turn,
reduces the efficiency of the boiler, as more fuel is required
to maintain the desired thermal output. Thermal conduc-
tivity of the soot layer ksoot is an important factor in deter-
mining the effect of soot on heat transfer. Studies have
shown that the thermal conductivity of soot is relatively
low compared to that of metal heat transfer surfaces,
which means that even a thin layer of soot can significantly
reduce the efficiency of heat transfer. For example, some
studies [2] have found that a layer of soot as thin as 1 mm
can reduce the efficiency of heat transfer by more than
10%. In addition, the soot layer does not behave as a per-
fect conductor, it has a heterogeneous structure that may
contain voids or air pockets, which can further increase its
thermal resistance. Thus, the effective thermal conductiv-
ity of a soot layer is a function of its porosity and density,
which are affected by the combustion conditions and the
type of fuel [2, 16].
To assess the overall impact of soot on boiler efficiency, the
energy efficiency η of the boiler can be defined as the ratio
of the actual heat transfer density Qfact to the ideal heat
transfer density Qideal (without the presence of soot):
η=Q fact / Qideal,
where Qfact — actual heat transfer density taking into ac-
count the influence of the soot layer, а Qideal – theoretical
heat transfer density in the absence of soot deposits.
The reduction in heat transfer density can be quantified by
measuring the thickness of the soot layer and applying the
theoretical models described above. This allows the effi-
ciency loss due to soot accumulation to be calculated.
Soot layer thickness measurement methodology. Accu-
rate measurement of soot thickness is critical to determin-
ing the impact of soot on boiler efficiency. There are several
methods available to measure soot accumulation, ranging
from traditional physical measurements to advanced non-
destructive methods, depending on the boiler type, oper-
ating conditions and available resources.
- Visual and physical inspection. In this approach, a techni-
cian manually measures the soot thickness using special
tools such as ultrasonic gauges or digital calipers after
opening the boiler or heat exchanger for inspection. Limi-
tations: This method is time-consuming, invasive, and can
only provide data at specific points, often missing variations
in soot accumulation on the surface.
- Infrared thermography is a non-destructive method that
uses infrared cameras to record temperature variations on
the surfaces of the heat exchanger. The temperature gradi-
ent, which increases due to the presence of an insulating
layer of soot, is recorded by infrared cameras [7]. Ad-
vantages: This method allows for real-time monitoring and
can provide a detailed map of the soot distribution over
large areas of the boiler; it is also non-invasive and can be
used while the boiler is operating. Limitations: Thermogra-
phy only provides indirect measurements of the soot layer
thickness by determining the temperature difference,
41
Відновлювана енергетика. №1/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
which requires calibration with physical measurements to
improve accuracy.
- Ultrasonic testing. Ultrasonic waves are sent through the
heat exchanger tubes and the time it takes for the waves to
reflect is used to calculate the thickness of the soot layer.
The speed of the sound wave is affected by the presence of
soot, allowing a direct measurement of its thickness [6, 7].
Advantages: Ultrasonic testing is accurate, non-invasive
and can be applied to both internal and external surfaces.
Limitations: Special equipment and experience are re-
quired for correct interpretation of the data.
- Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). This technique involves
illuminating the heat exchanger surface with a laser and
measuring the fluorescence emitted by the soot particles.
The fluorescence intensity is proportional to the amount of
soot present, which can be used to estimate the soot thick-
ness [6, 17]. Advantages: LIF provides high spatial resolu-
tion and is very sensitive to soot particles. Limitations: This
method is relatively expensive and may require access to
specialized equipment and expertise.
Analysis of study results. The influence of the thickness of
the soot layer on the energy efficiency of a solid fuel boiler
was studied. A 60 kW solid fuel boiler operating on wood
pellets was used as the object of the study.
The heat flow was calculated using the model described in
the Theoretical Provisions section. Based on the heat bal-
ance equation [18], the heat power transferred by the
boiler to the coolant is determined by the formula:
Q=G⋅ Сp⋅( Tout − Tin),
where Q – transferred thermal power (kW), G – mass flow
rate of the coolant (kg/s), Сp – specific heat capacity of the
coolant (for water we assume Сp=4.19 kJ/(kg·°C)), Tout, Tin –
coolant temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the boiler
(°C).
The thickness of the soot layer was measured by visual and
physical inspection, and the thickness of the soot layer ranged
from 0.5 mm to 3 mm. Fig. 1 illustrates the decrease in heat
transfer efficiency with increasing soot layer thickness.
Fig. 1. The effect of soot layer thickness on heat transfer efficiency
As expected, even relatively thin layers of soot of 0.5 mm
caused a decrease in heat transfer efficiency with a loss of
boiler efficiency of approximately 7.8%, with a 2 mm layer
of soot the drop in efficiency was 23.2%, and with 3 mm the
decrease in heat transfer efficiency reached 39.8%.
The impact of soot accumulation on energy efficiency was
quantified by calculating the actual heat transfer density
Qfact and comparing it with the ideal heat transfer density
Qideal in the absence of soot. The energy efficiency η of the
boiler was then calculated. The efficiency results are shown
in the table.
The results of the studies clearly demonstrate an inverse
relationship between the energy efficiency of heat transfer
in boilers and the thickness of the soot layer deposited on
its heat exchange surfaces. These findings are consistent
with the theoretical predictions given in the Theoretical
Provisions section, which suggest that even a small increase
in the thickness of the soot layer can significantly degrade
boiler performance.
Table. Efficiency loss due to different soot layer thickness
Soot removal efficiency. To evaluate the efficiency of soot
removal in solid fuel boilers, we conducted a series of tests
using a 60 kW domestic solid fuel boiler as a test subject,
using a physical surface treatment system by turbulators
and soot blowing to clean the heat exchanger surfaces. Af-
ter soot removal, the heat transfer efficiency improved, as
Thickness of
soot layer, mm
Q fact,
kW
Qideal,
kW
Loss of
efficiency, %
0.5 55.3 60 7.8
1.0 53.7 60 10.5
2.0 46.1 60 23.2
3.0 36.1 60 39.8
42
Відновлювана енергетика. №1/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
expected. The increase in efficiency was directly propor-
tional to the reduction in the thickness of the soot layer. For
example, after cleaning the boiler heat transfer surfaces of
a 2 mm layer of soot, the heat transfer density increased by
approximately 23.2%, restoring most of the original effi-
ciency. This improvement highlights the importance of reg-
ular soot removal and maintenance to optimize boiler per-
formance.
However, the efficiency increase was not always propor-
tional to the initial soot thickness. For example, when the
soot layer was relatively thin (0.5 mm), the efficiency im-
provement after cleaning was modest (7.8%), while for
thicker layers (3 mm), the efficiency improvement after
cleaning was much more substantial (39.8%). This high-
lights the importance of early intervention to prevent ex-
cessive soot accumulation.
Practical value. The results of this study have several im-
portant practical implications for boiler operation and
maintenance.
1. It has been proven that even a small amount of soot ac-
cumulation can lead to a significant reduction in energy ef-
ficiency, which can lead to higher operating costs and in-
creased fuel consumption. It is critical for boiler operators
to monitor soot accumulation and implement regular
maintenance strategies, such as soot blowing, chemical
cleaning or physical cleaning of the boiler heat exchange
surface, to minimize efficiency losses.
2. The study results show that early detection of soot accu-
mulation can significantly improve boiler performance.
Technologies such as thermography or ultrasonic monitor-
ing, which allow real-time monitoring of soot thickness, can
be valuable tools for boiler operators. By detecting soot ac-
cumulation early, operators can optimize maintenance
schedules and prevent serious loss of efficiency.
3. It is recommended that boiler equipment manufacturers
use proven designs that reduce soot deposits and incorpo-
rate mechanisms for cleaning boiler surfaces exposed to
combustion products in the cooling zone, either automati-
cally or manually controlled. A model of a boiler with clean-
ing of heat exchange surfaces from soot deposits using tur-
bulators in the form of vertical springs that closely adjoin the
heat exchange surfaces in contact with the products of fuel
combustion with a mechanical drive is presented (Fig. 2).
4. These results confirm the need for improved combustion
control and cleaner fuels to minimize soot formation. Opti-
mizing the combustion process to reduce carbon emissions
and soot formation can help improve overall boiler effi-
ciency and contribute to more sustainable energy use
Conclusions
The results of the studies demonstrate a clear inverse rela-
tionship between soot thickness and boiler heat transfer ef-
ficiency. Even a relatively thin layer of soot of 0.5 mm re-
sulted in an efficiency loss of approximately 7.8%. As the
soot thickness increased to 2 mm and 3 mm, the efficiency
loss became more pronounced, reaching 39.8%. This
highlights the significant impact of soot accumulation on
boiler performance.
Fig. 2. Model of a pellet boiler with automatic cleaning of
the heat exchange surface of the boiler using turbulators:
1 – exhaust fan; 2 – turbulator; 3 – cooling jacket; 4 –
three-way heat exchanger; 5 – fuel supply chute (pellets);
6 – pellet burner; 7 – ash collection containers
It has been found that soot removal significantly restores
the boiler's heat transfer efficiency. This highlights the im-
portance of timely and effective cleaning to optimize boiler
performance.
The results of the study have important practical implica-
tions for the operation and maintenance of industrial and
domestic boilers. Operators should regularly monitor soot
accumulation and take preventive measures, such as opti-
mizing combustion conditions and using soot removal sys-
tems, to maintain boiler energy efficiency. In addition, tech-
nologies such as thermography and ultrasonic testing can
43
Відновлювана енергетика. №1/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
provide valuable real-time data on soot accumulation, al-
lowing for more targeted maintenance.
In conclusion, the presence of soot in boiler systems is a
significant factor that negatively affects energy efficiency.
The results of this study highlight the importance of man-
aging soot accumulation to ensure optimal performance
and minimize fuel consumption. Regular monitoring, timely
maintenance, and the use of advanced diagnostic tools are
essential to improve boiler efficiency and extend the ser-
vice life of heat exchange systems.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286645253_Study_of_soot_deposition_and_its_effect_on_heat_transfer_from_fires_to_engulfed_containers
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| id | veorgua-article-504 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:15:00Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/51/c57db5fb1ce4e5272b0015319891d751.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-5042026-07-18T06:32:21Z ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE АНАЛІЗ ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОТЛА ВІД ТОВЩИНИ ШАРУ САЖІ, ЩО ВІДКЛАДАЄТЬСЯ НА ЙОГО ТЕПЛООБМІННІЙ ПОВЕРХНІ Surzhyk , O. heat transfer, combustion products, solid fuel boilers, soot deposits, energy efficiency теплообмін, продукти згоряння, твердопаливні котли, відкладення сажі, енергоефективність This paper investigates the heat transfer process from combustion products to the coolant in solid fuel boilers, taking into account the impact of soot deposits. A comprehensive computational model has been developed to simulate heat transfer mechanisms, which includes factors such as convective heat transfer, radiation, and thermal resistance of soot deposits. The results provide an understanding of the impact of soot accumulation on heat transfer efficiency and offer recommendations to mitigate this impact. У роботі досліджується процес теплопередачі від продуктів згоряння до теплоносія в твердопаливних котлах з урахуванням впливу відкладень сажі. Розроблено комплексну обчислювальну модель для моделювання механізмів теплопередачі, що враховує такі фактори, як конвективний теплообмін, випромінювання та термічний опір відкладень сажі. Результати досліджень дали змогу визначити вплив накопичення сажі на ефективність теплопередачі та запропонувати рекомендації щодо пом’якшення цього впливу.  Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2025-03-31 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/504 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.1(80).38-43 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 1(80) (2025): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 38-43 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 1(80) (2025): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 38-43 Відновлювана енергетика; № 1(80) (2025): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 38-43 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.1(80) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/504/413 Copyright (c) 2025 O. Surzhyk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | heat transfer combustion products solid fuel boilers soot deposits energy efficiency Surzhyk , O. ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE |
| title | ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE |
| title_alt | АНАЛІЗ ЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ КОТЛА ВІД ТОВЩИНИ ШАРУ САЖІ, ЩО ВІДКЛАДАЄТЬСЯ НА ЙОГО ТЕПЛООБМІННІЙ ПОВЕРХНІ |
| title_full | ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE |
| title_fullStr | ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE |
| title_full_unstemmed | ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE |
| title_short | ANALYSIS OF THE DEPENDENCE OF THE BOILER'S ENERGY EFFICIENCY ON THE SOOT LAYER THICKNESS DEPOSITED ON ITS HEAT EXCHANGE SURFACE |
| title_sort | analysis of the dependence of the boiler's energy efficiency on the soot layer thickness deposited on its heat exchange surface |
| topic | heat transfer combustion products solid fuel boilers soot deposits energy efficiency |
| topic_facet | heat transfer combustion products solid fuel boilers soot deposits energy efficiency теплообмін продукти згоряння твердопаливні котли відкладення сажі енергоефективність |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/504 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT surzhyko analysisofthedependenceoftheboilersenergyefficiencyonthesootlayerthicknessdepositedonitsheatexchangesurface AT surzhyko analízzaležnostíenergoefektivnostíkotlavídtovŝinišarusažíŝovídkladaêtʹsânajogoteploobmínníjpoverhní |