ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ПІДЗЕМНИХ ВОД ЯК ТЕПЛОНОСІЯ У НИЗЬКОПОТЕНЦІЙНИХ ГЕОТЕРМАЛЬНИХ СИСТЕМАХ ЗІ ЗВОРОТНИМ ЗАКАЧУВАННЯМ

• Дата: 2025
• Автор: Zurian , O.
• Формат: Стаття
• Мова: Українська
• Опубліковано: Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2025
• Теми: geothermal heat pump systems; aquifer thermal energy storage; groundwater; environmental assessment; reinjection; thermal plume; low-grade energy; sustainable development.
• Онлайн доступ: https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/588
• Назва журналу: Vidnovluvana energetika

The post-war recovery of Ukraine envisions the development of a modern energy infrastructure based on the principles of sustainable development, energy efficiency, and climate neutrality. Particular emphasis is placed on the advancement of heat pump technologies, decentralized heating systems, and the use of local renewable low-grade energy resources. In this context, there arises the need for a comprehensive study of the environmental aspects of geothermal heat pump systems operating on groundwater, the determination of the limits of their safe operation, and the justification of conditions for their optimal application within the future sustainable energy supply system of Ukraine.This work presents a comprehensive analytical review of the environmental aspects of using open-loop geothermal heat pump systems operating on the “extraction–injection” principle, in which the heat carrier is extracted from and reinjected into aquifers. The study is based on a synthesis of current global scientific publications involving field observations, laboratory research, and mathematical modeling, complemented by environmental-regulatory analysis of thermal impacts on groundwater and an examination of the regulatory frameworks of Ukraine and European Union countries. Special attention is devoted to issues of thermal and chemical impacts on aquifers during long-term operation, as well as to assessing their environmental safety within the context of Ukrainian hydrogeological conditions. The current regulatory framework of Ukraine concerning groundwater protection, water use, recreational and technical water supply is analyzed, and gaps related to the absence of specific regulations for geothermal systems with reinjection of the heat carrier are identified.The work proposes a set of environmental precaution criteria, including limits on groundwater return temperature, requirements to prevent chemical alterations, monitoring of water levels and well discharge, and the necessity of hydrogeological monitoring. Adaptation of the best European practices (Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland) to Ukrainian conditions is suggested. The analytical review demonstrates that the implementation of closed-loop geothermal systems with heat-carrier reinjection can be an environmentally safe and efficient solution for the development of sustainable energy in Ukraine, provided that the defined criteria are met and appropriate regulatory support is ensured.