DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION
This paper demonstrates the possibility of generating alternating current from photovoltaic sources by reconfiguring the internal topology of the energy source's electrical circuits. It is proposed to use switched connections instead of fixed inter-element interconnections within the photovolta...
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2026
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| author | Bondarenko , D. |
| author_facet | Bondarenko , D. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "D. Bondarenko ",
"institution": "Institute of Renewable Energy, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Bondarenko , D. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:24Z |
| description | This paper demonstrates the possibility of generating alternating current from photovoltaic sources by reconfiguring the internal topology of the energy source's electrical circuits.
It is proposed to use switched connections instead of fixed inter-element interconnections within the photovoltaic source. These connections perform automated coupling and shunting of elements within the source, or facilitate parallel and series connections of the elements. Such switching can be dynamic, controlled, and periodically time-varying, which enables the creation of an AC power source.
To evaluate the feasibility of obtaining alternating current through dynamic switching, a simulation was conducted. The results confirm the claimed capability.
Furthermore, as a result of this work, a circuit and software solution for implementing a dynamically reconfigurable photovoltaic source were developed. An experimental setup was assembled, featuring MOSFETs as switches and a microcontroller unit as the control device. Firmware was developed to manage the microcontroller, thereby defining the time-varying configuration of the power source's electrical circuit.
An experiment was conducted, resulting in the generation of alternating current at utility frequency. The waveform of the obtained alternating current is quasi-harmonic and stepped in nature. The use of a significantly larger number of photovoltaic cells and smoothing elements would produce a waveform that closely approximates a pure sine wave. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).181-186 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-31T01:00:08Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
181
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Сонячна енергетика
6.24: 004.942 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).181-186
DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES
FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION
Received Jan. 20, 2026; accepted Mar. 23, 2026
Available online Mar. 31, 2026
Bondarenko D.
Author for correspondence: Bondarenko Dmytro,
e-mail: dima7007bond@gmail.com
Abstract. This paper demonstrates the possibility of generating alternating current from photovoltaic sources by
reconfiguring the internal topology of the energy source's electrical circuits.
It is proposed to use switched connections instead of fixed inter-element interconnections within the photovoltaic
source. These connections perform automated coupling and shunting of elements within the source, or facilitate
parallel and series connections of the elements. Such switching can be dynamic, controlled, and periodically time-
varying, which enables the creation of an AC power source.
To evaluate the feasibility of obtaining alternating current through dynamic switching, a simulation was con-
ducted. The results confirm the claimed capability.
Furthermore, as a result of this work, a circuit and software solution for implementing a dynamically reconfigura-
ble photovoltaic source were developed. An experimental setup was assembled, featuring MOSFETs as switches
and a microcontroller unit as the control device. Firmware was developed to manage the microcontroller, thereby
defining the time-varying configuration of the power source's electrical circuit.
An experiment was conducted, resulting in the generation of alternating current at utility frequency. The wave-
form of the obtained alternating current is quasi-harmonic and stepped in nature. The use of a significantly larger
number of photovoltaic cells and smoothing elements would produce a waveform that closely approximates a
pure sine wave.
Key words: reconfigurable source, photovoltaic source, alternating current, dynamic commutation, solar cell.
ДИНАМІЧНЕ ПЕРЕКОНФІГУРУВАННЯ ФОТОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ
ДЛЯ ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ ЗМІННОГО СТРУМУ
Отримано 20 січ. 2026 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 23 бер. 2026 р.
Доступно онлайн 31 бер. 2026 р.
Бондаренко Д.
Автор для кореспонденції: Бондаренко Дмитро,
e-mail: dima7007bond@gmail.com
Анотація. В роботі показана можливість отримання змінного струму від фотоелектричних джерел
шляхом переконфігурування внутрішньої топології електричних кіл джерела енергії.
Було запропоновано замість фіксованих міжелементних з'єднань в фотоелектричному джерелі засто-
сувати комутовані з’єднання. Ці з’єднання здійснюють автоматизоване під'єднання та шунтування
елементів в джерелі, або здійснюють паралельне та послідовне з’єднання елементів в джерелі. Така
комутація може бути динамічною, керованою, періодично змінною в часі, що уможливлює створення
джерела змінного струму.
Для оцінки можливості отримання змінного струму шляхом динамічної комутації було проведене мо-
делювання й отримано результат, який підтверджує заявлену спроможність.
Також, в результаті проведеної роботи, було розроблено схемотехнічне та програмне рішення для ре-
алізації динамічно переконфігурованого фотоелектричного джерела. Була зібрана експериментальна
установка, яка містила польові транзистори, в якості ключів, та мікроконтролер юніт в якості керу-
вального пристрою. Була розроблена мікропрограма, яка керувала мікроконтролером, і таким чином
визначала конфігурацію електричного кола джерела живлення, яка змінювалася в часі.
Було проведено експеримент, і як результат, було отримано змінний струм промислової частоти. Фо-
рма отриманого змінного струму є квазігармонійною й має ступінчастий характер. Використання
канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
Інститут відновлюваної енергетики НАН
України, Київ, Україна
PhD
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5629-930X
Institute of Renewable Energy, NAS of Ukraine,
Kyiv, Ukraine
182
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Сонячна енергетика
значно більшої кількості фотоелементів та згладжувальних елементів приведе до максимально на-
ближеної чистої синусоїди.
Ключові слова: реконфігуроване джерело, фотоелектричне джерело, змінний струм, динамічна кому-
тація, сонячний елемент.
Introduction
The widespread use of renewable energy sources
prompts extensive research into their design, output
parameters, and operating modes. The vast majority
of renewable electrical sources produce direct current
(DC) at the output; however, both domestic and in-
dustrial sectors frequently require alternating current
(AC) of various waveforms. Currently, such implemen-
tation is achieved through diverse conversion de-
vices—primarily inverters and modulators of various
designs—which process the DC input voltage supplied
by the renewable source.
An alternative solution may involve obtaining alter-
nating current through a forced, controlled time-vari-
ation of the internal parameters of the electrical en-
ergy source [1, 2]. Research related to electrical
energy storage [3, 4] has demonstrated the feasibility
of dynamic switching of electrochemical cells; how-
ever, this approach for AC generation has not yet
been applied specifically to photovoltaic sources.
Thus, obtaining alternating current from photovoltaic
modules or panels by altering the internal topology of
electrical circuits represents an interesting and prom-
ising research direction.
Objective
This paper proposes investigating reconfigurable pho-
tovoltaic sources for alternating current generation,
based on the automated modification of internal elec-
trical circuit topology through the dynamic switching
of generating elements.
Methods and materials
In traditional energy systems, photovoltaic energy
sources—such as PV modules or panels—define out-
put energy parameters, such as operating voltage and
current, through their internal topology. To modify
these generated values, a conversion device is typi-
cally connected to the electrical energy source. Such
a topology is implemented using busbars or other
physical connections and remains fixed and constant
over time. An alternative solution could be a photo-
voltaic module where the internal connections be-
tween cells are designed as switched links (Fig. 1,
Fig. 2). In this case, inter-element connections are
made using switching components—dynamically con-
trolled switches. These switches can connect or dis-
connect an element from the generating system, or
perform shunting.
The circuit implemented in Figure 1 has several draw-
backs, one of the most significant being that certain el-
ements must be removed from the generation to pro-
duce output signals with varying values. While this is
useful in emergency operating modes of a photovoltaic
generator—such as shading or damage—it is crucial
not to lose potential power when generating alternat-
ing current. Therefore, to achieve time-varying output
characteristics, it is proposed to implement a system
where generating elements are interconnected
through both parallel and series configurations (Fig. 2).
In this case, the required output parameters are at-
tained by dynamically increasing or decreasing voltage
and current values through the real-time formation of
parallel or series-connected source links.
Fig. 1. Traditional connection of cells
Fig. 2. Other type of connection of cells
183
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Сонячна енергетика
In studies [5, 6], it is shown that implementing such
switched links is best achieved using power semicon-
ductor switches, specifically MOSFETs. Switching con-
trol is managed by a microcontroller unit (MCU), which
sends real-time commands to the switches according
to a predefined algorithm to facilitate their transition.
Since a disadvantage of the MOSFET is its internal
body diode [7], which can lead to unwanted current
flow when connecting the same poles of sources in
parallel, the best option for a power switch is the
'ideal diode' configuration. This consists of two
MOSFETs connected back-to-back (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Back-to-back connection of MOSFET
In this case, in the absence of a control voltage at the
transistor gates, current does not pass through the
drain and source in either direction; that is, no current
flows regardless of the potential values at the termi-
nals, effectively neutralizing the parasitic effect of the
MOSFET's body diode. When a control voltage is ap-
plied to the gates of both transistors, current flows
freely in both directions with minimal voltage drop
across the connection. For example, when an across-
current of 1A flows through MOSFETs with a 20 mΩ
resistance, the voltage drop is 20 mV [8].
To implement a pulsed rectangular output signal,
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control is sufficient.
However, more complex output waveforms require
more sophisticated control strategies. Therefore, a
central element of the proposed system is the micro-
controller, which controls key switching according to
a predefined algorithm. For this purpose, MCUs based
on ARM processors [9], such as STM32 [10], Atmel
[11], and others, can be utilized. These controllers can
be directly interfaced with the previously proposed
MOSFETs. Specifically, there is a series of logic-level
MOSFETs whose gates are controlled by a 5V logic
level—a standard output for the aforementioned con-
trollers.
Results. Simulation
To evaluate the processes occurring in the proposed
circuit with parallel-series connection of photocells
shown in Figure 2, a simulation was conducted for two
photocells interconnected in a series-parallel configu-
ration (Fig. 4). Essentially, this represents a simulation
of a single string from the proposed energy source.
Fig. 4. Two photocells interconnected in a series-par-
allel configuration
Using a simplified component base and default set-
tings, the time-dependence of the output voltage for
the constructed source was obtained, representing its
output dynamic characteristic (Fig. 5). The switching
period was 20 milliseconds, consisting of two identical
10-millisecond half-periods, with each source operat-
ing at a voltage of 1V.
Fig. 5. Output voltage versus time for the constructed
source
Examining the obtained results, it is evident that dy-
namic switching—first using a parallel connection
(t=3.33ms) and then a series connection (t=3.33ms)—
results in a stepped alternating current with a period
defined by the program. In this model, for simplifica-
tion, a polarity change for the zero-crossing has not
been implemented, as is present in traditional grid AC.
Results. Experiment
In this work, an experimental study was conducted on
a system of photovoltaic cells integrated into a single
source to generate alternating current. An experi-
mental setup was constructed (Fig. 6, Fig. 7), consist-
ing of two photovoltaic cells (I1, I2), MOSFETs (T1–T5)
[12] for cell switching, and MOSFETs (T6–T9) [13] for
signal polarity reversal. The system also includes a
control unit based on the ATmega328 microcontroller
(MCU) [14] and an oscilloscope [15].
184
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Сонячна енергетика
Fig. 6. Experimental setup diagram for investigating dynamic switching of photovoltaic cells
Fig. 7. Implementation of the experimental setup for investigating dynamic switching of photovoltaic cells
Fig. 8 presents the oscilloscope trace of the acquired
signal, which results from generating an AC output
voltage at a frequency of 50 Hz directly from two dy-
namically interconnected photocells.
Since only two photovoltaic cells were used in the ex-
periment, the resulting AC curve approximates a har-
monic signal only roughly. To achieve a smoother AC
output waveform, a larger number of switched pho-
tocells must be employed.
Discussion
By implementing the dynamic switching described in
this work, we achieve real-time reconfiguration of
photovoltaic cells within the power source. This al-
lows for time-dependent control over the electrical
circuit topology of the power system, thereby shaping
the required output parameters of the source.
The analyzed circuit demonstrates that to obtain inte-
ger values for the output currents and voltages, as
well as to ensure the balanced operation of such an
energy system, the number of elementary sources
must be a power of two (2N). An energy system with
this topology allows for the generation of alternating
periodic current of arbitrary waveform, frequency,
and amplitude—for example, a harmonic AC signal at
50 Hz. It should be noted that all output signals
185
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Сонячна енергетика
implemented by such a design will have a stepped
waveform, since the elements from which the re-
quired source is assembled have constant output val-
ues.
Fig. 8. Oscillogram of the AC output voltage signal at
50 Hz from interconnected photocells
By employing various switching control algorithms, it
is possible to generate alternating current of diverse
waveforms, such as rectangular (square), sawtooth,
or harmonic (sinusoidal) signals.
Using the proposed solution, it is possible to develop
a switching system for photovoltaic panels within
strings or arrays at a photovoltaic power station. Fur-
thermore, this technology may find application in the
development of microgrids and combined photovol-
taic-thermal (PVT) cogeneration systems [18, 19]. Fur-
thermore, looking ahead, the aforementioned ap-
proach could be utilized to implement a three-phase
power generation system [18].
Conclusion
As a result of this work, both circuit and software so-
lutions were developed to implement a software-con-
trolled photovoltaic source. Specifically, a method for
integrating two photovoltaic cells was proposed.
An experimental setup was assembled featuring
MOSFETs as switches and an ATmega328 microcon-
troller as the control device. Firmware was developed
to manage the microcontroller, thereby defining the
power source's electrical circuit configuration, which
varied over time.
An experiment was conducted, resulting in the gener-
ation of a quasi-harmonic alternating current with
zero-crossing at a frequency of 50 Hz. The waveform
of the obtained AC signal is staircase-like due to the
limited number (two) of effective voltage levels.
Utilizing a significantly larger number of photocells
along with smoothing components, such as an induc-
tor, a capacitor, or another way [19], will provide the
capability to form a near-pure sine wave [20].
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|
| id | veorgua-article-605 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:18:43Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/f3/e6d0ddc533e3fe3d9915455d66b231f3.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-6052026-07-18T06:32:24Z DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION ДИНАМІЧНЕ ПЕРЕКОНФІГУРУВАННЯ ФОТОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ДЛЯ ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ ЗМІННОГО СТРУМУ Bondarenko , D. reconfigurable source, photovoltaic source, alternating current, dynamic commutation, solar cell. реконфігуроване джерело, фотоелектричне джерело, змінний струм, динамічна комутація, сонячний елемент. This paper demonstrates the possibility of generating alternating current from photovoltaic sources by reconfiguring the internal topology of the energy source's electrical circuits. It is proposed to use switched connections instead of fixed inter-element interconnections within the photovoltaic source. These connections perform automated coupling and shunting of elements within the source, or facilitate parallel and series connections of the elements. Such switching can be dynamic, controlled, and periodically time-varying, which enables the creation of an AC power source. To evaluate the feasibility of obtaining alternating current through dynamic switching, a simulation was conducted. The results confirm the claimed capability. Furthermore, as a result of this work, a circuit and software solution for implementing a dynamically reconfigurable photovoltaic source were developed. An experimental setup was assembled, featuring MOSFETs as switches and a microcontroller unit as the control device. Firmware was developed to manage the microcontroller, thereby defining the time-varying configuration of the power source's electrical circuit. An experiment was conducted, resulting in the generation of alternating current at utility frequency. The waveform of the obtained alternating current is quasi-harmonic and stepped in nature. The use of a significantly larger number of photovoltaic cells and smoothing elements would produce a waveform that closely approximates a pure sine wave. В роботі показана можливість отримання змінного струму від фотоелектричних джерел шляхом переконфігурування внутрішньої топології електричних кіл джерела енергії. Було запропоновано замість фіксованих міжелементних з'єднань в фотоелектричному джерелі застосувати комутовані з’єднання. Ці з’єднання здійснюють автоматизоване під'єднання та шунтування елементів в джерелі, або здійснюють паралельне та послідовне з’єднання елементів в джерелі. Така комутація може бути динамічною, керованою, періодично змінною в часі, що уможливлює створення джерела змінного струму. Для оцінки можливості отримання змінного струму шляхом динамічної комутації було проведене моделювання й отримано результат, який підтверджує заявлену спроможність. Також, в результаті проведеної роботи, було розроблено схемотехнічне та програмне рішення для реалізації динамічно переконфігурованого фотоелектричного джерела. Була зібрана експериментальна установка, яка містила польові транзистори, в якості ключів, та мікроконтролер юніт в якості керувального пристрою. Була розроблена мікропрограма, яка керувала мікроконтролером, і таким чином визначала конфігурацію електричного кола джерела живлення, яка змінювалася в часі. Було проведено експеримент, і як результат, було отримано змінний струм промислової частоти. Форма отриманого змінного струму є квазігармонійною й має ступінчастий характер. Використання значно більшої кількості фотоелементів та згладжувальних елементів приведе до максимально наближеної чистої синусоїди. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2026-03-28 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/605 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).181-186 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 1(84) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 181-186 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 1(84) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 181-186 Відновлювана енергетика; № 1(84) (2026): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 181-186 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/605/516 Copyright (c) 2026 D. Bondarenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | reconfigurable source photovoltaic source alternating current dynamic commutation solar cell. Bondarenko , D. DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION |
| title | DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION |
| title_alt | ДИНАМІЧНЕ ПЕРЕКОНФІГУРУВАННЯ ФОТОЕЛЕКТРИЧНИХ ДЖЕРЕЛ ДЛЯ ГЕНЕРАЦІЇ ЗМІННОГО СТРУМУ |
| title_full | DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION |
| title_fullStr | DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION |
| title_full_unstemmed | DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION |
| title_short | DYNAMIC RECONFIGURATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SOURCES FOR ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATION |
| title_sort | dynamic reconfiguration of photovoltaic sources for alternating current generation |
| topic | reconfigurable source photovoltaic source alternating current dynamic commutation solar cell. |
| topic_facet | reconfigurable source photovoltaic source alternating current dynamic commutation solar cell. реконфігуроване джерело фотоелектричне джерело змінний струм динамічна комутація сонячний елемент. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/605 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT bondarenkod dynamicreconfigurationofphotovoltaicsourcesforalternatingcurrentgeneration AT bondarenkod dinamíčneperekonfíguruvannâfotoelektričnihdžereldlâgeneracíízmínnogostrumu |