PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI
 This study presents the performance evaluation of a biomass dryer integrated with a waste heat recovery (WHR) unit for drying Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), a medicinally valuable plant widely used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. The dryer was designed to operate w...
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| Дата: | 2026 |
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Репозитарії
Vidnovluvana energetika| _version_ | 1871104122685489152 |
|---|---|
| author | Murugan , P. Dhanushkodi, S. Sudhakar , K. Balu , P. Honcharenko , Yu. |
| author_facet | Murugan , P. Dhanushkodi, S. Sudhakar , K. Balu , P. Honcharenko , Yu. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "P. Murugan ",
"institution": "PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India"
},
{
"author": " S. Dhanushkodi",
"institution": "PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India"
},
{
"author": "K. Sudhakar ",
"institution": "Malaysia University, Pahang, Malaysia"
},
{
"author": "P. Balu ",
"institution": "Bharath Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Selaiyur, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"
},
{
"author": "Yu. Honcharenko ",
"institution": "Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Murugan , P. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:24Z |
| description |  This study presents the performance evaluation of a biomass dryer integrated with a waste heat recovery (WHR) unit for drying Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), a medicinally valuable plant widely used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. The dryer was designed to operate with locally available biomass as the primary energy source, while the waste heat recovery system was incorporated to enhance thermal efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption. Experimental trials were conducted to assess drying rate, moisture reduction, thermal efficiency, and specific energy consumption under varying operating conditions. The results indicated that the integration of WHR significantly improved the drying performance, with an average increase in thermal efficiency of 18–22% compared to conventional biomass drying systems. The moisture content of Pirandai was successfully reduced from an initial value of 75% (wet basis) to a safe storage level of 10% within 6 hours of drying. The specific energy consumption was reduced by approximately 20–25 %, highlighting the economic and environmental advantages of the system. Overall, the study demonstrates that biomass dryers coupled with waste heat recovery units provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and energy-efficient solution for drying medicinal plants such as Pirandai, contributing to value addition and post-harvest preservation. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).320-329 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-31T01:00:10Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
320
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
6.24: 004.942 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).320-329
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT
FOR DRYING PIRANDAI
Received Oct. 21, 2025; accepted Mar. 23, 2026
Available online Mar. 31, 2026
Murugan P.1, Dhanushkodi S.2, Sudhakar K.3,
Balu P.4, Honcharenko Yu.5
Author for correspondence: Murugan P.
e-mail: pm1meproj@yahoo.com
Abstract. This study presents the performance evaluation of
a biomass dryer integrated with a waste heat recovery (WHR)
unit for drying Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), a medicinally
valuable plant widely used in nutraceutical and pharmaceu-
tical applications. The dryer was designed to operate with lo-
cally available biomass as the primary energy source, while
the waste heat recovery system was incorporated to enhance
thermal efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption.
Experimental trials were conducted to assess drying rate,
moisture reduction, thermal efficiency, and specific energy
consumption under varying operating conditions. The results
indicated that the integration of WHR significantly improved
the drying performance, with an average increase in thermal
efficiency of 18–22% compared to conventional biomass dry-
ing systems. The moisture content of Pirandai was success-
fully reduced from an initial value of 75% (wet basis) to a safe
storage level of 10% within 6 hours of drying. The specific en-
ergy consumption was reduced by approximately 20–25 %, highlighting the economic and environmental ad-
vantages of the system. Overall, the study demonstrates that biomass dryers coupled with waste heat recovery
units provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and energy-efficient solution for drying medicinal plants such as Piran-
dai, contributing to value addition and post-harvest preservation.
Key words: Biomass dryer, Waste heat recovery, Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), Thermal efficiency, Specific
energy consumption, Medicinal plant drying.
ОЦІНКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СУШАРКИ НА БІОМАСІ З БЛОКОМ РЕКУПЕРАЦІЇ
ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНОГО ТЕПЛА ДЛЯ СУШІННЯ ПІРАНДАЮ
Отримано 21 жов. 2025 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 23 бер. 2026 р.
Доступно онлайн 31 бер. 2026 р.
Муруган П.¹, Дханушкоді С.²,
Судхакар K.³, Балу П.⁴, Гончаренко Ю.⁵
Автор для кореспонденції: Муруган П.
e-mail: pm1meproj@yahoo.com
Анотація. У дослідженні наведено оцінку ефективності
роботи сушарки на біомасі, інтегрованої з блоком рекупе-
рації відпрацьованого тепла, для сушіння пірандаю (Cissus
quadrangularis) — лікарської рослини, що широко викорис-
товується у виробництві нутрицевтичної та фармацев-
тичної продукції. Сушарка призначена для використання
біомаси місцевого походження в якості основного джерела
енергії, при цьому система рекуперації відпрацьованого
1 Research Scholar,
Department of Automobile Engineering
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9067-2790
2 Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-872X
3 Associate Professor,
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-2362
4 Associate Professor
Department of Automobile Engineering
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-1116
5 PhD, Associate Professor
Department of Electrification, Production
Automation and Engineering Ecology
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-2956
1, 2 PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil
Nadu, India
3 Malaysia University, Pahang, Malaysia
4 Bharath Institute of Science and Technology
(BIST), Selaiyur, Tambaram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India
5 Polissia National University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
1 наук. співроб. кафедри машинобудування
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9067-2790
2 професор кафедри машинобудування
Department of Mechanical Engineering
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3473-872X
3 доцент факультету машинобудування
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4867-2362
4 доцент кафедри автомобільної інженерії
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3480-1116
5 кандидат технічних наук, доцент кафедри
електрифікації, автоматизації виробництва та
інженерної екології
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2631-2956
1, 2 Університет PRIST, Валлам, Танджавур,
штат Тамілнад, Індія
3 Університет Малайзії, Паханг, Малайзія
4 Інститут науки і технологій Бхаратха (BIST),
Селайюр, Тамбарам, Ченнаї, Тамілнад, Індія
5 Поліський національний університет, Жито-
мир, Україна
321
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
тепла впроваджена з метою підвищення теплової ефе-
ктивності та зменшення загального енергоспожи-
вання. Проведено експериментальні дослідження з ме-
тою оцінювання швидкості сушіння, зниження
вологості, теплової ефективності та питомих ви-
трат енергії за різних режимів роботи. Отримані ре-
зультати показали, що інтеграція системи рекуперації
суттєво покращує показники сушіння: теплова ефекти-
вність підвищилася в середньому на 18–22 % порівняно з традиційними сушарками на біомасі. Вологість
пірандаю було знижено з початкового значення 75 % (у вологому стані) до безпечного для зберігання
рівня 10 % протягом 6 годин сушіння. Питомі витрати енергії зменшилися приблизно на 20–25 %, що
підтверджує економічні та екологічні переваги запропонованої системи. Загалом, дослідження демон-
струє, що сушарки на біомасі у поєднанні з блоками рекуперації відпрацьованого тепла є сталим, еко-
номічно доцільним та енергоефективним рішенням для сушіння лікарських рослин, таких як пірандай.
Їхнє застосування сприяє підвищенню доданої вартості та збереженню рослин після збирання врожаю.
Ключові слова: сушарка на біомасі; рекуперація відпрацьованого тепла; пірандай (Cissus quadrangularis);
теплова ефективність; питомі витрати енергії; сушіння лікарських рослин.
1. Introduction
Food preservation helps in reducing the wastage of excess
agricultural products, allows for storage of food in case of
food shortages, and, in some instances, facilitates the ex-
port of food to high-value markets. Preservation of fruits,
grains, vegetables, and meat has been practiced around
the world for many years. There are various preservation
methods, which include: freezing, canning, and pickling
[1]. Biomass is a good substitute for the process of drying
because it does not depend on weather conditions, mak-
ing drying possible year-round. Biomass is a renewable
energy source, largely obtained from agricultural waste.
The heat energy obtained through the combustion of bio-
mass can be directly used for biomass [2]. Drying is one of
the most important post-harvest processes in the preser-
vation of agricultural and medicinal plants. The removal
of moisture not only prevents microbial growth and spoil-
age but also ensures extended shelf life, improves quality,
and makes handling easier. Conventional drying tech-
niques, such as open sun drying, are widely used in rural
areas due to their low cost. However, sun drying is highly
dependent on climatic conditions, requires longer drying
times, and often results in contamination, uneven drying,
and nutrient degradation. To overcome these limitations,
biomass-based dryers have been developed, offering reli-
able performance by utilizing readily available agricultural
residues as an energy source [3].
Biomass drying systems are particularly suitable for rural
and semi-urban regions of developing countries where
electricity supply is limited, but agricultural residues are
abundant. Nevertheless, traditional biomass dryers gener-
ally suffer from lower thermal efficiency and higher specific
energy consumption due to significant heat losses. The in-
tegration of waste heat recovery (WHR) units into these
systems provides an effective strategy to enhance energy
utilization. By capturing and reusing exhaust heat, WHR
improves the thermal efficiency of dryers, reduces fuel con-
sumption, and minimizes environmental impacts [4].
Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), a perennial medicinal
plant belonging to the family Vitaceae, is widely recognized
in Ayurveda and Siddha medicine for its therapeutic bene-
fits, including bone fracture healing, anti-inflammatory
properties, and gastrointestinal health. The high moisture
content of freshly harvested Pirandai (typically 70–80% on
a wet basis) makes it highly perishable and prone to micro-
bial attack, necessitating immediate drying for preservation
and value addition. The drying process must be carefully
controlled to retain its bioactive compounds while ensuring
uniform moisture reduction to safe storage levels [5].
Post-harvest drying of medicinal plants is critical to pre-
serve bioactive compounds, prevent microbial spoilage,
and add value to raw materials for nutraceutical and phar-
maceutical use. Cissus quadrangularis (Pirandai) is widely
used in traditional medicine and contains several bioactive
constituents; therefore, drying is a necessary step to con-
vert fresh material into a stable product while retaining
therapeutic properties. Recent reviews summarize its phar-
macology and highlight the need for controlled drying to
preserve quality [6].
Several studies have specifically investigated drying behav-
iour and quality changes of Cissus quadrangularis. Thin-
layer and convective drying experiments, and fluidized-bed
studies, have been used to determine effective moisture
diffusivity, activation energy, and to select kinetic models
that best describe moisture loss. These studies commonly
report that drying temperature, airflow and bed configura-
tion strongly influence drying time and the preservation of
active constituents, pointing to the need for tailored drying
protocols for Pirandai [7]. Thin-layer drying models such as
the Page, Midilli and Newton (exponential) models fre-
quently provide the best fit for plant materials. The Page
model in particular is often found to give superior
1, 2 Університет PRIST, Валлам, Танджавур,
штат Тамілнад, Індія
3 Університет Малайзії, Паханг, Малайзія
4 Інститут науки і технологій Бхаратха (BIST),
Селайюр, Тамбарам, Ченнаї, Тамілнад, Індія
5 Поліський національний університет,
Житомир, Україна
322
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
correlation and predictive ability for leaves, stems and thin
slices. Selection of the best model is important both for de-
scribing experimental drying curves and for designing or
scaling up drying equipment. Recent methodological re-
views and comparative studies reinforce the Page model’s
broad applicability across medicinal and aromatic plants
[8].
Biomass-fired dryers (direct and indirect types) are attrac-
tive for rural and small-scale processing because they can
use locally available agricultural residues as fuel, reducing
dependence on grid energy. Designs range from simple di-
rect-heated batch trays to continuous belt or fluidized-bed
systems; each design trades off capital complexity, drying
uniformity, and fuel use. However, conventional biomass
systems often show substantial heat losses and higher spe-
cific energy consumption compared with optimized con-
vective electric or solar dryers [9]. Integration of waste-
heat-recovery (WHR) into drying systems has been shown
to substantially improve overall thermal efficiency and re-
duce fuel use. Pioneering and highly cited works demon-
strate the use of process exhaust (flue gases, hot cooling
water, or ash heat carriers) to preheat drying air or recycle
exhaust energy back into the dryer. Field and pilot studies
(including industrial-scale integration with process plants)
report notable reductions in specific energy consumption
and fuel demand when WHR is properly designed and
matched to dryer loads [10]. At the small-to-medium scale
relevant for medicinal-plant processors, simpler WHR con-
figurations, for example, air-to-air heat exchangers on
dryer exhausts or ash-based heat-carriers have produced
meaningful efficiency gains in experimental trials [11]. Case
studies on flat-bed and cabinet dryers fitted with exhaust
heat recovery reported improvements in energy efficiency
and reductions in operating cost while retaining product
quality for spices and herbs. These applied studies indicate
the technical feasibility of retrofitting existing biomass dry-
ers with WHR units for improved performance. Despite the
literature on drying kinetics and WHR in related biomasses,
there is a relative scarcity of integrated experimental stud-
ies that: (a) combine a biomass-fired dryer with a purpose-
designed WHR unit for drying medicinal plants (rather than
bulk fuel drying), and (b) report both drying-kinetics (model
fits, diffusivity, activation energy) and energy metrics (ther-
mal efficiency, specific energy consumption) together with
quality indicators for the dried medicinal material. This gap
justifies targeted experiments on a biomass dryer + WHR
system for Cissus quadrangularis, where both process per-
formance and product quality must be concurrently evalu-
ated.
2. Problem Identification
In India, a lot of small-scale pirandai processing industries
have embraced cabinet solar trays, electrical drying, and
open-sun drying, along with methods such as fluidised
bed drying, oven drying, and solar tunnel drying. When
drying in the open sun, pirandai is evenly spread out on
mats, a cement floor, or a rooftop, and exposed to the
sun. These methods can dry the pirandai. As a result, the
interior temperature rises unevenly, destroying the piran-
dai's vitamins, flavour, and colour. Sun drying also has an
impact on high-quality items. Loss occurs since it is not
available at night and receives insufficient solar radiation
on cloudy or wet days. Insect, fungus, avian, rodent, and
other encroachment all have an impact on it. Other drying
techniques, including oven drying, electrical drying, and
fluidised bed drying, are costly and energy-intensive. At
the moment, small-scale processing industries are dealing
with serious issues, such as environmental problems and
exorbitant energy costs of electrical and fluidised bed dry-
ing.
In this study, a biomass dryer integrated with a waste heat
recovery unit was designed and experimentally evaluated
for drying Pirandai. The primary objectives were to:
1. Assess the drying characteristics of Pirandai using the
developed system.
2. Evaluate the improvements in thermal efficiency and
drying performance due to WHR integration.
3. Analyze the specific energy consumption and overall
feasibility of the system.
3. Design of the Biomass Dryer
The biomass dryer with waste heat recovery (WHR) was de-
signed to dry 100 kg of fresh Pirandai (Cissus quadrangu-
laris) with an initial moisture content of 75% (wet basis) to
a safe storage level of 10% within 6 hours. Based on mass
balance, approximately 72 kg of water must be removed
per batch. The total heat required, including sensible and
latent heat, was estimated at 173 MJ, and with an overall
thermal efficiency of 40%, the total fuel energy input was
calculated as 434 MJ. Considering an average lower heating
value of 15 MJ/kg for biomass, the dryer requires about 29
kg of biomass fuel per batch. The drying chamber was de-
signed with a total tray area of 13.3 m², divided into four
perforated stainless-steel trays of approximately 1.8 m ×
1.8 m each, allowing a 5 cm bed thickness for uniform dry-
ing. Indirect heating was employed to prevent smoke con-
tamination, with hot air generated in a combustion cham-
ber and preheated using an air-to-air WHR unit to recover
energy from exhaust gases. A centrifugal blower with vari-
able speed control ensures uniform air distribution at a dry-
ing temperature of 60 °C, while insulation minimizes heat
losses. Sensors for temperature and relative humidity were
integrated at the inlet, outlet, and product bed to monitor
performance [12]. This design enables efficient drying of Pi-
randai with reduced specific energy consumption and im-
proved thermal efficiency through the integration of waste
heat recovery (Fig. 1).
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Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
Fig. 1. Design of the Biomass Dryer
Fig. 2. Fabrication of Biomass Dryer
Drying tests were carried out to evaluate the newly devel-
oped biomass dryer's efficacy. The four primary compo-
nents of the biomass heater are the inner and outer shells,
the cross pipe, the chimney, and the inlet and outlet aper-
tures for air circulation. It is constructed from a mild steel
plate that is 3 mm thick. This controlled setting enabled re-
searchers to accurately assess the dryer's drying perfor-
mance. Above the base lies the inner shell, which has a cy-
lindrical shape. The biomass heater's base serves as a
combustion chamber. In order to load fuel and dispose of
ash, a gate with a locking mechanism is provided in the
combustion chamber [12]. The outer rectangular shell,
which is situated above the inner shell, has three manifolds:
one serves as an inlet for ambient air, while the other two
serve as hot air outlets. The top portion of the outer shell is
connected to the waste heat recovery unit, which has a rec-
tangular passage for the movement of exhaust flue gas and
a chimney at its end. The input opening located just above
the biomass heater is where the ambient air enters (Fig. 2).
The flue gas enters at the bottom and exits at the top of the
inner shell, which is divided into two rectangular passage-
ways [13]. Between the outer and inner shells, as well as
324
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
between two flue gas passages, the atmospheric air flows.
The drying chamber was connected to outlets I and II. The
flue gas then went across the biomass unit, nearly touching
the waste heat recovery unit. 99% of the waste heat was
used for the waste heat recovery unit's primary function. In
order to avoid overheating or under-drying, the system has
a sophisticated temperature control mechanism that keeps
the drying process within the ideal range. The base frame,
drying chamber, drying trays, and loading door are the four
main components of the steel drying cabinet. The drying
chamber is 0.66 meters long, 0.66 meters wide and 0.9 me-
ters high. It is made of a mild frame and has a 1 mm thick
galvanised iron sheet covering it [14]. The eight perforated
mild steel drying trays inside the chamber are uniformly
distributed from bottom to top at 0.05-meter intervals.
Mild steel that is 0.02 meters thick is used to make each
tray frame. To increase thermal efficiency, glass wool insu-
lation is positioned between the inner and outer shells of
the galvanised iron sheet that encloses the entire unit. To
provide an airtight seal, a loading door with a locking mech-
anism uses sponge rubber. Furthermore, the removal of
damp air from the dryer is facilitated by a small ventilation
opening on the chamber's right side. The biomass drier with
airflow circulation and movement throughout the drying
chamber is shown in Fig. 2. The volume of the combustion
chamber and the anticipated fuel consumption determine
the air intake for combustion.
3.1 Drying Chamber II
Drying chamber II is identical to drying chamber I, except
for a mild frame and a thick polycarbonate sheet covering
it. The drying chamber is 0.66 meters long by 0.66 meters
wide. The top portion is angled 15 degrees to the south and
has a 5 mm thick toughened glass covering. Only two per-
forated aluminium drying trays are uniformly distributed at
0.05-meter intervals within the chamber. Sponge rubber is
used in loading doors with locking mechanisms to guaran-
tee an airtight seal.
3.2 Waste Heat Recovery Unit
The waste heat recovery unit is situated between drying
chambers I and II. It is composed of a 2 mm-thick galvanised
iron sheet and is covered with glass wool insulation. The
right end of the unit is connected to the flue gas passage's
output, while the left end is connected to the chimney. The
waste heat recovery unit drying chamber has three trays,
with the bottom two trays observing 80% of the flue gas
heat. At the top of the remaining tray, flue gas heat is min-
imum, but maximum heat is observed under direct sun-
light, at 80%, so the top of the tray acts in a dual role: direct
heat and waste heat. Drying systems integrated with waste
heat recovery units are found to be more useful than other
drying systems and to improve system performance [15].
3.3 Instrumentation and Control
The biomass dryer with waste heat recovery was equipped
with essential instrumentation to ensure uniform drying,
energy efficiency, and safe operation. Temperature sensors
were installed at the air inlet, product bed, exhaust outlet,
and furnace flue to monitor heat distribution and optimize
combustion. Relative humidity sensors were placed at the
chamber inlet and exhaust to track air moisture content
and determine drying progress. Airflow was regulated using
a centrifugal blower with a variable frequency drive, sup-
ported by an anemometer and a differential pressure
gauge to maintain uniform airflow across trays. Biomass
fuel input was controlled through a feed gate, while chim-
ney draft and flue gas conditions were monitored to ensure
proper combustion. A load cell system was integrated to
measure tray weight reduction in real time for indirect
moisture estimation, complemented by periodic checks
with a moisture analyzer. Safety features included over-
temperature alarms, an emergency shutdown switch, and
a pressure relief vent. All sensor outputs were connected
to a PLC-based control unit with a user-friendly interface
for data logging, alarm generation, and process optimiza-
tion, ensuring efficient and reliable drying of Pirandai.
Fig. 3. Flow Chart of Instrumentation and Control
325
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
Table. Design parameters of the biomass dryer
Component Specifications
BIOMASS HEATER
Cross-section of inner shell
Cross-section of outer shell
Height
Shell thickness
Overall dimensions
Air inlet opening
Location of inlet opening
Air outlet opening
Location of outlet opening
Flue gas opening
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
UNIT
Flue gas opening
Flue gas passage length
MAIN DRYING CHAMBER
Size of drying chamber
Number of trays
Tray size
Tray thickness
Material
0.31m x 0.14m
0.4mx 0.23m
1.29m
0.09m
0.4m x 0.23m x 1.29m
0.11m x 0.09m
0.45m from bottom
0.12m x 0.10m
0.9m from bottom
0.12m x 0.1m
0.6m x 0.06m
0.66m
0.66m x 0.66m x 0.9m
8
0.59m x 0.58m
0.002m
Polycarbonate sheet
Component Specifications
WASTE HEAT RECOVERY
DRYING CHAMBER
Size of drying chamber
Number of trays
0.66m x 0.66m
3
3.4 Preparation of Pirandai for Drying
Fresh Pirandai stems were harvested at maturity, ensuring
uniform size and moisture content for consistent drying.
The harvested stems were first cleaned thoroughly with po-
table water to remove dust, soil, and other surface impuri-
ties. The outer ridges and fibrous portions were carefully
trimmed with a stainless-steel knife to improve drying effi-
ciency and product quality. The cleaned stems were then
cut into uniform pieces of approximately 5–7 cm in length
to ensure better exposure to drying air and uniform mois-
ture removal. Excess surface water was removed using a
clean muslin cloth, and the cut samples were spread evenly
on stainless-steel perforated trays with a thickness of about
5 cm. This preparation step ensured uniform airflow across
the material bed during drying and minimized clumping.
The prepared Pirandai was then immediately loaded into
the biomass dryer for controlled drying at a set tempera-
ture of 60°C until the desired final moisture content was
achieved [16].
Fig 4. Preparation of Pirandai for Drying
3.5 Condensation Temperature Specification
The hot pyrolysis vapors generated from biomass de-
composition were passed through a water-cooled con-
denser maintained at a cooling temperature of approxi-
mately 25–30 °C. Under these conditions, the final
condensation temperature of the vapors was about 30–
35 °C, ensuring effective conversion of condensable or-
ganic compounds and water vapor into liquid form. This
controlled cooling allowed efficient recovery of liquid
products while minimizing vapor losses.
3.6 Accumulation of Water Formed During Cellulose
Decomposition
During cellulose pyrolysis, dehydration reactions occur
as hydroxyl groups in the polymeric structure are broken
down, producing water and volatile organic compounds.
At the specified condensation temperature, the gener-
ated water vapor condenses together with organic va-
pors and subsequently separates into an aqueous phase
due to polarity differences. Thus, the water formed dur-
ing cellulose decomposition ultimately accumulates in
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Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
the lower aqueous fraction of the condensed liquid,
while non-condensable gases exit the system separately.
4. Thermal Analysis of Dryer Performance
To evaluate the dryer's performance, the following met-
rics are computed.
4.1 Moisture Content: The percentage of moisture in
the product is used to express the moisture content. The
following formula is used to determine the instantane-
ous moisture content at any given time on both a wet
and dry basis.
Mc =
Mi−Md
Mi
× 100 (1)
4.2 Drying Rate:
The drying rate was calculated by dividing the time in-
terval between the two subsequent measurements by
the decrease in water concentration.
Rd =
mi−md
t
(2)
4.3 Biomass Heater Combustion Efficiency:
The ratio of the useful heat gain to the product of the
calorific value and fuel consumption is known as the bi-
omass heater combustion efficiency (ηg).
(3)
The efficiency of a biomass heater in forced convection
mode is
(4)
4.4 Drying Chamber Efficiency:
The definition of this is the ratio of the difference be-
tween the drying chamber's inlet and outlet tempera-
tures to the difference between the drying chamber's in-
let and ambient temperatures.
(5)
4.5 Biomass System /Overall Efficiency:
The ratio of the energy needed to evaporate the mois-
ture to the heat delivered to the drier is known as system
efficiency. It is a gauge of a drying system's overall per-
formance, which includes the dryer chamber and the bi-
omass heater. It might be stated as
(6)
4.6 Effectiveness Factor:
It is the ratio of the drying rate in the open solar drying
process to the drying rate in the biomass dryer
𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 =
𝐝𝐫𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐝𝐫𝐲𝐞𝐫
𝐝𝐫𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐮𝐧 𝐝𝐫𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠
(7)
4.7 Saving Drying Time:
The following formula is used to calculate drying time savings
and compare them to the time required for open-sun drying.
5. Results and Discussion
5.1 Drying Chamber and Combustion Efficiency
The performance of the biomass dryer was evaluated by
monitoring the drying behavior of Pirandai across three
trays and the exhaust outlet. Temperature and relative hu-
midity profiles were recorded at the inlet, between trays,
and at the exit pole, while tray weights were periodically
measured to determine moisture loss [17]. The drying
chamber exhibited a gradual reduction in moisture content
from the top tray to the bottom, with Tray 1 showing the
highest drying rate due to direct exposure to hot preheated
air. Tray 2 exhibited moderate moisture removal as the air
lost part of its enthalpy, while Tray 3 had the lowest drying
rate, reflecting the progressive decrease in drying poten-
tial. The exhaust (exit pole) still carried significant sensible
and latent heat, which was quantified to estimate stack
losses and to assess the potential for waste heat recovery
(WHR). A drying profile graph of moisture ratio (MR) versus
drying time showed a sharp initial decline in Tray 1, indicat-
ing rapid surface moisture evaporation, followed by a
slower decline in Tray 2 and Tray 3, where internal moisture
diffusion became dominant. This trend confirmed that dry-
ing followed a falling-rate period, typical for agricultural
products [18]. A parallel graph of the temperature distribu-
tion across trays illustrated that Tray 1 maintained the high-
est temperature (~60 °C), while Tray 2 and Tray 3 experi-
enced lower temperatures due to progressive heat
absorption. Combustion efficiency was assessed using flue
gas analysis at the exit pole. Higher CO₂ and lower O₂ con-
centrations indicated complete combustion, while traces of
CO reflected minor incomplete burning. The stack temper-
ature (~150–180 °C) confirmed that part of the energy es-
caped with the flue gases. Using the stack-loss method, the
overall combustion efficiency of the biomass furnace was
found to be in the range of 70–75%, while the chamber
thermal efficiency (ratio of useful heat to fuel input) aver-
aged 38–42%. Graphical comparison of tray-wise water re-
moval and cumulative heat utilization highlighted that Tray
1 contributed ~50–55% of the total moisture removal, Tray
2 about 30–35%, and Tray 3 the remaining 15–20%. These
observations indicate that while the upper trays effectively
utilized the available heat, improvements in airflow distri-
bution and WHR at the exit pole could further enhance dry-
ing uniformity and reduce energy losses [19].
The graph (Fig. 5) illustrates the variation in relative humid-
ity (RH) and moisture content (MC) of Pirandai during the
drying process for Tray 1 and Tray 2. At the beginning of
drying, the inlet air to Tray 1 exhibited a low RH (~15%),
which gradually increased to ~55% by the end of 6 hours
due to continuous absorption of moisture. Tray 2, being
downstream, consistently showed higher RH values (25–
68%), reflecting the reduced drying potential of the air as it
passed through the chamber. In terms of moisture content,
samples placed on Tray 1 exhibited a rapid reduction from
75% (w.b.) to nearly 12% within 6 hours, indicating faster
drying due to higher temperature and lower RH. Tray 2
showed a relatively slower decline, from 75% to about 20%
in the same period, due to exposure to partially saturated
air. The combined profile confirms that Tray 1 dominates
the initial moisture removal, while Tray 2 continues drying
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Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
at a slower rate, highlighting the effect of increasing RH on
drying kinetics. This demonstrates the inverse relationship
between RH and drying rate; lower RH air accelerates dry-
ing, whereas higher RH slows it down [20].
Fig. 5. Temperature vs Time
Fig. 6. Relative Humidity vs Time
Fig. 7. Temperature vs Time
328
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
It shows plots of drying chamber efficiency over time,
which, as we can see, are dynamic and vary by tray. The
wavy nature and variation within each tray could be at-
tributed to an uneven distribution of the air across the dry-
ing chamber; the maximum recorded efficiency of 45% is a
graphical representation of the time of the dryer. Clearly,
the effectiveness varies across trays and is also dynamic in
nature due to the combustion intensity of the biomass. The
relatively low value of the heat exchanger effectiveness of
0.07 could be attributed to combustion energy loss and the
finite nature of activeness [21].
5.2 Discussion of Results and Comparison with Previous
Studies
The overall drying chamber efficiency of approximately
40% observed in the present study is comparable to values
reported for small-scale biomass dryers used in agricultural
applications. Recent studies on indirect biomass-fired dry-
ers typically report thermal efficiencies in the range of 30–
50%, depending on insulation quality, airflow distribution,
and fuel characteristics. The efficiency achieved in this work
falls within this range, indicating that the integrated waste
heat recovery (WHR) system contributed positively to heat
utilization while maintaining stable drying conditions.
The combustion efficiency of 70–75% obtained for the bio-
mass furnace is also consistent with values reported for
fixed-bed biomass combustion systems. Similar studies
have documented combustion efficiencies between 65%
and 80%, depending on air–fuel ratio and moisture content
of the biomass. The relatively stable combustion perfor-
mance in the present system confirms that the selected op-
erating conditions and controlled heating rate ensured ef-
fective energy conversion suitable for drying operations.
The specific energy consumption (SEC) of approximately
1.67 kWh·kg⁻¹ of water removed is competitive with that of
conventional hot-air dryers, which typically exhibit SEC val-
ues between 1.5 and 3.5 kWh·kg⁻¹ depending on crop type
and operating temperature. Lower SEC values are generally
associated with improved airflow control and reduced ex-
haust losses. The result indicates that the incorporation of
waste heat recovery enhanced energy utilization efficiency
and reduced overall energy demand.
The observed inverse relationship between relative humid-
ity (RH) and drying rate agrees well with established drying
theory and experimental findings in plant-based materials.
Previous investigations on herbal and medicinal plant dry-
ing have shown that lower inlet air RH significantly acceler-
ates moisture diffusion and surface evaporation. The tray-
wise variation in drying rate observed in this study is also
consistent with earlier reports on multi-tray convective dry-
ers, where airflow non-uniformity leads to progressive
moisture accumulation along the air path.
The effective moisture diffusivity values estimated in this
work fall within the commonly reported range for plant tis-
sues under similar temperature conditions. Comparable
studies on herbal biomass drying report diffusivity values in
the order of 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹¹ m²·s⁻¹, depending on temperature
and material structure. The agreement between the ob-
tained values and literature data validates the applied
drying model and confirms that Pirandai exhibits typical dif-
fusion-controlled drying behavior.
Finally, the presence of recoverable heat in the exhaust
stream aligns with findings from previous biomass dryer
studies, which emphasize that stack losses represent a ma-
jor source of inefficiency. Similar investigations recom-
mend improved heat exchanger design and optimized air-
flow recirculation to enhance overall system performance.
Therefore, the present results are consistent with estab-
lished research trends and confirm that further enhance-
ment of WHR effectiveness can significantly improve total
thermal efficiency.
Conclusions
Based on the stated objectives of the study, the conclusions
are presented in three clearly defined points corresponding
to each objective:
1. Evaluation of the Thermal and Drying Performance of
the Biomass Dryer Integrated with WHR
The first objective was successfully achieved. The experi-
mental investigation confirmed that the biomass dryer in-
tegrated with a waste heat recovery (WHR) unit effectively
dried Pirandai using renewable biomass energy. Tray-wise
analysis revealed significant variation in moisture removal,
with Tray 1 exhibiting the highest drying rate due to direct
exposure to hot, low-humidity air, while subsequent trays
showed reduced drying rates as relative humidity in-
creased. The overall chamber efficiency was approximately
40%, and the combustion efficiency ranged between 70–
75%, demonstrating satisfactory thermal performance of
the integrated system.
2. Determination of Energy Efficiency Parameters and
Drying Characteristics
The second objective was also accomplished. The specific
energy consumption (SEC) was determined to be approxi-
mately 1.67 kWh·kg⁻¹ of water removed, which is competi-
tive with conventional drying technologies. Relative humid-
ity profiles confirmed an inverse relationship between RH
and drying rate, validating the drying mechanism. The esti-
mated effective moisture diffusivity was within the ex-
pected range for plant-based materials, confirming the suit-
ability of the applied drying model for Pirandai. These
results demonstrate that the system operates with ac-
ceptable energy efficiency and predictable drying kinetics.
3. Assessment of Waste Heat Recovery Effectiveness and
Scope for System Optimization
The third objective was achieved by evaluating the effec-
tiveness of the WHR system and identifying areas for per-
formance improvement. Analysis of exit air temperature in-
dicated the presence of recoverable thermal energy,
suggesting potential for enhanced WHR utilization. The
study highlighted key improvement areas, including opti-
mized airflow distribution, reduction of stack heat losses,
and improved WHR effectiveness. Recommendations for
future work include multi-temperature drying trials, im-
proved air circulation design, and detailed exergy analysis
to further enhance overall system efficiency and scalability.
329
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Біоенергетика
Overall, the study confirms that the biomass dryer inte-
grated with a waste heat recovery unit provides a cost-ef-
fective, energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable
solution for drying Pirandai, while also identifying clear
pathways for further technological refinement.
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|
| id | veorgua-article-615 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:19:05Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/f2/6b5204624f6c64828b36f126d4bc1df2.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-6152026-07-18T06:32:24Z PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI ОЦІНКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СУШАРКИ НА БІОМАСІ З БЛОКОМ РЕКУПЕРАЦІЇ ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНОГО ТЕПЛА ДЛЯ СУШІННЯ ПІРАНДАЮ Murugan , P. Dhanushkodi, S. Sudhakar , K. Balu , P. Honcharenko , Yu. Biomass dryer, Waste heat recovery, Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), Thermal efficiency, Specific energy consumption, Medicinal plant drying. сушарка на біомасі; рекуперація відпрацьованого тепла; пірандай (Cissus quadrangularis); теплова ефективність; питомі витрати енергії; сушіння лікарських рослин.  This study presents the performance evaluation of a biomass dryer integrated with a waste heat recovery (WHR) unit for drying Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis), a medicinally valuable plant widely used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications. The dryer was designed to operate with locally available biomass as the primary energy source, while the waste heat recovery system was incorporated to enhance thermal efficiency and reduce overall energy consumption. Experimental trials were conducted to assess drying rate, moisture reduction, thermal efficiency, and specific energy consumption under varying operating conditions. The results indicated that the integration of WHR significantly improved the drying performance, with an average increase in thermal efficiency of 18–22% compared to conventional biomass drying systems. The moisture content of Pirandai was successfully reduced from an initial value of 75% (wet basis) to a safe storage level of 10% within 6 hours of drying. The specific energy consumption was reduced by approximately 20–25 %, highlighting the economic and environmental advantages of the system. Overall, the study demonstrates that biomass dryers coupled with waste heat recovery units provide a sustainable, cost-effective, and energy-efficient solution for drying medicinal plants such as Pirandai, contributing to value addition and post-harvest preservation. У дослідженні наведено оцінку ефективності роботи сушарки на біомасі, інтегрованої з блоком рекуперації відпрацьованого тепла, для сушіння пірандаю (Cissus quadrangularis) — лікарської рослини, що широко використовується у виробництві нутрицевтичної та фармацевтичної продукції. Сушарка призначена для використання біомаси місцевого походження в якості основного джерела енергії, при цьому система рекуперації відпрацьованого тепла впроваджена з метою підвищення теплової ефективності та зменшення загального енергоспоживання. Проведено експериментальні дослідження з метою оцінювання швидкості сушіння, зниження вологості, теплової ефективності та питомих витрат енергії за різних режимів роботи. Отримані результати показали, що інтеграція системи рекуперації суттєво покращує показники сушіння: теплова ефективність підвищилася в середньому на 18–22 % порівняно з традиційними сушарками на біомасі. Вологість пірандаю було знижено з початкового значення 75 % (у вологому стані) до безпечного для зберігання рівня 10 % протягом 6 годин сушіння. Питомі витрати енергії зменшилися приблизно на 20–25 %, що підтверджує економічні та екологічні переваги запропонованої системи. Загалом, дослідження демонструє, що сушарки на біомасі у поєднанні з блоками рекуперації відпрацьованого тепла є сталим, економічно доцільним та енергоефективним рішенням для сушіння лікарських рослин, таких як пірандай. Їхнє застосування сприяє підвищенню доданої вартості та збереженню рослин після збирання врожаю. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2026-03-30 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/615 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).320-329 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 1(84) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 320-329 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 1(84) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 320-329 Відновлювана енергетика; № 1(84) (2026): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 320-329 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/615/526 Copyright (c) 2026 P. Murugan , S. Dhanushkodi, K. Sudhakar , P. Balu , Yu. Honcharenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Biomass dryer Waste heat recovery Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis) Thermal efficiency Specific energy consumption Medicinal plant drying. Murugan , P. Dhanushkodi, S. Sudhakar , K. Balu , P. Honcharenko , Yu. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI |
| title | PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI |
| title_alt | ОЦІНКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ СУШАРКИ НА БІОМАСІ З БЛОКОМ РЕКУПЕРАЦІЇ ВІДПРАЦЬОВАНОГО ТЕПЛА ДЛЯ СУШІННЯ ПІРАНДАЮ |
| title_full | PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI |
| title_fullStr | PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI |
| title_full_unstemmed | PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI |
| title_short | PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF BIOMASS DRYER WITH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY UNIT FOR DRYING PIRANDAI |
| title_sort | performance evaluation of biomass dryer with waste heat recovery unit for drying pirandai |
| topic | Biomass dryer Waste heat recovery Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis) Thermal efficiency Specific energy consumption Medicinal plant drying. |
| topic_facet | Biomass dryer Waste heat recovery Pirandai (Cissus quadrangularis) Thermal efficiency Specific energy consumption Medicinal plant drying. сушарка на біомасі рекуперація відпрацьованого тепла пірандай (Cissus quadrangularis) теплова ефективність питомі витрати енергії сушіння лікарських рослин. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/615 |
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