COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF
In hot and dry countries like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, buildings need a lot of cooling, which uses up to 70-80% of all the electricity in homes and offices. This reliance on air conditioning makes energy shortages and environmental problems worse. One way to solve this probl...
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| Дата: | 2026 |
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Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
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Vidnovluvana energetika| _version_ | 1870287564397608960 |
|---|---|
| author | Ahmed, R. Zainy Hayder , Zuhair Zainy Nasr , A. Jabbar Hyder , M. Abdul Hussein |
| author_facet | Ahmed, R. Zainy Hayder , Zuhair Zainy Nasr , A. Jabbar Hyder , M. Abdul Hussein |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": " R. Zainy Ahmed",
"institution": "Basic Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kufa, Iraq"
},
{
"author": "Zuhair Zainy Hayder ",
"institution": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq"
},
{
"author": "A. Jabbar Nasr ",
"institution": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq"
},
{
"author": "M. Abdul Hussein Hyder ",
"institution": "Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq"
}
] |
| author_sort | Ahmed, R. Zainy |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-09T12:14:07Z |
| description | In hot and dry countries like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, buildings need a lot of cooling, which uses up to 70-80% of all the electricity in homes and offices. This reliance on air conditioning makes energy shortages and environmental problems worse. One way to solve this problem is to use Phase Change Materials (PCMs), like paraffin wax, which can store and release heat to keep indoor temperatures stable and reduce the need for cooling. However, the usual PCM doesn't work well because it can't conduct heat easily. This study examines how PCM can be used in hot and dry climates, focusing on three main types: local paraffin PCM, nano-enhanced PCM, and hybrid PCM systems that work with design strategies that don't use energy. We reviewed over 30 studies published between 2006 and 2025 to compare the results. Using local paraffin PCMs from Iraq can reduce the need for cooling by 20-30%, and it can pay for itself in just 2-3 years. The use of PCMs in buildings can help reduce energy consumption and alleviate the pressure on the energy grid, especially during peak summer months. By incorporating PCMs into building design, architects and engineers can create more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings that are better suited to hot and dry climates. Also, the integration of PCMs with passive design strategies can enhance their effectiveness and provide a more comprehensive solution to the cooling demands in these regions. Overall, the application of PCMs in hot and dry climates offers a promising solution to the challenges posed by extreme cooling demands, and further research and development are needed to fully explore its potential and benefits. The adoption of PCM technology will enable us to create more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings, which not only reduce energy consumption but also provide a better and healthier indoor environment for occupants.  |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85).58-71 |
| first_indexed | 2026-07-10T01:00:14Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
58
Відновлювана енергетика. № 2/2026 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
UDK 621 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85)58-71
COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN
HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF
Received May. 03, 2026; accepted Jun. 26, 2026
Available online Jun. 30, 2024
Ahmed R. Zainy1, Hayder Zuhair Zainy2,
Nasr A. Jabbar3, Hyder M. Abdul Hussein4
Author for correspondence: Hyder M. Abdul Hussein,
e-mail: hyderm.alabady@uokufa.edu.iq
Abstract. In hot and dry countries like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the
United Arab Emirates, buildings need a lot of cooling, which uses up
to 70-80% of all the electricity in homes and offices. This reliance on
air conditioning makes energy shortages and environmental problems
worse. One way to solve this problem is to use Phase Change Materials
(PCMs), like paraffin wax, which can store and release heat to keep
indoor temperatures stable and reduce the need for cooling. However,
the usual PCM doesn't work well because it can't conduct heat easily.
This study examines how PCM can be used in hot and dry climates, focusing on three main types: local paraffin
PCM, nano-enhanced PCM, and hybrid PCM systems that work with design strategies that don't use energy. We
reviewed over 30 studies published between 2006 and 2025 to compare the results. Using local paraffin PCMs
from Iraq can reduce the need for cooling by 20-30%, and it can pay for itself in just 2-3 years. The use of PCMs in
buildings can help reduce energy consumption and alleviate the pressure on the energy grid, especially during
peak summer months. By incorporating PCMs into building design, architects and engineers can create more sus-
tainable and energy-efficient buildings that are better suited to hot and dry climates. Also, the integration of PCMs
with passive design strategies can enhance their effectiveness and provide a more comprehensive solution to the
cooling demands in these regions. Overall, the application of PCMs in hot and dry climates offers a promising
solution to the challenges posed by extreme cooling demands, and further research and development are needed
to fully explore its potential and benefits. The adoption of PCM technology will enable us to create more sustain-
able and energy-efficient buildings, which not only reduce energy consumption but also provide a better and
healthier indoor environment for occupants.
Keywords: sustainable energy, phase change materials (PCM), solar thermal system, thermal energy, energy
storage
ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ ОГЛЯД МАТЕРІАЛІВ З ФАЗОВИМ ПЕРЕХОДОМ ДЛЯ ЗНИЖЕННЯ ПОТРЕБИ
В ОХОЛОДЖЕННІ В УМОВАХ ЖАРКОГО ТА ПОСУШЛИВОГО КЛІМАТУ:
ДОСВІД ІРАКУ ТА КРАЇН ПЕРСЬКОЇ ЗАТОКИ
Отримано 03 трав. 2026 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 26 чер. 2026 р.
Доступно онлайн 30 чер. 2026 р.
Ахмед Р. Заїні1, Хайдер Зухаїр Заїні2,
Наср А. Джаббар3, Хайдер М. Абдул Хусейн4
Автор для листування: Хайдер М. Абдул Хусейн,
e-mail: hyderm.alabady@uokufa.edu.iq.
Анотація. У країнах із спекотним, посушливим кліматом,
таких як Ірак, Саудівська Аравія та Об’єднані Арабські Емі-
рати, будівлі потребують охолодження, на яке припадає
1 доктор наук
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4367-7116
2 доктор наук
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8751-7364
3 доктор наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-6698
4 доктор наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-2952
1 Basic Science Department, Faculty of
Dentistry, University of Kufa, Iraq
2, 3, 4, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Kufa, Iraq
1 PhD
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4367-7116
2 PhD
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8751-7364
3 PhD
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-6698
4 PhD
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-2952
1 Basic Science Department, Faculty of
Dentistry, University of Kufa, Iraq
2, 3, 4 Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Kufa, Iraq
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4367-7116
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8751-7364
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-6698
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-2952
https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4367-7116
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8751-7364
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-6698
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4678-2952
59
Відновлювана енергетика. № 2/2026 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
до 70–80% загального обсягу споживання електроенергії в
житлових і офісних будівлях. Така залежність від систем
кондиціювання повітря загострює проблеми дефіциту ене-
ргії та негативного впливу на довкілля. Одним із шляхів
розв’язання цієї проблеми є використання матеріалів з фа-
зовим переходом (PCM), зокрема парафіну, які здатні аку-
мулювати та віддавати теплоту, підтримуючи стабільну температуру всередині приміщень і
зменшуючи потребу в охолодженні. Проте традиційні PCM мають обмежену ефективність через
низьку теплопровідність. У цьому дослідженні розглянуто можливість застосування PCM в умовах
спекотного й посушливого клімату з акцентом на 3 основні типи: місцеві парафіни PCM, наномоди-
фіковані PCM та гібридні PCM-системи, що включають стратегічні пасивні архітектурні рішення.
Нами розглянуто понад 30 наукових праць, опублікованих за період 2006–2025 рр., з метою порів-
няння отриманих результатів. Встановлено, що використання місцевих парафінових PCM в Іраку
дозволяє знизити попит на охолодження на 20–30%, й термін окупності таких рішень становить
лише 2–3 роки. Застосування PCM у будівлях сприяє скороченню енергоспоживання та зменшенню
навантаження на енергомережі, особливо в періоди пікового літнього попиту. Інтеграція PCM у
проєктування будівель дозволяє архітекторам та інженерам створювати більш стійкі й енергое-
фективні будівлі, краще пристосовані до експлуатації в умовах спекотного, посушливого клімату.
Крім того, застосування матеріалів з фазовим переходом (PCM) у поєднанні з пасивними архітек-
турними рішеннями підвищує ефективність їх використання та забезпечує комплексніший підхід
до задоволення потреб в охолодженні в таких регіонах. Загалом застосування PCM у спекотних та
посушливих кліматичних зонах є перспективним рішенням для подолання проблем, пов’язаних із ви-
соким попитом на охолодження. З метою повнішого розкриття потенціалу та переваг цієї техно-
логії необхідні подальші дослідження. Впровадження технологій PCM сприятиме будівництву більш
сталих та енергоефективних будівель, які не лише споживають менше енергії, а й забезпечують
комфортніші та здоровіші умови для користувачів.
Ключові слова: стала енергетика, матеріали з фазовим переходом (PCM), сонячна теплова сис-
тема, теплова енергія, акумулювання енергії.
Introduction. The building sector is one of the largest en-
ergy consumers worldwide, accounting for about 40% of
the total energy consumption. The corresponding amount
of greenhouse gases emitted from the building sector
poses a significant challenge, especially with respect to
cooling demand in hot-arid climates. Countries such as Iraq,
Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) experi-
ence extremely hot summers with average temperatures of
45 °C and above and high solar irradiation during long cool-
ing seasons [2][3]. Air-conditioning systems, mostly me-
chanical, are widely used in residential and commercial
buildings in these countries. The corresponding share of
cooling in the total energy consumption of buildings is be-
tween 65–80%, which puts an extreme strain on the power
grids of these countries and causes environmental prob-
lems, since most of the electricity is generated from fossil
fuels in the Middle East.
Energy Challenges in Hot-Arid Climates. The urbanization
trend in the Gulf and the Middle East region is further driv-
ing the cooling demand. In Saudi Arabia, for instance, the
electricity consumption from buildings represents some
50% of the total electricity consumption. More than 70% of
this consumption is attributed to the cool air used in
homes. [2]. Climate change will influence future cooling en-
ergy demand in the UAE. According to “Business-as-usual”
future energy scenario, projected increase of cooling en-
ergy demand by 2050 will reach 22% and by 2080 it will
reach 40%. Similar challenges exist in cooling energy de-
mand in Iraq despite the abundance of oil resources.
[5]. Statistics recently published highlight a great challenge
for the world: the need for innovative ways to cool while
saving energy.
Phase Change Materials (PCM) as a Solution. Phase
Change Materials (PCMs) have become an attractive solu-
tion for building thermal energy storage. In order to utilize
the latent heat of a PCM, which undergoes a solid-liquid
phase change, large amounts of energy can be stored and
also be released again nearly at constant temperature. This
allows to reduce temperature swings inside a building and
to shift air conditioning peak loads to off-peak hours. [1].
Paraffin wax in particular has received a lot of attention due
to its favorable physical and chemical properties. It is chem-
ically stable, non-corrosive, readily available as a by-prod-
uct from the petroleum refining process, and has a melt
point within a comfortable range for human use (20-45 °C).
[6]. In Iraq, paraffin wax produced locally was used as a
PCM in roof structures, the results indicated significant re-
duction of indoor heat flux as well as savings in electricity
1 Кафедра фундаментальних наук, сто-
матологічний факультет, Університет
Куфи, м. Куфа, Ірак
2, 3, 4 Кафедра машинобудування, інже-
нерний факультет, Університет Куфи,
м. Куфа, Ірак
60
Відновлювана енергетика. № 2/2026 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
as compared with commercial PCMs. [5]. Similarly,
Chaichan et al. [7] Integrating paraffin PCM into a solar dis-
tillation system was shown to increase the productivity of
such systems by almost 783%. This will enable further uses
of the energy.
Limitations of Conventional PCM. While conventional par-
affin PCM offer many advantages to the energy storage, the
poor thermal conductivity of paraffin PCM (about
0.2 W/m·K) significantly restricts the charging/discharging
rate and efficiency for building applications. [8]. Due to self-
insulating effect of emulsion, melting and heat transfer are
non-uniform. Besides, leakage, phase separation and insta-
bility of emulsion during long-term storage are serious
problems for the large-scale application of the emulsion.
[1]. To overcome the above problems, many modifications
have been explored by the researchers, including encapsu-
lation, shape stabilization and also by adding high electrical
conductivity materials such as metals, graphite and nano-
particles [6].
Nano-Enhanced PCM. Nano-enhanced PCMs are a class of
PCMs currently under development to improve the thermal
properties of PCMs. By adding various types of nano-parti-
cles, such as Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and graphene to PCMs, the ther-
mal conductivity can be improved by 40–60% or more. In
addition to increased thermal conductivity, the charging
time of PCMs can be greatly reduced resulting in a very ef-
ficient system [9][10]. For example, Chaichan et al. [9] The
addition of 3% Al₂O₃ to paraffin reduced the charging time
from 13 min to 5 min. Li et al. [10]. We also demonstrated
that graphene-based composites achieve superior electri-
cal conductivity and stability at very low loadings. This
makes nano-enhanced PCMs a promising means to adapt
PCMs for hot-arid climate zones by significantly increasing
their performance at very low loading.
Passive and Hybrid Cooling Strategies. Building insulation
materials with PCM can be effective in conjunction with
passive and hybrid cooling strategies. In addition to improv-
ing the thermal properties of building materials, PCM can
be integrated into passive and hybrid cooling systems to
enhance their cooling potential. Shading, optimized glazing
and insulation can reduce cooling loads in typical Saudi vil-
las by 30–68% [2]. Hybrid systems such as radiant cooling
ceilings with integrated PCM panels in the ceiling slab can
save 15–27% more energy than conventional systems
[11][12]. Capillary tube PCM systems, which combine hy-
dronic radiant cooling with PCM storage, further enhance
thermal buffering [13]. Combining PCM with appropriate
architectural and engineering solutions to maximize perfor-
mance.
Objective of the work. Worldwide many scientific investi-
gations have been conducted on PCM (Latent Heat Storage)
and nano-enhanced PCM in recent years. However, the ma-
jority of them were categorized as “worldwide” without
any reference to the application in the Gulf region or in
Iraq. In addition, the majority of experimental and numeri-
cal comparisons that have been carried out so far were of a
short-term nature and did not permit any statement with
respect to the long-term durability of PCM as well as to
cost-effectiveness and user comfort of buildings equipped
with PCM. Various strategies can be thought of in order to
use PCM in buildings. The usage of local paraffin PCM, the
usage of nano-enhanced PCMs as well as the usage of hy-
brid PCM systems represent possible strategies. In the pre-
sent paper a comprehensive review on the application of
PCM in hot-arid climates will be given and a special focus
will be put on the application of PCM in the Gulf region and
in Iraq.
1. Compare local paraffin PCM with commercial PCMs and
with nano-enhanced PCMs.
2. What is the potential of integration of PCM with passive
cooling as well as with hybrid cooling systems.
3. Compare PCM applications in terms of energy efficiency,
cooling demand and payback period.
4. Problems, gaps in knowledge and future trends for PCM
applications in Gulf region and in Iraq.
Background and Literature Review
Thermal Energy Storage in Buildings. Using thermal energy
storage (TES) can reduce the specific energy consumption of
a building. For many years, sensible heat storage by means
of hot water, concrete or rock was the most common appli-
cation of TES. However, for light-weight buildings the large
amount of material required for storing a considerable
amount of heat is not very suitable. The application of latent
heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) by means of PCMs is far
superior in this respect, as it is able to store 5–14 times as
much heat in the same volume as sensible storage. [1]. PCMs
are able to store and release heat while changing from a solid
to a liquid and back again. Such PCMs maintain nearly con-
stant temperature and thus can be used for climate condi-
tioning. Ref. Soussi et al. [15] In this paper a general view on
the present methods for greenhouse climate control is given.
By means of several examples for the application of inte-
grated cooling methods (ventilation, evaporative cooling,
desiccant cooling) the respective methods are described. The
possibilities and limits of the single methods are compared
with each other. Suggestions are given on how to combine
ndividual methods in an efficient way to reduce water and
energy consumption in arid climates. Unlike Mohammed et
al. [16] and Thaib et al. [17], in this work, an experimental
study on the cooling of PV panels using PCMs, like beeswax
and paraffin, has been performed. The results have shown
the potential of temperature decrease of the PV panels and
an increase in the efficiency of electric energy, which is pro-
duced by the PV panels. It has also been shown that the re-
sults of this study are time dependent and this is caused by
the latent heat of the PCM used in this study. Contrary to the
other studies, where cooling is investigated at the compo-
nent level, like PV module, etc., in this work, cooling at the
system level, like PV panel, is investigated by Tembhare et al.
[18] This discussion is further extended to the application of
enhanced heat transfer nanofluids to both solar thermal and
PV systems. These are challenges with the stability of the
nanofluid and the scalability of its use in systems. Transport
61
Відновлювана енергетика. № 2/2026 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
of nanofluid models are discussed by Siddiqui et al. [19] A
comprehensive review of multi-physics PV models. These
models describe the thermal, optical and electrical behavior
of PV modules. They are very useful to enhance the accuracy
of the power output prediction of PV modules. In the build-
ing sector, these models can support experimental investiga-
tions with theoretical analysis. Ref. Al-Yasiri and Szabó [20],
Saxena et al. [21], and Khdair and Abu Rumman [22] explore
PCM integration within building envelopes, demonstrating
significant improvements in indoor thermal stability and en-
ergy savings, particularly when combined with insulation or
natural ventilation strategies. Similarly, Solgi et al. [23] A
number of additional recent references on PCMs and night
cooling are summarized with the conclusion that, in many
cases, climate will trump. Zhang and Lee. [24] This paper
takes a step from policy to economic optimization of the in-
crease of photovoltaic systems by means of feed-in tariffs.
The technical views on cooling and PCMs for improving the
energy efficiency of photovoltaic systems in hot and arid cli-
mates are complemented by a techno-economic view on the
use of these components. While experimental as well as sim-
ulation studies clearly can show the advantages of using
PCMs as well as of advanced cooling systems for the thermal
performance of photovoltaic systems, the efficiency of these
systems strongly depends on the special application. There-
fore, an integration in a complete system design, modeling
as well as in policy frameworks is necessary.
Classification of PCMs. PCMs are broadly classified into
three categories: organic, inorganic, and eutectic [7].
• Organic PCMs are paraffin waxes and fatty acids. Of
these organic PCMs the paraffin waxes are the most
commonly used PCMs. This is due to their good chemi-
cal stability, their congruent melting behavior and their
availability (as a petroleum byproduct). Pure paraffin
wax is made up of straight-chain n-alkanes (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂) and
has a melting point of 20–45 °C. This makes the paraffin
wax very suitable for use in building applications. [7].
• Inorganic PCMs are typically made from salt hydrates
and molten salts. They have a high thermal conductivity
and high density. However, several drawbacks, such as
supercooling, phase segregation and corrosion, exist for
many inorganic PCMs. [1].
• Eutectic PCMs are a physical mixture of two or more
components having a designed melting point. Within
these mixtures, no liquid/solid phase separation occurs
upon melting or solidification.
Incorporation Methods. Several methods have been devel-
oped to integrate PCM into building structures [5][6]:
1. The PCM can be mixed into building materials (gypsum
plaster, new or in-use concrete). This is the simplest
method of integration; however, it is prone to leakage
and incompatibility problems.
2. Immersion: A liquid PCM is cast around the component
in question so that it is completely covered by the PCM
liquid. The PCM will fill all pores of the component. As
with incorporation into building materials, the major
problem of leakage also occurs in immersed compo-
nents and restricts long-term use.
3. Macro-encapsulation: Building components are im-
mersed in a liquid PCM. After solidification of the PCM
(by cooling down to the solidification temperature) the
liquid PCM fills the pores of the component in question.
Like with direct incorporation, the risk of leakage re-
stricts the long-term use of such components. There-
fore, macro-encapsulated PCMs are used in a variety of
modules and can easily be integrated into buildings.
4. Micro-encapsulation: In micro-encapsulated PCMs the
PCMs are surrounded by polymer shells. The microcap-
sules can be mixed into paints or into new and old plas-
ter or into fibers in order to create new PCM-textiles.
5. Shape-stabilized composites: By mixing PCM with poly-
mers or with porous matrices, PCM-based shape-stabi-
lized composites are produced, which have mechanical
stability and no leakage.
Different methods can be used for the integration of PCM
into building components. The methods have their specific
advantages and disadvantages. Above all, the low thermal
conductivity of PCMs is problematic for their use in build-
ings.
Limitations of Conventional PCMs. Although conventional
paraffin PCMs are inexpensive and have a high heat storage
capacity, their low thermal conductivity (about 0.2 W/m·K)
prevents fast charge/discharge of the thermal storage ma-
terial as well as a uniform melting and solidification. [8].
The self-insulating behavior of dielectric cooling insulating
materials greatly hinders the application efficiency of build-
ings in changing climatic circumstances. The large scale ap-
plication of such insulating material has a number of con-
straints, such as leakage, segregation of the phases and
long term stability. [1]. Addressing these limitations has be-
come a major focus of PCM research.
Nano-Enhanced PCMs. By embedding nanoparticles in the
PCM, a significant enhancement in thermal conductivity
can be achieved, which in turn could improve the charging
time and the system’s stability. Al₂O₃, TiO₂ and graphene
have been tested as potential candidates for this aim.
[9][10].
• Al₂O₃-enhanced PCM: Chaichan et al. [9] reported that
adding 3% Al₂O₃ to paraffin improved conductivity by
60% and reduced charging time from 13 minutes to 5
minutes.
• TiO₂-enhanced PCM: Li et al. [10] showed that TiO₂ na-
noparticles improved conductivity by ~40% at very low
concentrations (0.01%), offering cost-effective en-
hancement.
• Graphene-enhanced PCM: Graphene composites
demonstrated superior stability and conductivity, mak-
ing them promising for long-term applications [14].
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These findings suggest that nano-enhanced PCM can over-
come the fundamental limitations of paraffin, enabling its
use in extreme climates.
Passive Cooling Strategies. Passive design strategies can
still play a significant role in buildings found in hot-arid cli-
mates. Strategies including shading, optimum glazing and
insulation can provide up to 30–68% reduction in cooling
demand for typical Saudi villas. The traditional wind tower
used in Gulf architecture can further reduce internal tem-
peratures by up to 13–16% by enabling natural ventilation.
Strategies for roof treatments can also reduce heat gain to
the building. Studies conducted in the capital city of Riyadh
have found that by using such strategies, cooling energy
consumption can be reduced by 12–33%. [2]. These strate-
gies, while effective, are often insufficient alone during
peak summer conditions, necessitating integration with
PCM.
Hybrid PCM Systems. Hybrid systems combine PCM with
active cooling technologies.
• Radiant PCM ceilings: Bogatu et al. [11] In a study of
macro-encapsulated PCM panels with integrated pipes
the authors determined the cooling capacity of such a
system. The results of the experiments showed cooling
capacities of 5–27 W/m² to reduce peak loads and to
ensure a comfortable user temperature.
• Capillary tube PCM systems: Jobli et al. [13] integrated
PCM with hydronic radiant cooling, achieving prolonged
thermal buffering and energy savings of 20–35%.
• Comparative studies: Skovajsa et al. [12]. A 27% cooling
demand reduction was achieved by integrating PCM in
conventional cooling systems.
The potential for combining PCM (Passive) and active sys-
tems in hot-arid climates is huge and can be used in a syn-
ergistic way.
Methodology
Scope of the Review. Title of above work: PCMs and nano-
enhanced PCM in building design for cooling demand re-
duction of buildings in hot-arid climates: A review. A num-
ber of globally reviewed studies conducted between 2015
and 2025 were mainly systematically reviewed articles
(SRA) published in reputable journals. A number of globally
reviewed studies were from Iraq, Saudi Arabia and UAE
therefore globally applicable.
The review emphasizes three categories of PCM applica-
tions:
1. Local paraffin PCM – using local paraffin PCM, such as
indigenous paraffin wax which is available in Iraq and
other countries.
2. Nano-enhanced PCM – PCM doped with nano-particles
(e.g. Al₂O₃, TiO₂, graphene etc.) to enhance the thermal
conductivity of PCM.
Hybrid PCM systems are designed to incorporate phase
change materials into various building elements, such as
walls, floors, and ceilings. Most of the research focuses on
using these systems for cooling purposes, either passively
or actively. When it comes to radiant cooling using PCMs,
different terms are used to describe the process, including
ceiling cooling and capillary tube cooling systems. In many
cases, PCMs used in building applications are combined
with shading devices to enhance their effectiveness. By in-
tegrating PCMs into building design, it's possible to create
more efficient and sustainable cooling systems. The use of
PCMs in building elements can help regulate temperatures,
reducing the need for traditional cooling methods and min-
imizing energy consumption. Additionally, combining PCMs
with shading devices can further improve their perfor-
mance, allowing for more precise control over temperature
fluctuations. Overall, hybrid PCM systems offer a promising
solution for building designers and engineers looking to
create more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
structures.
Data Sources and Selection Criteria. This section outlines
the review of current knowledge. The databases searched
for relevant information were ScienceDirect, Elsevier,
MDPI, Taylor & Francis and IEEE Xplore online databases.
These online databases were selected as the primary data-
bases as they contain a vast amount of up-to-date infor-
mation relevant to this research. In order to gather suffi-
cient knowledge from the above databases, a number of
search terms were utilized. The search terms ‘application of
advanced materials in construction’ and ‘improvement of
material properties by using nanoparticles to modify/ en-
hance their properties’ were used individually and in com-
bination to identify the most relevant studies. These stud-
ies relate to innovative building materials and sustainable
building cooling techniques.
The selection criteria were as follows:
• Inclusion criteria:
• Studies that present PCM (Phase Change Material) appli-
cations in building/thermal systems.
• The research was conducted in hot-arid climates or in Iraq
and the Gulf region.
• Studies that present PCM (Phase Change Material) appli-
cations in buildings or in thermal systems.
• The research was conducted in hot-arid climates or in Iraq
and the Gulf region.
• Experimental, numerical or computer simulation studies
with quantitative results (cooling down loads, energy sav-
ing, increase of thermal conductivity, etc.) on applica-
tions of PCM in buildings or in thermal systems.
• Exclusion criteria:
• Studies outside the 2015–2025 timeframe.
• Papers outside the 2015–2025 time frame. Use of heat in
very cold climates (other than hot-arid climates of the de-
sert in Iraq and the Gulf region).
• Papers lacking quantitative data or peer-review vali-da-
tion.
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Comparative Framework. The selected studies are catego-
rized, compared and evaluated by a fixed framework in or-
der to evaluate and assess their results.
•Reduction of the cooling load in %: how much the cooling
demand is reduced by compared to the reference case.
• Energy savings (%) – the energy saving in electricity con-
sumption due to the PCM incorporation.
• Thermal conductivity improvement (%) : The increase in
thermal conductivity of the PCM by the nano-additives.
• Payback period (years): This indicator characterizes the
economic expediency of a system by comparing the spe-
cific investment with the specific savings.
• Comfort metrics (indoor temperature stability and peak
demand reduction, etc.) that help assess indoor thermal
comfort.
The framework of analysis also enables comparison be-
tween PCM-based strategies and other PCM studies based
on Iraqi paraffin as the PCM, with other nano-enhanced
PCM studies around the world, and also between hybrid
cooling systems and passive cooling systems.
Analytical Approach. Selected data from the reviewed
studies were organized in tables and charts comparing the
studies’ results. The tables include indicators for the com-
pared PCMs and strategies, along with corresponding ref-
erences to enable a comparison. Statistical trends could be
identified in some cases. However, since the used method-
ologies for the experimental investigations strongly differ
regarding test stand, climate and PCM composition, the re-
sults were synthesized in a mainly qualitative manner and
enable a comprehensive and region-specific analysis of the
investigated PCMs and strategies for upgrading building
components.
The review of existing studies on building components is
carried out by means of a structured methodology that en-
ables to collect and compare a wide set of information, thus
providing a complete overview of the state of the art and,
at the same time, enabling to highlight the strengths and
the weaknesses of different approaches, in order to set up
a comparative analysis and a discussion that is consistent
and complete.
Comparative Analysis
Framework for Comparison. In this paper, a number of
studies on the use of various indicators for assessing the
performance of PCM in hot-arid climates were summa-
rized.
• Cooling load reduction (%)
• Energy savings (%)
• Thermal conductivity improvement (%)
• Payback period (years)
• Comfort metrics (temperature stabilization, peak load
reduction) Sahip et al.[25]. An applied experimental work
has been conducted to enhance the performance of solar
still by introducing a novel concept of rotating cotton mesh
fabric inside the distillation chamber. The experiments
have been conducted to investigate the performance of a
novel setup under Kirkuk conditions, and results have been
used to investigate the effect of mechanical augmentation
of the evaporation surface on thermal efficiency and water
productivity. The results showed that by incorporating cot-
ton mesh fabric into the distillation chamber and mechani-
cally revolutionising it within the still, the highest thermal
efficiency and water productivity have been achieved. The
novel setup primarily focused to enhance heat distribution
and evaporation kinetics rather than storing energy. This
paper is in contrast with the review article titled “Review of
solar stills research” by Hicham Johra and Per Heiselberg.
[26]. From an indoor perspective, the thermal dynamics of
buildings are affected a great deal by internal thermal
mass, primarily furniture. The work presented focuses on
the energy performance of a building from this perspective
and outlines the limitations of conventional models that do
not account for mass. The paper also describes the use of
Phase Change Materials (PCM) in enhancing the thermal
mass of a building to increase its energy flexibility. Related
work by Guruprasad Alva et al. [27]. A general overview of
TES systems is given. These are classified into sensible, la-
tent and thermochemical storage. Their relevant material
properties, storage system configurations and a wide vari-
ety of applications, e.g. by means of solar energy as well as
for industrial purposes, are described. Earlier work of the
authors Vineet Veer Tyagi and D. Buddhi is referred to. [28].
The reviewed PCM applications integrated into building en-
velopes and passive heating/cooling systems were system-
atically assessed in terms of their effectiveness to reduce
the buildings’ energy demands. It is observed that, while
Sahip et al. focused in their study on enhancing the real-
time use of thermal energy generated in solar desalination
systems through mechanical means, other studies concen-
trated on storing and regulating thermal energy using ad-
vanced materials. This framework (see figure 1) enables us
to review locally applied paraffin PCM in Iraq, nano-en-
hanced PCM as well as hybrid PCM systems on the one
hand, and passive building design strategies in Saudi Arabia
and the UAE on the other hand.
Fig. 1. Schematic comparison of PCM strategies in hot-arid
climates
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Discussion of Comparative Findings
Iraqi Paraffin PCMs. Local paraffin wax has proven effec-
tive in reducing cooling loads by 20–30% when integrated
into roof structures [5]. Liquid or solid salt storage of heat
is a cheap method which is already well established within
the oil industry in Iraq. Due to their low thermal conductiv-
ity (approximately 0.2 W/m·K), they are, however, not of
much use. Nevertheless, they have a quick payback period
of 2 – 3 years and might be of interest for single houses to
store heat and to save energy.
Nano-Enhanced PCMs. Nano-additives significantly im-
prove PCM performance. Chaichan et al. [9] demonstrated
that Al₂O₃ nanoparticles increased conductivity by 60% and
reduced charging time by more than half. Li et al. [10] To
increase the conductivity of the system whilst retaining
cost and stability, our investigations suggested that the
best option would be to use a combination of TiO₂ and gra-
phene composites. Such a system would offer a 40-50% in-
crease in conductivity with associated reductions in cooling
demand of 35-60% and associated energy savings of 25-
40%. However, it would take 3-5 years to recover the in-
creased material costs.
Hybrid PCM Systems. Hybrid systems integrating PCM with
radiant cooling or capillary tubes provide enhanced ther-
mal buffering. Bogatu et al. [11] reported that radiant PCM
ceilings reduced cooling demand by 27% and maintained
comfort for 83% of occupied hours. Jobli et al. [13]. Capil-
lary tube PCM systems offer a means to decrease the cool-
ing demand by 30–40% and extend the thermal storage pe-
riod. Such systems can also be used for retrofitting of
lightweight buildings, but have a more complex installation
than other PCM systems.
Passive + PCM Synergy. Passive strategies such as shading,
insulation, and optimized glazing remain highly effective.
Rodrigues et al. [2] A study on Saudi villas, which included
passive design measures and the use of Phase Change Ma-
terials (PCM), found a maximum reduction of cooling de-
mand of 68%. It is found that PCM are very effective when
used as an integral component of the building’s overall de-
sign rather than as an add-on to improve the performance
of a material.
Regional Climate Adaptation. Shanks & Nezamifar [3] The
expected increase in cooling demand due to climate change
up to 22% by 2050 and up to 40% by 2080 in the UAE re-
quires immediate action to retrofit buildings with improved
glazing and insulation in order to reduce the cooling de-
mand by 10-35%. PCM and passive cooling measures need
to be implemented in order to increase the climate change
resilience of buildings in the Gulf region. Action needs to be
taken soon.
Results and Discussion
Performance of Local Paraffin PCM. Several studies con-
ducted in Iraq are aimed at assessing the potential of using
local paraffin wax in building envelopes for cooling load re-
duction of buildings. Akeiber et al. [5]. Incorporation of
paraffin PCM into the roof of a building under study caused
a reduction of indoor temperature fluctuations by 20–30%
and energy savings of 15–25% in cooling mode. These re-
sults are very important for cooling-dominated city of Bagh-
dad and other similar cities, where the average summer
maximum temperature exceeds 45 °C. The results are eco-
nomically feasible with payback period of 2–3 years, thus
locally-manufactured PCM can be considered as a cost-ef-
fective building retrofit measure for residential buildings in
Baghdad. Since the thermal conductivity of paraffin PCM
used is low (approximately 0.2 W/m·K), it cannot absorb or
release heat quickly. The results of the present study have
been compared with the results of the study conducted by
A.K. Pandey et al. [29]. Our examples illustrate the diversity
of applications for PCMs for solar thermal, PV or building
systems. As energy that is stored by PCMs during sunshine
can be released again during periods of no sunshine, thus
covering the difference between energy supply and de-
mand, they link up with the system-oriented approach of
Sheng Zhang et al. [30], These researchers attempt to com-
bine renewable energy systems with thermal and electrical
storage in order to create highly efficient near-zero energy
buildings. Such buildings function well under changing
weather circumstances.
There are a number of papers on using solar in building ap-
plications, such as the recent paper by Huakeer Wang et al.
[31]. The results confirm that PCM wallboards are able to
provide stabilization of the indoor temperature and of the
energy consumption. The melting temperatures of optimal
PCM’s are close to the temperature range which is per-
ceived to be comfortable by man (22–26 °C). In addition,
Kai Jiao et al. [32]. A state-of-the-art review of PCM inte-
grated building envelopes, focusing on how the latest en-
capsulation strategies and hybrid systems can enhance
thermal mass, reduce peak demands on cooling and heat-
ing systems and improve occupant comfort. The review
highlights the challenges to the material’s successful use of
cost, safety and performance. [33]. Image segmentation
has recently been the focus of much research, but also
gives rise to a number of problems that currently are not
adequately addressed by available solutions. First and fore-
most, the many different experimental setups and models
employed, lead to a number of serious differences between
the results achieved by different methods, which can not at
present be compared. Therefore, evaluation frameworks
must be standardized. Recent developments also extend
toward sustainability and material innovation. Galina Si-
monsen et al. [34] Bio-based PCMs represent an alternative
to standard materials that provide high thermal storage
while addressing on material level lifecycle/sustainability
related issues. More on that by Zakaria Ouaouja et al..[35],
The article in front of us is a paper on applications of PCM
for cold thermal energy storage systems mainly for refrig-
erating and for cold-chain-logistics. The paper quantita-
tively explains efficiency promotion and environmental
benefits. It is followed by an article on material engineering
by Teppei Oya and his team.[36]. Leverage the vastly un-
derdeveloped market for composite PCMs embedded in
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porous metals to create a material with dramatically in-
creased thermal conductivity that can facilitate faster heat
transfer, a major limitation for traditional PCMs.
Impact of Nano-Enhanced PCMs. Nano-enhanced PCMs
addresses the conductivity limitation of conventional par-
affin. Chaichan et al. [7] demonstrated that adding 3% Al₂O₃
nanoparticles improved conductivity by 60% and reduced
charging time from 13 minutes to 5 minutes. Li et al. [10]
Most recent studies used TiO2 and graphene to increase
the thermal conductivity of a base fluid at very low load-
ings, and reported a large increase in thermal conductivity
of 40–50%. Corresponding cooling load reductions, as well
as reductions in cooling energy and in total energy, were in
the ranges of 35–60% and 25–40%, respectively. Although
the percentage increase in thermal conductivity is very
large, long payback periods of 3–5 years are expected due
to the high cost of the nanoparticles. Of greater im-
portance, the long-term thermal conductivity and effi-
ciency of the cooler were also found to be increased. Nano-
PCMs make it a promising solution for climates with ex-
treme diurnal temperature variations, such as Iraq and the
Gulf.
Hybrid PCM Systems. Hybrid systems integrating PCMs
with active cooling technologies provide additional resili-
ence. Bogatu et al. [11] showed that radiant PCM ceilings
achieved cooling power between 5–27 W/m², reducing
peak loads and maintaining comfort for 83% of occupied
hours. Jobli et al. [13] demonstrated that capillary tube
PCM systems prolonged thermal buffering, thereby reduc-
ing cooling demand by 30–40%. These systems are
particularly attractive for lightweight buildings, where con-
ventional thermal mass is insufficient. However, installa-
tion complexity and higher initial costs may limit wide-
spread adoption without policy incentives. Pushpendra
Kumar Singh Rathore et al. [37] demonstrate that integrat-
ing PCMs into solar thermal technologies—such as solar
water heaters, desalination systems, and solar dryers—sig-
nificantly improves efficiency, productivity, and energy uti-
lization while also contributing to CO₂ emission reduction.
This perspective aligns with earlier comparative work by
Shimin Wang et al. [38], Latent heat storage using PCM’s
(Phase Change Materials) has a much higher energy density
than sensible heat storage systems. Thus, they are much
more compact and very efficient for storing heat. There-
fore, PCM’s are very suitable for long-term storage in CSP
(Concentrated Solar Power) systems. Tung-Chai Ling and
Chi-Sun Poon [39] One field of application for the PCMs are
concretes. By introducing PCMs into concrete, the thermal
properties of the building material can be improved. The
stored heat of the concrete is released during the solidifi-
cation of the concrete and the latent heat of the PCMs is
used for the phase change. Up to now, the mechanical char-
acteristics of the PCMs have not been satisfactory. How-
ever, by a proper choice of the PCM and the integration into
the concrete,the disadvantages of the PCMs can be miti-
gated. The advantages and disadvantages of the use of
PCMs in different fields of application are of the same order
of magnitude as shown in the review of the state of art of
the PCM applications. Thus, thermal, constructive and eco-
nomic disadvantages of the use of PCMs in buildings are of
the same order of magnitude.
Strategy / Study Location Cooling Load
Reduction (%)
Energy
Savings (%)
Thermal Conductiv-
ity Improvement (%)
Payback
Period
(Years)
Ref-
er-
ences
Iraqi Paraffin PCM
(Akeiber, 2016)
Baghdad, Iraq 20–30 15–25 Baseline (0.2 W/m·K) 2–3 [5]
Solar Distillation PCM
(Chaichan et al. 2016)
Najaf, Iraq Productivity
↑ 783%
N/A Baseline paraffin
<2 [7]
Nano-PCM Al₂O₃
(Chaichan et al. 2017)
Iraq (Lab
Study)
35–60 25–40 +60% (3% Al₂O₃) 3–4 [9]
Nano-PCM TiO₂
(Li et al. 2020)
China (Lab
Study)
30–40 20–35 +40% (0.01% TiO₂) 3–4 [10]
Nano-PCM Graphene
(Li et al. 2025)
China (Lab
Study)
40–50 30–40 +50% (low wt%) 4–5 [14]
Radiant PCM Ceiling
(Bogatu et al. 2021)
Denmark
(Exp.)
27 15 N/A 4–5 [11]
Capillary Tube PCM
(Jobli et al. 2019)
UK (Exp.) 30–40 20–35 N/A 3–4 [13]
Hybrid PCM + Passive
(Rodrigues et al.
2025)
Saudi Arabia 68 40–50 N/A 2–3 [2]
Passive Shading + In-
sulation (Saudi)
Riyadh, Saudi 30–37 20–30 N/A 2–3 [2]
Climate Change Ret-
rofit (Shanks & Neza-
mifar 2013)
Dubai, UAE Demand ↑
22–40% (fu-
ture)
Retrofit sav-
ings 10–35%
N/A 3–5 [3]
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Passive + PCM Synergy. Passive strategies remain essential
in hot-arid climates. Rodrigues et al. [2] previously showed
in their study that integrated the passive building features
with latent cooling using PCMs showed 68% energy saving
in cooling for typical Saudi villas. Although the study
showed that PCM’s alone are not sufficient to cool down
the building, they can be effectively integrated with build-
ing design. For under-insulated building stock of a country
like Iraq, integration of PCM’s with passive retrofits can
lead to substantial energy savings as well as a high level of
user comfort.
Regional Climate Adaptation. Climate change projections
underscore the urgency of adopting PCM strategies. Shanks
& Nezamifar [3] Cooling demand in the UAE is expected to
increase by 22% by 2050 and by 40% by 2080 (recent re-
port). A building retrofit using improved glazing and insula-
tion can reduce the increase in cooling demand by 10–35%.
However, such a retrofit does not add any extra thermal
mass buffering capacity, and therefore it is vastly inferior to
a building retrofit using PCM. In countries such as Iraq,
where power cut-offs occur frequently during peak sum-
mer hours, using PCMs in buildings can assist in reducing
mechanical cooling load and help the building to tackle cli-
mate variability.
Comparative Insights. The comparative analysis reveals
several key insights:
• PCMs that were developed within the GCC have low ther-
mal conductivity and are cost-effective.
• PCMs with nano-structure have higher thermal conduc-
tivity than conventional PCMs and are more efficient for
heat transfer. However, the cost of these PCMs is very
high and not suitable for usage.
• Hybrid PCM systems for users have big potential, since
they are cost-effective for building operation and cost
saving. However, the systems under investigation have
too complex structures and are therefore not suitable as
retrofits for existing buildings.
• For the above-mentioned considered systems, the high-
est energy saving is achieved by passive systems in com-
bination with PCMs.
Step by step Recommendations for GCC and Iraq: 1- Local
PCM can be used for building retrofitting by introducing
PCM into building external components such as the roof
and wall layers. 2- Nano- enhanced PCM can be used in fu-
ture high-performance buildings under design and con-
struction. 3- PCM should be used in passive building design
for future new building designs under design and construc-
tion.
The recent review by Laura Vallese et al. [40] This article
offers one of the most comprehensive contributions on TES
by first of all thoroughly classifying the existing TES technol-
ogies (sensible, latent and thermochemical) and then intro-
ducing a structured, open-access database which allows for
a comparison of the TES systems on the basis of efficiency,
costs, applicable temperature and MTRL. The article thus
goes beyond typical reviews on TES and really offers a pow-
erful decision support tool for the users. It closes a signifi-
cant gap in the TES research community by providing, for
the first time, a platform that allows for easy access to TES
information in a structured and comparable way. This will
facilitate the wider application of TES in renewable energy
and HVAC. In contrast, the experimental study by Suresh
and Saini [41] into the storage systems during discharge
shows that latent heat storage systems clearly are more ef-
ficient than sensible heat storage systems. The storage sys-
tems filled with PCMs, in contrast to the storage systems
without PCMs, were able to extend the discharge time by
104 % and to recharge four times the energy. These results
are in good agreement with the large-scale review of PCM-
based systems by Vallese et al. [40].
From a broader environmental and application perspective,
Pieter de Wilde and David Coley [42] emphasize the grow-
ing importance of adapting building energy systems to cli-
mate change, highlighting the need for resilient designs ca-
pable of handling dynamic environmental conditions. TES
technologies, particularly those involving PCMs, are implic-
itly positioned as key enablers for such resilience due to
their capacity to buffer thermal fluctuations [43-45][48].
At the material innovation level, Zhang Tao et al. [49] In this
contribution, a new approach to extend PCM (Phase
Change Materials) applications by using a novel, polypyr-
role-coated carbon nanotube-aerogel as the PCM-matrix,
which is filled with paraffin wax has been developed. The
resulting composite PCM features high thermal conductiv-
ity as well as good thermal cycling stability. So the funda-
mental restrictions of conventional PCMs with respect to
their low thermal conductivity have been removed. The
presented work also enables multi-functional energy con-
version, i.e. by means of solar as well as of electro-thermal
energy. Thus, this contribution finally closes the gap be-
tween energy storage and energy harvesting.
Challenges and Research Gaps
Technical Challenges. Despite the promising results of PCM
and nano-enhanced PCM systems, several technical issues
remain unresolved:
• Thermal Stability: PCM leakage, phase segregation, and
thermal degradation over time reduce reliability and
long-term performance [1].
• Nano-PCM Durability: Stabilizing nanoparticles within
PCM matrices over extended cycles remains difficult, as
agglomeration can reduce conductivity and uniformity
[14].
• Low Conductivity: Even with nano-additives, achieving
uniform heat distribution throughout large PCM volumes
is challenging, particularly in thick building components
[8].
• Integration Complexity: Embedding PCM into walls, roofs,
and floors requires careful design to prevent thermal
bridging and ensure effective heat exchange.
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Fig. 2. Cooling Load Reduction (%) by PCM Strategy. Error bars show reported min–max ranges. The wide ranges for nano-
PCM strategies (e.g., Al₂O₃: 35–60%) reflect a strong dependence on nanoparticle loading and encapsulation configura-
tion—a variability that is itself informative about implementation sensitivity. Data: [2], [5], [6], [8], [9], [46], [47], [50]
Economic Barriers. The production cost of PCMs, as well as
the cost of the nano-additives used, has to be decreased in
order to allow large-scale production of PCMs and the
widespread use of PCM-containing building products for
new building projects.
• The cost of using nanoparticles (e.g. graphene and other
materials) mixed with PCMs in building projects (mainly
residential) is too expensive to use in building.
• PCMs, as well as the required nano-materials, are im-
ported, so there are no local production lines for building
materials containing PCMs
• Market Awareness: PCM technology is still emerging in
regional construction markets, and therefore, there is a
lack of awareness amongst builders and developers.
Practical Challenges.
• Lack of Long-Term Field Studies: The majority of studies
that have been experimental in nature have been con-
ducted in laboratories within the region. These studies
lack long-term in-situ performance data for PCM-contain-
ing building products under a variety of environmental
conditions.
• Lack of Guidelines to Integrate PCMs in Building Codes for
Design and Construction of Buildings.
• If a leakage occurs, the integrity of the encapsulation has
to be checked and maintained.
PCM has to be recognized by the energy policies of Iraq and
the Gulf region as a strategic energy-efficiency measure.
• Absence of regulatory frameworks which include intro-
ducing PCM in building retrofitting in order to increase
energy efficiency with incentives.
• The lack of governmental funding for PCM-related re-
search and pilot projects in Iraq and neighboring coun-
tries.
• PCMs in buildings are not included in sustainability pro-
grams in Iraq and green building certification schemes in
Iraq and the Gulf region in order to enhance energy effi-
ciency and conserve energy, as shown in Figure 3.
Fig. 3. Schematic illustration of PCM integration in building
envelopes
Future Directions and Recommendations
Development of Local PCM. To reduce dependency on im-
ported materials and lower costs, Iraq and neighboring Gulf
countries should invest in developing indigenous PCM for-
mulations.
• Research and Innovation: Establish national research
programs focused on refining local paraffin and
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exploring bio-based PCM alternatives derived from re-
gional resources.
• Local Manufacturing: Create PCM production facilities
to support domestic construction markets and reduce
import costs.
• Material Optimization: Conduct comparative studies on
Iraqi paraffin blends to tailor melting points and stabil-
ity for regional climate conditions.
7.2 Pilot Projects and Demonstrations
Real-world validation is essential for scaling PCM adoption.
• Pilot Buildings: Implement PCM-integrated retrofits in
residential and commercial buildings in Baghdad, Ri-
yadh, and Dubai.
• Performance Monitoring: Collect long-term data on en-
ergy savings, comfort levels, and material durability un-
der actual climatic conditions.
• Knowledge Dissemination: Showcase successful case
studies to promote awareness among architects, engi-
neers, and policymakers.
Integration with Renewable Energy. PCM can complement
renewable energy systems to enhance sustainability.
• Solar-PCM Hybrid Systems: Combine PCM with solar PV
and solar thermal collectors to store excess heat and
improve cooling efficiency.
• Off-Grid Applications: Develop PCM-based cooling sys-
tems powered by solar energy for remote or rural areas.
• Smart Control Integration: Use sensors and automation
to optimize PCM charging/discharging cycles in hybrid
solar-PCM systems.
The experimental work by K.A.D.Y.T. Kahandawa Arachchi
et al. [51] The study addressed the incorporation of organic
and inorganic PCMs into concrete. The study showed that
inorganic PCMs are superior to organic PCMs, as they pre-
serve the mechanical properties of the concrete and en-
hance workability. Inorganic PCMs also improved the ther-
mal resistance of the concrete. The study showed that heat
transfer was delayed by about 9%, and the peak tempera-
ture was reduced. Mohammed El Hadi Attia et al. [52] Bio-
based eutectic PCMs have recently been introduced as an
innovative sustainable option for TES. Bio-based eutectic
PCMs are able to store energy at a wide of operating tem-
peratures and also PCMs in eutectic mixture are able to
reach high energy density values, which are favorable for
low- and medium-temperature applications. In this contri-
bution, bio-based eutectic PCMs are applied for TES at a
structural scale and the results are compared with the re-
sults of the material-optimized PCMs presented by Xinye
Jiang and co-workers recently in a previous work. [53], Re-
cently, encapsulated ternary eutectic PCMs have been in-
vestigated for use in asphalt pavement. These PCMs have a
high latent heat of fusion on a weight basis (up to 212 J/g)
as well as good thermal properties. The use of encapsula-
tion in the form of expanded graphite provides high ther-
mal conductivity as well as the advantage of the leakage of
the PCM from the encapsulation being prevented.
Recently, a review of PCMs has been published by Changlu
Xu et al. [54] The low thermal conductivity of PCMs is a lim-
iting factor for their thermal performance. Here, a survey
of PCM enhancement by incorporating carbon- and metal-
based additives is given. This article provides the theoreti-
cal background for the results presented in several applied
studies such as Jiang et al. [53].
Further advancing PCM engineering for building applica-
tions, Yuanjun Yang et al. [55] We design binary eutectic
hydrated salt composites to have supercooling, improved
phase stability and encapsulation, for prolonged thermal
storage and improved thermal storage efficiency in building
envelopes. Zhongtian Zhang et al. [56] We investigate the
use of organic/inorganic composite PCMs for cold thermal
energy storage. Additives modify hydrogen bonding and
molecular interactions between molecules. In PCMs this
leads to a decrease in melting temperature, a decrease in
supercooling and an increase in storage life. We combine
experiments with Molecular Dynamics simulations.
Policy and Incentives. Governmental support is crucial for
mainstream adoption.
• Financial Incentives: Offer tax credits, grants and/or low-
interest loans to retrofit homes with PCMs and to build
energy-efficient homes as depicted in Figure 4.
• Establish national guidelines for the inclusion of PCMs in
building codes and in sustainable building certifications.
• Education and Training: Support professional develop-
ment programs to train engineers and architects in PCM
design and implementation.
Fig. 4. Framework of PCM development strategies in Iraq
and the Gulf
Conclusion. The review will start from the application of
PCM in buildings to enhance energy efficiency and thermal
comfort in hot climate regions. Encapsulating PCM into
composite materials (e.g. building materials containing
PCM) in the form of paraffin or nano-enhanced PCM is a
method to use PCMs efficiently in hot-arid climates for
building applications. In these climates, using locally made
Iraqi paraffin PCM can reduce the cooling load by 20%–30%
and is cost effective. Moreover, the conductivity of nano-
enhanced PCM can be increased up to 60% by using Al₂O₃,
TiO₂ and graphene etc. The related reduction of cooling
load is between 35%–60%. Utilizing hybrid PCM systems
69
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(e.g. PCM-embedded radiant ceiling and capillary tube net-
works) can not only enhance thermal comfort and also can
reduce peak cooling loads up to 40%. Integrating PCMs with
passive building concepts (e.g. shading, high- performance
insulation and optimal glazing-PCM integration) can save
energy in cooling up to 70%.
However, technical, economic and strategic problems have
to be solved. First of all, problems of using PCMs such as
leaks, instabilities and segregation of the components have
to be solved. On the other hand, there are economic re-
strictions, mainly caused by high prices of nanoparticles
and the lack of producers of PCM in Iraq and the Gulf. Stra-
tegic investments in PCM production on the Iraqi market
are necessary. The biggest problem is lack of national build-
ing regulations as well as political support.
This paper provides suggestions to improve the use of
PCMs in very hot climates such as Iraq and the Gulf.
1. Local PCM materials have to be developed by using par-
affin or bio-based materials which are locally available.
2. Testing of PCM in pilot buildings, especially in residential
buildings, as well as in commercial buildings, in order to
test its efficiency.
3. PCM hybrid cooling system that is integrated with re-
newable energy systems such as solar PV and solar ther-
mal collectors.
4. Establish national standards and to create an environ-
ment that encourages the implementation of PCM
within sustainable building.
PCM can be transformed into innovative building elements
for building in the Middle East. By further developing the
PCM on the basis of locally available paraffin or bio materi-
als and by improved PCM-encapsulations or -composites,
by developing building elements using PCM and by the im-
plementation of PCM into holistic building concepts, new
possibilities for energy-efficient building designs in hot cli-
mate regions are opened up. This could decrease the spe-
cific cooling energy demand, increase user comfort and
support sustainable urban development.
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| id | veorgua-article-621 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-10T01:00:14Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/f2/5137325d5993de1ace4cc348996352f2.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-6212026-07-09T12:14:07Z COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ ОГЛЯД МАТЕРІАЛІВ З ФАЗОВИМ ПЕРЕХОДОМ ДЛЯ ЗНИЖЕННЯ ПОТРЕБИ В ОХОЛОДЖЕННІ В УМОВАХ ЖАРКОГО ТА ПОСУШЛИВОГО КЛІМАТУ: ДОСВІД ІРАКУ ТА КРАЇН ПЕРСЬКОЇ ЗАТОКИ Ahmed, R. Zainy Hayder , Zuhair Zainy Nasr , A. Jabbar Hyder , M. Abdul Hussein sustainable energy, phase change materials (PCM), solar thermal system, thermal energy, energy storage стала енергетика, матеріали з фазовим переходом (PCM), сонячна теплова система, теплова енергія, акумулювання енергії. In hot and dry countries like Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates, buildings need a lot of cooling, which uses up to 70-80% of all the electricity in homes and offices. This reliance on air conditioning makes energy shortages and environmental problems worse. One way to solve this problem is to use Phase Change Materials (PCMs), like paraffin wax, which can store and release heat to keep indoor temperatures stable and reduce the need for cooling. However, the usual PCM doesn't work well because it can't conduct heat easily. This study examines how PCM can be used in hot and dry climates, focusing on three main types: local paraffin PCM, nano-enhanced PCM, and hybrid PCM systems that work with design strategies that don't use energy. We reviewed over 30 studies published between 2006 and 2025 to compare the results. Using local paraffin PCMs from Iraq can reduce the need for cooling by 20-30%, and it can pay for itself in just 2-3 years. The use of PCMs in buildings can help reduce energy consumption and alleviate the pressure on the energy grid, especially during peak summer months. By incorporating PCMs into building design, architects and engineers can create more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings that are better suited to hot and dry climates. Also, the integration of PCMs with passive design strategies can enhance their effectiveness and provide a more comprehensive solution to the cooling demands in these regions. Overall, the application of PCMs in hot and dry climates offers a promising solution to the challenges posed by extreme cooling demands, and further research and development are needed to fully explore its potential and benefits. The adoption of PCM technology will enable us to create more sustainable and energy-efficient buildings, which not only reduce energy consumption but also provide a better and healthier indoor environment for occupants.&nbsp; У країнах із спекотним, посушливим кліматом, таких як Ірак, Саудівська Аравія та Об’єднані Арабські Емірати, будівлі потребують охолодження, на яке припадає до 70–80% загального обсягу споживання електроенергії в житлових і офісних будівлях. Така залежність від систем кондиціювання повітря загострює проблеми дефіциту енергії та негативного впливу на довкілля. Одним із шляхів розв’язання цієї проблеми є використання матеріалів з фазовим переходом (PCM), зокрема парафіну, які здатні акумулювати та віддавати теплоту, підтримуючи стабільну температуру всередині приміщень і зменшуючи потребу в охолодженні. Проте традиційні PCM мають обмежену ефективність через низьку теплопровідність. У цьому дослідженні розглянуто можливість застосування PCM в умовах спекотного й посушливого клімату з акцентом на 3 основні типи: місцеві парафіни PCM, наномодифіковані PCM та гібридні PCM-системи, що включають стратегічні пасивні архітектурні рішення. Нами розглянуто понад 30 наукових праць, опублікованих за період 2006–2025 рр., з метою порівняння отриманих результатів. Встановлено, що використання місцевих парафінових PCM в Іраку дозволяє знизити попит на охолодження на 20–30%, й термін окупності таких рішень становить лише 2–3 роки. Застосування PCM у будівлях сприяє скороченню енергоспоживання та зменшенню навантаження на енергомережі, особливо в періоди пікового літнього попиту. Інтеграція PCM у проєктування будівель дозволяє архітекторам та інженерам створювати більш стійкі й енергоефективні будівлі, краще пристосовані до експлуатації в умовах спекотного, посушливого клімату. Крім того, застосування матеріалів з фазовим переходом (PCM) у поєднанні з пасивними архітектурними рішеннями підвищує ефективність їх використання та забезпечує комплексніший підхід до задоволення потреб в охолодженні в таких регіонах. Загалом застосування PCM у спекотних та посушливих кліматичних зонах є перспективним рішенням для подолання проблем, пов’язаних із високим попитом на охолодження. З метою повнішого розкриття потенціалу та переваг цієї технології необхідні подальші дослідження. Впровадження технологій PCM сприятиме будівництву більш сталих та енергоефективних будівель, які не лише споживають менше енергії, а й забезпечують комфортніші та здоровіші умови для користувачів.&nbsp; Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2026-06-30 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/621 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85).58-71 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 2(85) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 58-71 Возобновляемая энергетика; № 2(85) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 58-71 Відновлювана енергетика; № 2(85) (2026): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 58-71 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/621/532 Copyright (c) 2026 Vidnovluvana energetika |
| spellingShingle | sustainable energy phase change materials (PCM) solar thermal system thermal energy energy storage Ahmed, R. Zainy Hayder , Zuhair Zainy Nasr , A. Jabbar Hyder , M. Abdul Hussein COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF |
| title | COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF |
| title_alt | ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ ОГЛЯД МАТЕРІАЛІВ З ФАЗОВИМ ПЕРЕХОДОМ ДЛЯ ЗНИЖЕННЯ ПОТРЕБИ В ОХОЛОДЖЕННІ В УМОВАХ ЖАРКОГО ТА ПОСУШЛИВОГО КЛІМАТУ: ДОСВІД ІРАКУ ТА КРАЇН ПЕРСЬКОЇ ЗАТОКИ |
| title_full | COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF |
| title_fullStr | COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF |
| title_full_unstemmed | COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF |
| title_short | COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR COOLING DEMAND REDUCTION IN HOT-ARID CLIMATES: INSIGHTS FROM IRAQ AND THE GULF |
| title_sort | comparative review of phase change materials for cooling demand reduction in hot-arid climates: insights from iraq and the gulf |
| topic | sustainable energy phase change materials (PCM) solar thermal system thermal energy energy storage |
| topic_facet | sustainable energy phase change materials (PCM) solar thermal system thermal energy energy storage стала енергетика матеріали з фазовим переходом (PCM) сонячна теплова система теплова енергія акумулювання енергії. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/621 |
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