INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES DUE TO VARIOUS COOLING METHODS

• Date: 2026
• Main Author: Khomutov , S.
• Format: Article
• Language: Ukrainian
• Published: Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2026
• Subjects: virtual inertia; grid-forming inverters; Virtual Power Plant; dynamic stability; inertial-deficit pow-er systems; coordination control; combined power supply systems.
• Online Access: https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/624
• Journal Title: Vidnovluvana energetika

The relevance of the study was determined by the inertial deficit and the growth of technological conflicts in inverter-dominated power systems. Local GFM/VSM (grid-forming inverter/virtual synchronous machine) solutions did not provide system consistency. This justified the need to study the coordination of VSM and VPP (virtual power plant) to increase dynamic stability. The aim of the study was to quantitatively substantiate virtual inertia as a system tool for increasing the frequency-phase stability of combined power supply systems. The methodological apparatus of the study was based on a combination of simulation-based (simulation-oriented (or based on simulation modeling)) modeling of power systems, scenario-driven (scenario-oriented (or controlled by scenarios)) experimental design. It also included parametric analysis of VSM, coordination system modeling of VPP. Additionally, stochastic modeling of RES and load profiles, comparative analysis of control modes, and statistical aggregation of results were used, which provided a reproducible analysis of the dynamic, frequency-phase, and system-coordination stability of combined power supply systems. The generalization of the results showed that the dynamic stability of inertial-deficient combined power supply systems was determined not by isolated stabilizing mechanisms, but by their systemic coherence: the use of VSM provided a reduction in RoCoF (rate of change of frequency) and an improvement in frequency nadir (minimum frequency value) by an average of 40–60%, but left increased frequency-phase variability and regime conflicts, while the integration of VSM with VPP reduced technolog-ical conflicts by 30–40%, reduced peak dynamic risks by 70–80%, and increased the success rate of resyn-chronization to ≈95%, transforming stability from a local effect into a controllable system property under stochastic and emergency scenarios. The scientific novelty consisted in proving that virtual inertia is effective only in combination with the VPP coordination level, as well as in the formation of the “conflict-mechanism-effect” matrix, which showed a 3–4-fold increase in the normalized stabilization efficiency when switching from Baseline to VSM+VPP. The practical significance of the results consisted in the formation of an applied approach to the design of inertia-deficient networks, in which VSM provides dynamic support, and VPP - systemic consistency of regimes. The obtained quantitative estimates (reduction of RoCoF to 70–80% and increase in resynchronization success rate to ≈95%) can be directly used in the planning of microgrids, VPP platforms, and critical infrastructure with a high share of RES.