STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS
This study presents the structural design and experimental evaluation of a portable water desalination system equipped with crystalline solar cells serving as a photothermal absorber, and enhanced with lateral and bottom reflectors. Experiments were conducted under real open-sky conditions in Tashke...
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| author | Tursunov , M. Sabirov , Kh. Akhtamov , T. Abriyev , Sh. Yuldoshov, B. Khaliyarov, J. Jamilov , Y. |
| author_facet | Tursunov , M. Sabirov , Kh. Akhtamov , T. Abriyev , Sh. Yuldoshov, B. Khaliyarov, J. Jamilov , Y. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "M. Tursunov ",
"institution": "S.A. Azimov Institute of Physical-Technical, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Uzbekistan."
},
{
"author": "Kh. Sabirov ",
"institution": "S.A. Azimov Institute of Physical-Technical, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Uzbekistan."
},
{
"author": "T. Akhtamov ",
"institution": "S.A. Azimov Institute of Physical-Technical, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Uzbekistan."
},
{
"author": "Sh. Abriyev ",
"institution": "S.A. Azimov Institute of Physical-Technical, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, Uzbekistan."
},
{
"author": " B. Yuldoshov",
"institution": "Termez State University, Termez, Uzbekistan."
},
{
"author": " J. Khaliyarov",
"institution": "Termez State University, Termez, Uzbekistan."
},
{
"author": "Y. Jamilov ",
"institution": "Navoi State University, Navoi, Uzbekistan."
}
] |
| author_sort | Tursunov , M. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-09T12:14:07Z |
| description | This study presents the structural design and experimental evaluation of a portable water desalination system equipped with crystalline solar cells serving as a photothermal absorber, and enhanced with lateral and bottom reflectors. Experiments were conducted under real open-sky conditions in Tashkent during the spring and summer seasons of 2025. The use of reflectors increased the solar radiation flux incident on the heat collector surface by 40–60%, reaching values exceeding 1500–1550 W/m² in the full-reflector configuration. As a result, the maximum working water temperature rose to 90–95°C, significantly accelerating the evaporation and condensation processes. Consequently, the overall thermal efficiency of the system increased to 55–65%, while the hourly and daily freshwater productivity improved by 45–50% and 35–40%, respectively.  |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85).306-316 |
| first_indexed | 2026-07-10T01:00:30Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
306
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
UDC: 620.91:628.16.942 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2026.1(84).306-316
STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED
WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS
Received Feb. 19, 2026; accepted Jun. 26, 2026
Available online June. 30, 2026
Tursunov M.1, Sabirov Kh.2, Akhtamov T.3,
Abriyev Sh.4, Yuldoshov B.5, Khaliyarov J.6,
Jamilov Y.7
Author for correspondence: Axtamov Tohir Zuhriddin ogli,
e-mail: tohiraxtamov@gmail.com
Abstract. This study presents the structural design and experimental
evaluation of a portable water desalination system equipped with
crystalline solar cells serving as a photothermal absorber, and en-
hanced with lateral and bottom reflectors. Experiments were con-
ducted under real open-sky conditions in Tashkent during the spring
and summer seasons of 2025. The use of reflectors increased the so-
lar radiation flux incident on the heat collector surface by 40–60%,
reaching values exceeding 1500–1550 W/m² in the full-reflector con-
figuration. As a result, the maximum working water temperature
rose to 90–95°C, significantly accelerating the evaporation and con-
densation processes. Consequently, the overall thermal efficiency of
the system increased to 55–65%, while the hourly and daily freshwa-
ter productivity improved by 45–50% and 35–40%, respectively.
Key words: solar radiation, solar cell array, reflector, heat collector,
cooling system, conventional solar still.
СТРУКТУРА ТА ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СИСТЕМИ ОПРІСНЕННЯ ВОДИ
НА СОНЯЧНІЙ ЕНЕРГІЇ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ВІДБИВАЧІВ
Отримано 19 лют. 2026 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 26 чер. 2026 р.
Доступно онлайн 30 чер. 2026 р.
Турсунов М. Н.¹, Сабіров Х.², Ахтамов Т. З.³,
Абрієв Ш. А.⁴, Юлдошов Б. А.5, Халіяров Ж. Х.6,
Жамілов Ю. Ю.7
Автор для кореспонденції: Ахтамов Тохір Зухріддін огли,
e-mail: tohiraxtamov@gmail.com
У цьому дослідженні представлено конструкцію та експери-
ментальну оцінку портативної системи опріснення води,
оснащеної кристалічними сонячними елементами як фото-
термічним абсорбером, з додатковими бічними та нижніми
відбивачами. Експерименти проводились у реальних умовах ві-
дкритого неба в Ташкенті протягом весни та літа 2025 року.
Використання відбивачів збільшило потік сонячного ви -
промінювання, що падає на поверхню теплоакумулятора, на
40–60%, досягаючи понад 1500–1550 Вт/м² у конфігурації з по-
вним набором відбивачів. Внаслідок цього максимальна
1 Doctor of technical sciences, professor
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-8479
2 PhD in technical sciences, professor
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5325-6015
3 Senior Researcher
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-0999
4 Basic doctoral student
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8982-8896
5 PhD, Senior Teacher,
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-6596
6 PhD, Senior Teacher
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3360-0817
7 PhD, Associate Professor
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-639X
1, 2, 3, 4 S.A. Azimov Institute of Physical-
Technical, Academy of Sciences of the
Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent,
Uzbekistan.
5, 6 Termez State University, Termez,
Uzbekistan.
7 Navoi State University, Navoi,
Uzbekistan.
1 д-р. технічних наук, професор
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7559-8479
2 канд. техн. наук, професор
https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5325-6015
3 ст. наук. співроб.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0587-0999
4 базовий докторант,
https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8982-8896
5 PhD, ст. викладач
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6614-6596
6 PhD, ст. викладач
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3360-0817
7 PhD, доцент
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8487-639X
1,2,3,4 Фізико-технічний інститут імені
С.А. Азімова Академії наук Республіки
Узбекистан, Ташкент, Узбекистан.
5,6 Термезький Державний Університет,
Термез, Узбекистан.
307
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
робоча температура води підвищилась до 90–95 °C, що зна-
чно прискорило процеси випаровування та конденсації. Відпо-
відно, загальна теплова ефективність системи зросла до
55–65 %, а годинна та добова продуктивність прісної води пі-
двищилась на 45–50 % та 35–40 % відповідно.
Ключові слова: сонячне випромінювання, масив сонячних еле-
ментів, відбивач, теплоакумулятор, система охолодження,
звичайний сонячний випарник.
1. Introduction of research work
At present, the rapid increase in the demand for potable
water has led to a global water scarcity issue. This situation
is also evident in the Central Asian region, where expert
forecasts indicate that by 2050, water resources in the Syr
Darya basin may decrease by up to 5%, and in the Amu
Darya basin by up to 15%. Moreover, due to population
growth, the total water demand in Uzbekistan is expected
to reach 7 billion m³ by 2030, with the possibility of dou-
bling by 2050. Uzbekistan is among the countries with high
solar radiation, experiencing an average of 270 days of clear
and sunny weather annually. During the summer months,
solar radiation flux density can reach up to 1000 W/m².
Among the most convenient and sustainable energy
sources, solar energy stands out and is currently widely uti-
lized in various sectors serving human needs. One of these
applications is the desalination of saline water to produce
freshwater, which remains one of the simplest and most
widespread methods [1]. In general, solar water desalina-
tion systems exhibit a variety of structural configurations,
each demonstrating specific characteristics and efficiency
performance [2].
Fig. 1. Various structural designs of solar water desalina-
tion systems [3]
The configurations shown in Fig. 1 include single-slope [4],
single-basin [5], double-slope [6], stepped [7], V-type [8],
cylindrical [9], hemispherical [10], double-basin [11], in-
clined [12], conical [13], multi-effect [14], triangular [15],
desalination tower [16], multi-stage tubular [17], pyramid-
shaped [18], tubular [19], and oval-shaped [20] systems.
Despite numerous experimental studies conducted on solar
water desalination units with diverse structural configura-
tions, the identification of the most optimal design remains
a complex and unresolved issue. This complexity arises
from a combination of interrelated factors, including mete-
orological conditions, operational modes, geographical lo-
cation, system operating duration, and the varying proper-
ties of materials used in fabrication.
Compared to other technologies, reverse osmosis (RO) is
widely employed due to its high efficiency; however, it re-
quires substantial energy consumption and complex
maintenance [21]. Similarly, Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) distil-
lation is effective for large-scale water production but de-
mands very high energy input [22]. Membrane distillation
(MD) offers an alternative approach that utilizes a temper-
ature gradient and consumes relatively less energy, alt-
hough its scalability remains limited [23]. Solar distillers (so-
lar stills), on the other hand, provide an environmentally
friendly solution, leveraging natural solar energy to purify
saline water and representing a promising technology for
potable water production [24]. These systems operate by
heating saline water in a basin using solar radiation, while
the generated vapor condenses on a relatively cooler trans-
parent surface (glass), yielding distilled water [25]. Despite
the simplicity of their design and low operational costs, the
daily productivity of solar distillers remains relatively low,
necessitating extensive research on design improvements
and optimization through computational modeling [26, 27,
28]. Enhancing system efficiency is generally achieved by
redesigning the unit, substituting materials, or integrating
additional heating sources. While these approaches can im-
prove performance to some extent, they are often econom-
ically expensive and challenging to implement on a large
scale [29,30]. Nevertheless, solar-based desalination units
are recognized as an effective solution for purifying con-
taminated or saline water, especially in remote areas lack-
ing a centralized water supply. The water purification pro-
cess inherently requires significant energy input, and
recent increases in conventional fuel costs have further un-
derscored the need to utilize renewable energy sources
[31]. The productivity of solar distillers is primarily linked to
the intensification of evaporation and condensation
1, 2, 3, 4 Фізико-технічний інститут імені
С. А. Азімова Академії наук Республіки
Узбекистан, Ташкент, Узбекистан.
5, 6 Термезький Державний Університет,
Термез, Узбекистан.
7 Навоїйський Державний Університет,
Навої, Узбекистан.
308
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
processes within the system. Overall efficiency depends on
several critical design and thermal factors, including the
depth of the evaporation basin, the solar radiation absorp-
tion capacity, heat transfer characteristics, and thermal
losses through the bottom and side walls [32]. These con-
straints have driven extensive scientific research aimed at
enhancing the performance of solar distillers. Notably, ad-
vanced technical solutions such as thermal energy storage
systems [33], reflectors, integration of solar collectors, and
external cooling systems [34] have been proposed. The ob-
jective of the present study is to develop a novel type of
desalination unit in which a solar cell array is used as the
absorber material in combination with reflective surfaces.
This configuration aims to achieve higher efficiency com-
pared to conventional solar stills by optimizing the capture
and utilization of solar energy.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Structural design of the system
Within the scope of this study, a solar water desalination
unit was developed as a high-efficiency portable system de-
signed to convert saline and mineralized water into
environmentally safe drinking water. The primary compo-
nent of the system is a heat collector (HC). The heat collec-
tor was fabricated in the form of a rectangular box using
AISI 316 stainless steel sheets with a thickness of 1 mm. The
high corrosion resistance of this material, as well as its sta-
bility in saline environments, ensures long-term and relia-
ble operation of the system.
The heat collector basin has a rectangular geometric shape
with internal dimensions of 700×500×8 mm. This design al-
lows for a relatively shallow water layer, promoting rapid
and uniform water heating and intensifying the evapora-
tion process. The total active heat-absorbing surface area
of the system is 3300 mm². The device is equipped with
high-reflectivity reflectors made of aluminum composite
material, installed on the upper part and both lateral sides.
These reflectors concentrate solar radiation onto the col-
lector from three directions with an approximate optical in-
cidence angle of 120°, achieving an optical concentration
coefficient of C ≈ 1.9–2.1. As a result, the overall solar radi-
ation intensity incident on the collector surface was nearly
doubled.
Fig. 2. Cross-sectional view of the reusable liquid section of the saline water desalination system
The system consists of several functional layers and components, each contributing to the overall thermal efficiency and
the production of clean drinking water. The layers and their technical specifications are as follows (Fig. 2):
• a – Aluminum composite (Alucobond)-based steel frame (2 mm),
• b – Thermal insulation layer made of sintofon material (5 mm),
• c – Nickel-based heat collector (1 mm),
• d – Heat-absorbing solar cells (3 mm),
• e – Reusable water basin (8 mm),
• f – Transparent tempered glass (4 mm),
• g – Rubber sealing strip (0.7 mm),
• h – Steel frame fastener (2 mm).
309
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
Incident solar radiation (hυ) passes through the transpar-
ent tempered glass and is absorbed by the solar cells posi-
tioned inside the heat collector. The angle of incidence (α)
and the reflection angle (β) are shown in the schematic, il-
lustrating the trajectory of solar radiation within the dis-
tiller. This configuration ensures optimal heat collection
and retention, thereby accelerating the evaporation rate
and significantly enhancing the overall freshwater produc-
tion efficiency.
The internal section of the thermal collector (TC) is equipped
with a crystalline silicon-based photovoltaic module with a
nominal power of 60 W. The module consists of a front trans-
parent protective glass layer with a thickness of 1.2–1.5 mm,
a central layer comprising 108 interconnected solar cells, and
a rear polymer-based laminating layer. The photovoltaic
structure absorbs incident solar radiation and converts it into
thermal energy, thereby ensuring effective utilization of the
total thermal energy within the system.
2.2 Condensation system and cooling mechanism
To achieve rapid and efficient condensation of the gener-
ated water vapor, a cooling system constructed from high
thermal conductivity copper material was employed. The
cooling system accelerates the condensation process by
rapidly reducing the vapor temperature, causing the result-
ing water droplets to flow under gravity into the lower
water collection container. Consequently, high-quality pu-
rified drinking water is obtained.
2.3 Experimental conditions
The experiments were conducted in 2025 under sunny
weather conditions at the Heliofield of the Institute of Phys-
ics and Technology in Tashkent. Each experimental run was
carried out between 10:00 and 17:00. During the experi-
ments, the initial salinity of the saline water was main-
tained at 30–35 g/L, and the initial water temperature was
t₀ = 12–15°C. Each experiment was repeated at least three
times, and the average values were considered for analysis.
The heat collector was positioned at an inclination angle of
26° relative to the horizontal. This angle was selected to op-
timize the perpendicular incidence of solar radiation based
on the geographical latitude of Tashkent.
2.4 Measurement methodology and instruments
During the experiments, water temperature in the heat col-
lector basin, ambient temperature, and solar radiation in-
tensity were measured at 30-minute intervals. Tempera-
ture readings were obtained using a TA-278 culinary
thermometer, while solar radiation intensity was measured
using a Di-LOG SL101 pyranometer. The amount of pro-
duced freshwater was determined using a calibrated grad-
uated cylinder (Table 1).
Table 1. Measuring instruments used during the experimental process
Instrument Parameter Resolution Error Measurement range
Di-LOG SL101 pyranometer
Solar radiation flux
density
0,1 W/m2 ±5 W/m2 0-2000 W/m2
TA-278 thermometer Temperature 0,1°C ± 1°C -50 …+300°C
Calibrated graduated cylin-
der
Freshwater productiv-
ity
1 ml ± 1 ml 0-500 ml
3. Results and Discussion
In this study, the performance of the newly designed solar-
powered water desalination system was evaluated based on
the temporal variation of solar radiation flux density incident
on the heat collector (HC). The effective volume of the heat
collector, which constitutes the main component of the sys-
tem, was 8.7 liters, and it required an average of 3 minutes
to fill completely [35]. Under solar irradiation, the heating of
saline water initiated the evaporation process, which on av-
erage began after approximately 35 minutes [36]. The gen-
erated water vapor was condensed within a dedicated cool-
ing system, and over an average duration of 47 minutes, the
resulting droplets accumulated and were collected as puri-
fied water in a designated container.
The components shown in Fig. 3 are as follows: 1 – reflec-
tors positioned on the upper part and both lateral sides of
the device, 2 – active evaporation process, 3 – freshwater
storage container. This study presents experimental data
corresponding to the improved configuration of a portable
solar-powered water desalination system.
The temporal variation of the total solar energy incident
on the surface of the heat collector (HC) can be deter-
mined using the following integral expression:
Qin= Ac ∫ 𝐺(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡
0
(1)
where Qin is the total solar energy incident on the collector
surface during the given time interval (J), Ac is the active
surface area of the heat collector (m²), G(t) is the time-de-
pendent solar radiation flux density (W/m²), and t is the du-
ration of the experiment (s).
This expression allows for the calculation of the total solar
energy received by the collector and serves as a key ener-
getic parameter for evaluating the thermal efficiency of the
system. The integral expression accounts for the temporal
variation of measured solar radiation intensity under real
operating conditions, providing an accurate assessment of
energy input during the experiment.
310
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
Fig. 3. View of the portable solar-powered water desalination system [37]
10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 t, (h:m)
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
I, W/m2
Influence of the left-side reflector
Influence of the right-side reflector
Incident radiation on a plane surface
S
o
la
r
ir
ra
d
ia
n
ce
Hour
Fig. 4. Temporal variation of solar radiation incident on the front surface of the water desalination unit
The graph presented in Fig. 4 shows the temporal variation
of the maximum and minimum solar radiation observed on
March 17, 2025. Solar radiation is influenced by several pri-
mary factors, including atmospheric effects, geographic lo-
cation, temporal factors, and solar activity [38, 39]. In order
to enhance the efficiency of solar energy utilization, in-
creasing the solar radiation flux directed onto the heat col-
lector (HC) is a key technological objective. One of the op-
timal solutions for this purpose is the use of a reflector
system, which increases solar energy input and maintains
its stability throughout the day, making it a recognized sci-
entific and practical approach.
Increasing the solar radiation flux accelerates the genera-
tion of thermal energy within the solar cell array located
inside the collector. In this study, the solar radiation flux di-
rected onto the collector surface was measured under dif-
ferent reflector configurations, and its temporal variation
was analyzed. According to the graph, under open-surface
conditions, the maximum solar radiation flux was approxi-
mately 720–730 W/m² around midday.
When a left-side reflector was applied, the radiation flux in-
creased significantly between 10:20 and 13:20, reaching a
maximum of 1110–1130 W/m². For the right-side reflector
configuration, the radiation flux was mostly observed in the
range of 1080–1100 W/m². These results indicate that the
additional radiation directed onto the collector surface by
the reflectors significantly increases the incident solar radi-
ation intensity compared to the open-surface case.
Furthermore, the graph shows that in the left-reflector con-
figuration, the radiation intensity remained relatively sta-
ble throughout the day, with peak values recorded near
midday. This behavior can be explained by the alignment of
the reflector angle with the sun’s diurnal movement.
311
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
Table 2. Quantitative comparison of experimental results on March 17, 2025
Condition
Maximum solar radiation
W/m²
Average solar radiation
W/m²
Relative Increase%
Open surface 725 ± 15 610 ± 20 –
Left-side reflector 1120 ± 20 945 ± 25 54.9
Right-side reflector 1090 ± 20 920 ± 30 50.8
Overall, the experimental results presented in Table 2 con-
firm that the use of reflectors for concentrating solar en-
ergy accelerates heat generation within the heat collector
and represents an important technical solution for enhanc-
ing the efficiency of solar-based water desalination sys-
tems.
10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
E, W/m2
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
E, W/m2
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
E, W/m2
Total radiation from the reflectors. Effect of the left-side reflector.
Effect of the right-side reflector. Open surface.
E=1000W/m
2
, AM=1,5
S
o
la
r
ra
d
ia
ti
o
n
f
lu
x
d
en
si
ty
Hour
Fig. 5. Temporal variation of solar radiation measured on the front surface of the water desalination unit
The data presented in Fig. 5 were obtained on July 14, 2025,
for the fully equipped reflector configuration (i.e., combined
radiation from all reflectors). The solar radiation flux density
incident on the heat collector reached a maximum of 1530–
1550 W/m². This result indicates an increase of over 50%
compared to the standard solar radiation intensity of 1000
W/m² under AM 1.5 spectral conditions [40]. Under the
influence of the left-side reflector, the solar radiation flux
density varied between 1100 and 1170 W/m² during the
time interval from 10:10 to 13:10. For the right-side reflector,
the measured flux density ranged from 1050 to 1150 W/m².
These results demonstrate that the use of reflectors can in-
crease the solar radiation incident on the collector surface by
40–60% through additional directed radiation.
Table 3. Maximum and average solar radiation values under reflector influence
Condition
Maximum solar radiation
W/m²
Average solar radiation
W/m²
Relative Increase%
Open surface 980 ± 20 840 ± 25 –
Left-side reflector 1160 ± 25 1010 ± 30 20.2
Right-side reflector 1120 ± 25 980 ± 30 16.7
Full reflector system 1540 ± 30 1310 ± 35 55.9
The enhancement of solar radiation flux by the reflectors
(Table 3) can be explained through geometric concentra-
tion. Solar rays reflected from the reflector surfaces are di-
rected onto the collector surface, thereby increasing the
overall radiation balance. As a result, the rate of heat gen-
eration on the collector surface is accelerated, leading to
an increased water heating rate and higher evaporation in-
tensity.
312
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
The higher performance observed in the left-reflector con-
figuration can be attributed to the optimal alignment of the
reflector angle, the diurnal motion of the sun, and the re-
flectivity coefficient. In particular, the attainment of peak
radiation flux near midday confirms that the reflector posi-
tioning ensures a near-perpendicular incidence of solar ra-
diation on the collector surface.
The data presented in Fig. 6 were obtained on July 14,
2025, and show the temporal variation in water tempera-
ture within the HC basin and in ambient air temperature
over the period from 10:00 to 17:00. The results indicate
that, with increasing solar radiation intensity, the water
temperature in the HC basin rose rapidly. At the initial stage
of the experiment, the water temperature was approxi-
mately 25 °C, reaching its maximum value of 90–95 °C near
midday (between 12:30 and 13:00). This behavior can be
attributed to the efficient absorption of solar energy by the
heat collector and the accumulation of thermal energy
within the water.
During the afternoon, as solar radiation decreased, a
gradual decline in the water temperature was observed.
Nevertheless, the water temperature remained elevated
for an extended period, indicating that the collector ma-
terial possesses a high heat capacity and experiences rel-
atively low heat losses. This characteristic is critical for
maintaining stable evaporation rates throughout the
day.
The ambient air temperature remained significantly lower
than the water temperature and exhibited relatively minor
fluctuations over the course of the day. The maximum am-
bient temperature reached approximately 27–28 °C, fol-
lowed by a decreasing trend. The considerable tempera-
ture difference between the water and the surrounding air
establishes a high thermal gradient in the collector, thereby
enhancing the evaporation rate and improving the overall
thermal efficiency of the desalination system.
Overall, the experimental results confirm that the devel-
oped solar-based water desalination unit effectively utilizes
solar thermal energy and maintains a high-temperature op-
erational regime within the HC basin, demonstrating its po-
tential for efficient performance under real-world condi-
tions.
11:00 12:30 14:00 15:30 17:00 t (h:m)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
T, oC
Water temperature in the thermal collector basin
Air temperature
Hour
T
em
p
er
at
u
re
Fig. 6. Temporal variation of water temperature in the heat collector (HC) basin and ambient air temperature
ty of the solar cell-based desalination unit equipped with reflectors
The data presented in Fig. 7 were obtained on
March 17, 2025. At the beginning of the experiment, at
10:00 AM, the hourly freshwater productivity was approxi-
mately 50–70 ml/m²·h. With the increasing solar radiation
intensity, this value rose rapidly, reaching a maximum of
410–430 ml/m²·h between 12:30 and 13:30. This repre-
sents an approximately 6–7-fold increase (~500–600%) rel-
ative to the initial value. After midday, as solar radiation de-
creased, the hourly productivity gradually declined,
reaching around 150–170 ml/m²·h by 16:30, corresponding
to a reduction of approximately 60–65% from the peak value.
This decline is attributed to the slowdown in the evapora-
tion process and the decrease in the heat collector temper-
ature.
The cumulative daily freshwater productivity, represented
by the C curve, increased continuously throughout the day,
reaching 3200–3400 ml/m² by the end of the experiment. At
the beginning of the day, this value was nearly zero; by the
early afternoon, it reached 1600–1800 ml/m², accounting for
approximately 50–55% of the final cumulative productivity.
This indicates that the main part of the distillation process
occurs during the period of peak solar radiation.
313
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
10:30 12:00 13:30 15:00 16:30 t, (h:m)
0
100
200
300
400
V, ml Hourly freshwater productivity
Daily cumulative productivity
Time
H
o
u
rl
y
f
re
sh
w
at
er
p
ro
d
u
ct
iv
it
y
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
V, ml
D
aily
cu
m
u
lativ
e p
ro
d
u
ctiv
ity
Fig. 7. Temporal variation of hourly and daily freshwater productivi
The experimental results confirm that the solar cell-based
desalination unit, enhanced with reflectors, can effectively
utilize solar energy. Specifically, the high peak hourly
productivity and the cumulative daily yield of 3.2–3.4 L/m²
indicate that the processes of heat collection, evaporation,
and condensation occur efficiently. These findings demon-
strate that the solar cell-based desalination unit achieves
high performance in solar thermal energy collection, water
evaporation, and vapor condensation, leading to effective
freshwater production.
In this study, the term “solar cell” refers not only to a sem-
iconductor device that converts solar radiation into electri-
cal energy, but also to an active surface that absorbs a por-
tion of solar energy as heat. A solar cell is typically based on
a silicon p–n junction structure, where incident photons
generate electron–hole pairs that are separated by the in-
ternal electric field, producing an electric current. However,
a significant fraction of the incident solar radiation is not
converted into electricity and is instead absorbed as ther-
mal energy, leading to an increase in the cell temperature.
This heat absorption process becomes particularly im-
portant under high solar irradiance conditions, as it signifi-
cantly affects the overall system performance. In the pro-
posed system, the solar cell operates simultaneously as an
electrical energy generator and as a thermal absorber. With
the use of reflectors, the incident radiation flux is in-
creased, enhancing heat accumulation on the cell surface,
which in turn contributes to the intensification of the water
evaporation process. Structurally, the solar cell consists of
a protective front glass, an anti-reflective coating, semicon-
ductor layers (p-type and n-type), metallic contacts, and a
back support layer. Its surface thus plays a dual role, ena-
bling both photovoltaic conversion and effective absorp-
tion and transfer of thermal energy.
Table 4. Comparative analysis of freshwater productivity
Parameter
Conventional Solar Dis-
tiller
Proposed Unit Difference / Gain
Maximum solar radiation 900-1000 W/m² 1500–1550 W/m² +50–60%
Maximum water temperature 65–75°C 90–95°C +25–30%
Thermal efficiency 30–35% 55–65% +80–90%
Hourly freshwater productivity 150–180 ml/m²·h 240–280 ml/m²·h +45–50 %
Daily cumulative productivity 2400–2600 ml/m² 3200–3400 ml/m² 35–40 %
Conclusion
In this study, a novel portable solar-powered water desali-
nation system was developed and experimentally investi-
gated. The system is based on photovoltaic (PV) elements
used as photothermal absorbers and enhanced with side
and bottom reflectors. Unlike conventional solar distillers,
where a simple black surface is typically used as a heat ab-
sorber, this design employs an array of crystalline silicon
314
Відновлювана енергетика. № 1/2026 | Гідро-воднева енергетика
solar cells, which significantly improves the absorption of
solar radiation and its conversion into thermal energy. This
constructive solution represents one of the key distinctions
from previously proposed systems and contributes to en-
hancing the overall thermal performance of the device.
In addition, the integration of multi-directional reflectors
constitutes an important technical advantage. While con-
ventional systems utilize only direct solar radiation, the
proposed device increases the radiation flux incident on the
collector surface by 40–60% through optical concentration.
As a result, the total solar radiation intensity reaches up to
1500–1550 W/m², which is substantially higher than the
typical range of 900–1000 W/m². Experimental results (Ta-
ble 4) demonstrate that the combined effect of enhanced
photothermal conversion and radiation concentration via
reflectors leads to an increase in the working water tem-
perature up to 90–95 °C. This elevated temperature regime
intensifies evaporation and condensation processes,
thereby improving freshwater production efficiency.
Consequently, the overall thermal efficiency of the system
reaches 55–65%, which is approximately 80–90% higher
than that of conventional solar distillation systems. Moreo-
ver, the hourly freshwater production increases by 45–
50%, while the cumulative daily yield reaches 3.2–3.4 L/m²,
representing a 35–40% improvement compared to tradi-
tional systems. Importantly, the proposed device operates
entirely without conventional energy sources such as elec-
tricity or fuel. This makes it particularly suitable as an envi-
ronmentally friendly and sustainable solution for remote
and arid regions lacking centralized water and energy sup-
ply infrastructure. In conclusion, the integration of photo-
voltaic-based photothermal absorption with reflector-as-
sisted solar radiation concentration effectively overcomes
the low-efficiency limitations of conventional solar distill-
ers. The developed system offers significant advantages, in-
cluding high efficiency, low operational costs, structural
simplicity, portability, and independence from external en-
ergy sources, making it a promising and practical solution
for freshwater production under real climatic conditions.
This work constitutes a part of an ongoing comprehensive
research project, and the results obtained represent an im-
portant stage within the broader scope of investigations.
The findings provide both theoretical and practical founda-
tions for future studies and create a basis for further in-
depth research in this field.
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| id | veorgua-article-637 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-10T01:00:30Z |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
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| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/9a/68f14b0b0542528657ab57ab99adbb9a.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-6372026-07-09T12:14:07Z STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS СТРУКТУРА ТА ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СИСТЕМИ ОПРІСНЕННЯ ВОДИ НА СОНЯЧНІЙ ЕНЕРГІЇ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ВІДБИВАЧІВ Tursunov , M. Sabirov , Kh. Akhtamov , T. Abriyev , Sh. Yuldoshov, B. Khaliyarov, J. Jamilov , Y. solar radiation, solar cell array, reflector, heat collector, cooling system, conventional solar still. сонячне випромінювання, масив сонячних елементів, відбивач, теплоакумулятор, система охолодження, звичайний сонячний випарник. This study presents the structural design and experimental evaluation of a portable water desalination system equipped with crystalline solar cells serving as a photothermal absorber, and enhanced with lateral and bottom reflectors. Experiments were conducted under real open-sky conditions in Tashkent during the spring and summer seasons of 2025. The use of reflectors increased the solar radiation flux incident on the heat collector surface by 40–60%, reaching values exceeding 1500–1550 W/m² in the full-reflector configuration. As a result, the maximum working water temperature rose to 90–95°C, significantly accelerating the evaporation and condensation processes. Consequently, the overall thermal efficiency of the system increased to 55–65%, while the hourly and daily freshwater productivity improved by 45–50% and 35–40%, respectively.  У цьому дослідженні представлено конструкцію та експериментальну оцінку портативної системи опріснення води, оснащеної кристалічними сонячними елементами як фототермічним абсорбером, з додатковими бічними та нижніми відбивачами. Експерименти проводились у реальних умовах відкритого неба в Ташкенті протягом весни та літа 2025 року. Використання відбивачів збільшило потік сонячного випромінювання, що падає на поверхню теплоакумулятора, на 40–60%, досягаючи понад 1500–1550 Вт/м² у конфігурації з повним набором відбивачів. Внаслідок цього максимальна робоча температура води підвищилась до 90–95 °C, що значно прискорило процеси випаровування та конденсації. Відповідно, загальна теплова ефективність системи зросла до 55–65 %, а годинна та добова продуктивність прісної води підвищилась на 45–50 % та 35–40 % відповідно.  Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2026-06-30 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/637 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85).306-316 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 2(85) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 306-316 Возобновляемая энергетика; № 2(85) (2026): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 306-316 Відновлювана енергетика; № 2(85) (2026): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 306-316 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2026.2(85) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/637/547 Copyright (c) 2026 Vidnovluvana energetika |
| spellingShingle | solar radiation solar cell array reflector heat collector cooling system conventional solar still. Tursunov , M. Sabirov , Kh. Akhtamov , T. Abriyev , Sh. Yuldoshov, B. Khaliyarov, J. Jamilov , Y. STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS |
| title | STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS |
| title_alt | СТРУКТУРА ТА ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ СИСТЕМИ ОПРІСНЕННЯ ВОДИ НА СОНЯЧНІЙ ЕНЕРГІЇ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ВІДБИВАЧІВ |
| title_full | STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS |
| title_fullStr | STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS |
| title_full_unstemmed | STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS |
| title_short | STRUCTURE AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF A SOLAR-POWERED WATER DESALINATION SYSTEM ENHANCED WITH REFLECTORS |
| title_sort | structure and experimental analysis of a solar-powered water desalination system enhanced with reflectors |
| topic | solar radiation solar cell array reflector heat collector cooling system conventional solar still. |
| topic_facet | solar radiation solar cell array reflector heat collector cooling system conventional solar still. сонячне випромінювання масив сонячних елементів відбивач теплоакумулятор система охолодження звичайний сонячний випарник. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/637 |
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