ratchet effect ретчет-ефект Brownian motors броунівські мотори Brownian motor Parrondo’s paradox games Parrondo’s paradoxical game absorption peak activation energy carbon nanotubes controlled diffusion transport dichotomous process diffusion nanotransport diffusion transport dipole chain exciton state game theory approach jump-like model mechanism of optical absorption movement reversal nanocomposite near-surface mass transfer nonequilibrium fluctuations orientation-structured system on a surface polyester resin polymer structure potential fluctuations spatial asymmetry stochastic dichotomous process temporal asymmetry