Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке

Öz , C.

doi:10.15407/archaeologyua2025.02.091

Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке

The Hellenistic pottery found in Myra and its port of Andriake are the subject of the study. The article examines pottery of this period such as two-handled cups, mouldmade relief bowls, West Slope wares, a kantharoid skyphos, rolled rim plates, a mortarium, a brazier, a thymiaterion, an unguentariu...

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Опубліковано в:	Археологія
Дата:	2025
Випуск:	2
Сторінки:	91-110
ISSN:	2616-499X
Автори та афіліації:	C. Öz — Associate Professor, PhD, the Dicle University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Archaeology, Diyarbakır, Turkey
Автор:	Öz , C.
Формат:	Стаття
Мова:	Англійська
Опубліковано:	Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2025
Теми:	Мира (Лікійська) порт Андріаке елліністичний період елліністична кераміка.
Онлайн доступ:	https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/416
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Назва журналу:	Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface
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Chemistry, Physics and Technology of Surface

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description	The Hellenistic pottery found in Myra and its port of Andriake are the subject of the study. The article examines pottery of this period such as two-handled cups, mouldmade relief bowls, West Slope wares, a kantharoid skyphos, rolled rim plates, a mortarium, a brazier, a thymiaterion, an unguentarium, ointment or medicine bottles and terracotta lamps. The pottery of the Hellenistic period was used in the city and its port between the third quarter of the 4th century BC and the 1st century BC. The most intensive use of ceramics dates back to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.
doi_str_mv	10.15407/archaeologyua2025.02.091
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fulltext	НАЦIОНАЛЬНА АКАДЕМIЯ НАУК УКРАЇНИ • IНСТИТУТ АРХЕОЛОГIЇ НАН УКРАЇНИ НАУКОВИЙ ЖУРНАЛ – ЗАСНОВАНИЙ У 1947 р. ВИДАЄТЬСЯ ЩОКВАРТАЛЬНО КИЇВ 2  2025 АРХЕОЛОГIЯ Головний редактор ЧАБАЙ В. П., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України Редакцiйна колегiя БОЛТРИК Ю. В., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України БУЙСЬКИХ А. В., член-кореспондент НАН України, Iнститут археологiї НАН України ГАРДІ С. Е., PhD, Університет ім. Рея Хуана Карлоса, Іспанія ДЖIНДЖАН Ф., професор, доктор хаб., почесний професор унiверситету Париж 1 Пантеон Сорбонна, Францiя ЗАЛIЗНЯК Л. Л., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет «Києво-Могилянська академiя» КАЙЗЕР Е., професор, доктор хаб., Вiльний унiверситет Берлiну, Німеччина ОТРОЩЕНКО В. В., професор, доктор iсторичних наук, Нацiональний унiверситет «Києво-Могилянська академiя» ПЛАВІНСЬКИЙ М. О., кандидат історичних наук, Варшавський університет, Польща ПОТЄХIНА I. Д., кандидат iсторичних наук, Iнститут археологiї НАН України РАБІНОВІЦ А., PhD, Техаський університет в Остіні, Сполучені штати Америки ФОРНАСЬЄ Й., професор, доктор хаб., Галле-Віттенбергський університет імені Мартіна Лютера, Німеччина ШЕВЧЕНКО T. М., кандидат історичних наук, Інститут археології НАН України (вiдповiдальний секретар) NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF UKRAINE • INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY NAS OF UKRAINE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL – FOUNDED IN 1947 FREQUENCY: QUARTERLY Editor-in-Chief CHABAI V. P., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Editorial Board BOLTRYK Yu. V., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine BUISKYKH A. V., Corresponding Member of the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine DJINDJIAN F., Professor, Dr. Hab., Professor of the University of Paris 1 Pantheon Sorbonne, France FORNASIER J., Professor, Dr. Hab., Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany HARDY S. A., PhD, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain KAISER E., Professor, Dr. Hab., Free University of Berlin, Germany OTROSHCHENKO V. V., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy PLAVINSKI M. O., PhD in History, University of Warsaw, Poland POTEKHINA I. D., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology of the NAS of Ukraine RABINOWITZ A., PhD in Classical Archaeology, University of Texas at Austin, the USA SHEVCHENKO T. M., PhD in History, Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine (Executive Secretary) ZALIZNIAK L. L., Professor, DSc in History, National University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy ARHEOLOGIA KYIV 2  2025 ЗМIСТ CONTENTS Articles БІЛИНСЬКИЙ О. О. Процеси урбанізації ран- нього залізного віку в східноєвропейскьому лісо- степу: вступ до теми ФІАЛКО О. Є. Топова жіноча прикраса з кургану Огуз ШРАМКО І. Б. Бронзові дзеркала з поховань курганного некрополя Скоробір VOZNYI I. P. Familiarising the Population of the Northern Part of Bukovina with Firearms in the Second Half of the 14th — 15th Centuries Discoveries and Recent Finds ОЗ Дж. Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке History of Science KOROST I. I. The Set of Sites of the Territory and Vicinity of the Bilsk Hillfort: Main Results of the Initial Stage of Research Статтi BILYNSKYI O. O. Processes of Early Iron Age Urbanisation of Eastern European Forest-Steppe: The State of the Art FIALKO О. Ye. Top Women’s Jewellery From the Ohuz Kurgan SHRAMKO I. B. Bronze Mirrors from the Burials of the Skorobir Necropolis ВОЗНИЙ І. П. Ознайомлення населення пів- нічної частини Буковини з вогнепальною зброєю в другій половині ХІV—ХV ст. Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки ÖZ C. A General Evaluation of the Hellenistic Pottery from Myra and Andriake Iсторiя науки КОРОСТ І. І. Комплекс пам’яток території й округи Більського городища: головні підсумки робіт на початковому етапі дослідження 5 32 46 68 91 111 Хронiка До 60-рiччя Iгоря Готуна Пам’яті Світлани Бессонової News Review To the 60th anniversary of Ihor Hotun In memory of Svitlana Bessonova 147 149 ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 91 Новi вiдкриття та знахiдки УДК: 904. 23(38)”652” https://doi.org/10.15407/arheologia2025.02.091 © Öz Cüneyt, 2025 — Associate Professor, PhD, the Dicle University, Faculty of Letters, Department of Archaeology, Diyarbakır, Turkey, ORCID: 0000-0003-4229-1398, cuneyt. oz@outlook.com © Інститут археології НАН України, 2025 A GENERAL EVALUATION OF THE HELLENISTIC POTTERY FROM MYRA AND ANDRIAKE C. ÖZ of Andriake belong to a wide range of dates, from the 4th century BC2 to the 7th century AD(For the buildings at Andriake, see: Horrea Hadriani/Gra- narium: Çevik, Bulut 2010, p. 45; Çevik, Bulut, Aygün 2014, p. 236-237; Aygün 2018, p. 182; Öz 2020, p. 19; Plakoma/Agora: Aygün 2018, p. 153- 155; Çevik, Bulut 2011, p. 5; East Bath: Çevik, Bulut 2014, p. 236, 239; West Bath: Çevik, Bulut 2010, p. 46; Çevik, Bulut 2014, p. 234-236; Öz 2020, p. 23-24; Honouring Monuments: Çevik, Bulut 2010, p. 46; Çevik, Bulut 2011, p. 8; Aygün 2018, p. 190; Port Structures: Çevik, Bulut 2010, p. 45; Aygün 2018, p. 165; Wine Workshops: Çe- vik, Bulut, Akyürek 2013, p. 93-94; Aygün 2018, p. 202-203; Synagogue: Çevik et al. 2010, p. 349; Churches: Bulut, Şengül 2014, p. 85, dn. 39). The subject of this study is the Hellenistic pot- tery unearthed at Myra (theatre) and Andriake (southern settlement) during the excavation sea- sons of 2009–2012 and 2016–2024 (figs. 2–3). One of the aims of the study is to determine the Hellenistic pottery repertoire of Myra and its port and to study the material through periodical devel- opment. The other is to obtain new data on the his- torical situation of Myra and Andriake in the Hel- lenistic period. There is no comprehensive study of Hellenistic pottery from Myra and its port of Andriake, except for the article An Overview with Selected Exam- ples of the Hellenistic and Roman Pottery from the Andriake Synagogue Excavation written in 2015 (Özdilek 2015, p. 89-117)3. In this article, Hel- lenistic period drinking cups (two-handled cups, mouldmade relief bowls, West Slope wares, a kan- 2 For the 4th century BC rock tombs found in Myra see: Tıbıkoğlu 2021. For the theatre, see also: Çevik 2010, p. 64; 2015, p. 370. 3 The braizer (Öz C. 2022b), the two-handled cups (Öz C. 2023) and the mouldmade relief bowls (Öz C. 2022a), which are briefly summarised in the article, have been stud- ied separately by the author. The Hellenistic pottery found in Myra and its port of Andriake are the subject of the study. The article examines pottery of this period such as two-han- dled cups, mouldmade relief bowls, West Slope wares, a kantharoid skyphos, rolled rim plates, a mortarium, a brazier, a thymiaterion, an unguen- tarium, ointment or medicine bottles and terracot- ta lamps. The pottery of the Hellenistic period was used in the city and its port between the third quar- ter of the 4th century BC and the 1st century BC. The most intensive use of ceramics dates back to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. K e y w o r d s : Myra (Lycia), Andriake Port, Hellenistic Period, Hellenistic Pottery Myra, one of the cities of central Lycia, is locat- ed in the Demre district of the modern province of Antalya. The city, built on the plain where the My- ros (Demre) stream meets the Mediterranean Sea, is a port city due to its port of Andriake, located on the edge of Andriakos (Kokarçay) to the south-east (fig. 1). The Middle and Late Chalcolithic and Iron Ages pottery recovered from the theatre of Myra dur- ing the 2020–2021 excavation season have brought the history of the city back considerably contrary to what was known before (Çevik, Bulut 2022a, p. 36-38)1. The four stone axes found on the sur- face at Andriake suggest that the city’s history may be dated back further (Çevik, Bulut 2022a, p. 35, fig. 21). The extant buildings in Myra and its port 1 In previous studies, based on concrete data, the 4th century BC is suggested as the historical beginning of the city (Çe- vik 2016, p. 224). This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.uk ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 292 Fig. 1. Location of Myra and Andriake in Lycia, after: Thomsen 2020, p. 13, fig. 1 tharoid skyphos), vessels for food service and pre- paring (rolled rim plates, a mortarium, a brazier), for religious useage (a thymiaterion), for oil (an unguentarium), for ointment or medicine bottles (a lykion) and for other purposes (terracotta lamps) are examined4. Drinking Cups Two-Handled Cups. Two-handled cups are considered to be a con- tinuation of the kylikes (Kögler 2014, p. 159)5; they have an upright, high and concave rim, a conical up- per and lower body separated by a sharp line, a hori- zontal handle attached to the upper body and raised to form a π-shape and a ring base (fig. 4). These cups, which appeared in the late 3rd century BC (Kögler 1996, p. 64; 2010, p. 89; Doksanaltı 2007, p. 10-11)6 and were widely produced at Knidos (Kassab, Tuna 1988, p. 54; Tuna 2000, p. 649; Doksanaltı 2003, p. 28-29) in the 2nd century BC, were used until the second quarter of the 3rd century AD (Yener-Mark- steiner 2020, p. 151). This type of cups, of which lo- 4 Amphorae from the Hellenistic period, which are the subject of another study, are excluded from the scope of this article. 5 For different designations, see also: Kos bowls: Hayes 1971, p. 258, 265, fig. 8: 8, 15: 24; Kos/Knidos bowls: Kögler 1996, p. 64; Knidian or carinated cups: Kögler 2014, p. 158-159. 6 This date is not certain. cal imitations are known to have been made in many cities: Milet, Ephesus, Pergamon, Athens, Kos, Rho- dos, Priene, Limyra, Patara, Halikarnassos, Iasos ve Berenice. (Doksanaltı 2007, p. 12; Kögler 2010, p. 92-94, dn. 374), is widespread in North Africa (Be- renice: Riley 1979, fig. 110: 615–617; Kenrick 1985, p. 58-61, fig. 10: B82.1–4), Eastern Mediterranean7, Greece8, Cyprus9, Jerusalem (Rosenthal-Heginbot- tom 2014, p. 204-205, pl. 4.2: 11), Black Sea Coast10, and Anatolian cities11. 7 Samaria: Crowfoot J., Crowfoot, G., Kenyon 1957, p. 266- 267, fig. 57: 3–4; Tell Keisan: Mlynarczyk 2002, p. 132, fig. 6: 92; Dor: Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 354, fig. 6.7: 9–10. 8 Athens: Thompson 1934, p. 373, 396, fig. 58: D17, 84: E52; Robinson 1959, pl. 1: F30, 32, 5: G51; Rotroff 1997, fig. 23: 395–404; Vogeikoff-Brogan 2000, p. 307, fig. 11: 36; Knossos: Hayes 1971, p. 259, 265, fig. 9: 8, 15: 24. 9 Paphos: Hayes 1991, fig. 47: 39; Hayes 2003, p. 471, fig. 13: 131. 10 Pantikapaion: Žuravlev, Žuravleva 2014, p. 268, fig. 13: 5. The authors interpret this example as an imitation of the Knidos two-handled cups. See also: Žuravlev, Žuravleva 2014, p. 269. 11 Knidos: Kassab, Tuna 1988, p. 57, fig. 10–11; Kassab-Tezgör 2003, pl. 32: 5, 8; Kögler 1996, taf. 20.1, 4; Kögler 2014, p. 159, fig. 2; Doksanaltı 2003, pl. 30: 1–7; Doksanaltı 2007, p. 14, lev. 1; Tarsus-Gözlü Kule: Jones 1950, p. 216, pl. 122: 81, A; Xanthos: Pellegrino 2003, p. 220, fig. 8: 10; Patara: Işın 2007, p. 145, fig. 9; Işın 2008, taf. 42: 2–4, 43: 1–3; Tlos: Sezgin 2017, p. 1111, lev. 244: 2199; Milet: Yener-Mark- steiner 2020, p. 147, dn. 633; Iasos: Gasperetti 2003, p. 147, pl. 91: 22; Angiolillo, Pilo 2014, р. 19, fig. 17; Ephesus: ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 93 Fig. 2. Theatre of Myra, © Myra-Andriake Excavation Archives Fig. 3. Andriake Southern Settlement Plan, after: Aygün 2018, plan 5/1 Two-handled cups are represented by 31 ex- Waldner 2017, p. 207, 210, taf. 311: K112, 318: K157; Kyaneai/Avşar Hill: Rückert 2008, taf. 40: F6421; Limyra: Yener-Marksteiner 2020, p. 149-156, taf. 23-26: KL.17- 54; Priene: Wiegand, Schrader 1904, p. 432, abb. 550: 134; Labraunda: Hellström 1965, pl. 15: 293–294, 17: 339–340. amples from Myra and Andriake (fig. 4)12. These were unearthed in the excavations of the theatre at Myra (fig. 2); Synagogue, in front of the Gra- narium, Honour Monuments and Wine Work- shops at Andriake (fig. 3). The Myra and An- 12 The two-handled cups [pi (π)-handled bowls] from Myra and Andriake are analysed in Öz 2023, p. 667-693. ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 294 Fig. 4. Two-handled Cups, © E and C. Öz driake samples were examined in two different types. Type 113 is dated to the 2nd — 1st centu- ries BC. Type 214 — to the late 1st century BC — 2nd century AD (Öz 2023, p. 675-678, pic. 3–8). Among the two-handled cups from Myra and Andriake dominate Roman examples. The smooth and original π-shaped handles of the Ro- man Type 2 two-handled indicate that they were made in the Hellenistic tradition. The locally produced two-handled cups found in the ancient city of Limyra in the same region were also pro- duced to characterise late Hellenistic properties (Yener-Marksteiner 2020, p. 150). Some of the cups at Myra and Andriake have different col- ours on the inside and outside. This feature is 13 The yellowish red, brown and dark grey clays of the Type 1 bowls are tempered with lime, silver mica and fine black sand grains. The slips are red, dark grey and dark reddish grey. 14 The yellowish red, reddish yellow, reddish yellow, reddish brown, brown, and dark greenish grey clays of the Type 2 are tempered with lime, silver mica and black fine sand grains. The semi-gloss and matt slips are dark reddish grey, reddish brown, dark grey, red, grey, dark greenish grey, greenish grey and black. very similar to the one found in Knidos. There are also monochrome examples, and these are very similar to the ones found in Limyra. There- fore, the Myra-Andriake two-handled cups have similar features with both the Knidos and Limy- ra examples. Myra must have purchased these cups through its port from Knidos and Limyra. Mouldmade Relief Bowls. These drinking cups are one of the most popu- lar pottery vessels of the Hellenistic period. They were used between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC15 (Bouzek, Jansová 1974, p. 15). It is known that mouldmade relief bowls were produced in An- tiocheia in the 1st — 2nd centuries AD (Waagé 1948, p. 30), although their use declined due to the spread of sigillata in the mid-1st century BC (Akamatis 1993, p. 22). Mouldmade relief bowls are of two main types. The first is the Attica type, which has a convex rim and a deeper body and was produced from the last quarter of the 3rd to the mid- 15 It is believed that the bowls appeared in the late 3rd century BC (Burke, Pollitt 1975, p. 91). ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 95 dle of the 2nd centuries BC (Rotroff 1982, p. 33; Kossatz 1990, p. 2). The second is the Delos type, produced between the second quarter of the 2nd and the second quarter of the 1st centuries BC, with its flatter, more vertical profile, narrow hemispherical shape, flat and inverted rim and flat base compared to the Attic type (Thompson 1934, p. 454; Lau- monier 1977, p. 2-3, 7; Kossatz 1990, p. 2). It is known that bowls of the Delos type were produced intensively in Ephesus (Seiterle 1982, p. 145-149; Mitsopoulos-Leon 1991, p. 13, 67-74; Gassner 1997, p. 71-88; Dereboylu 2001, p. 28-44), Mile- tus (Kossatz 1990, p. 104-108) and Priene (Wie- gand, Schrader 1904, p. 401-409). It is thought that, in addition to these places, they were also produced at the north of Ionia, in Aeolia(Kyme: Bouzek, Jansová 1974, p. 17; Phokaia: Civelek 2004; Myrina: Courby 1922, p. 402; Thompson 1934, p. 459) and in Mysia(Pergamon: de Luca, Radt 1999, p. 92; Daskyleion: Dereboylu 2003, p. 55-56). Thirty-five pieces of mouldmade relief bowls were unearthed at the theatre of Myra in 2011. Ac- cording to Courby's (Courby 1922, p. 325 etc.) and Rotroff’s (Rotroff 1982, p. 14 etc.) typologies, there are three main groups of mouldmade relief bowls at Myra16. These are bowls with imitations of a pine cone, overlapping leaves and floral decoration (ro- settes and long petals)17 (fig. 5). As a result of the an- alogical evaluations, the examples from Myra were dated to the second half of the 2nd — the first half of the 1st centuries BC. The clay and slip of these bowls are similar to those of Ephesus, one of the workshops of western Anatolia that influenced the Attica and Delos types. In addition, the signature of the “Philon” workshop under the base of one of the moulded relief bowls is the evidence of the Ephesus origin of the Myra examples (fig. 5: Öz C. 2022a, p. 113-138). Despite their quantitative rarity, the ty- pological diversity of the bowls shows that the elites of Myra in the Hellenistic period were enthusiastic about feasting their eyes at their tables. West Slope Wares. West Slope wares appeared in Athens at the end of the 4th century BC (Thompson 1934, p. 311) and were produced until the second half of the 1st centu- ry BC (Rotroff 1991, p. 60). These items appeared in 16 The mouldmade relief bowls found in the theatre of Myra were examined in detail: Öz C. 2022a, p. 113-138. 17 The samples that could not be included in any of the group were evaluated under the heading of ‘other samples.’ (Öz C. 2022a, p. 124). Fig. 5. Mouldmade Relief Bowls, C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 296 Fig. 6. West Slope wares, C. Öz Anatolia in the middle of the 3rd century BC and were used until the 1st century BC18 (Behr 1988, p. 102; Şimşek 2021, p. 69). West Slope wares, which spread throughout the Mediterranean and aroused great in- terest, were widespread in many cities19 as imported or imitated locally produced pottery (for their produc- tion, see: Rotroff 2002, p. 98-99). Apart from plac- es of production(Ephesus: Mitsopoulos-Leon 1991, p. 43; Gassner 1997, p. 59-69; Pergamon: Rotroff, Oliver 2003, p. 37-38; Tarsus: Jones 1950, p. 159- 163; İtalya-Rhodos-Knossos-Ivy Platter group: Rot- roff 2002, p. 98-102. The West Slope wares produced in Ephesus and Rhodos show more influence from Pergamon production (Rotroff 2002, p. 98). except Athens, Pergamon is thought to have exported great quantities of West Slope ware to western Anatolia and the Mediterranean (Rotroff 2002, p. 99-101). The main feature of these pottery items is the inci- sion technique of some details (branches, etc.) of the floral motifs in white, yellow or orange-yellow on a black slip background (Duman 2013, p. 192). Three pieces of pottery belonging to the West Slope were revealed in the theatre at Myra20 (fig. 6, cat. nos. 1–3). One of the potsherds belongs to the 18 The Pergamon-made example (amphora) from Paphos is contextually dated to the mid-2nd century BC (Hayes 1991, p. 6, 108, cat. no. 1, pl. 2: 18). Moreover, if the dates of the Pergamon-made amphorae found in Tarsus, dated to the first half of the 3rd century BC (Jones 1950, p. 219, cat. nos. 115–116, fig. 125) are correct, it can be said that these ceramics were produced in Pergamon soon after their appearance in Athens. 19 For detailed information on the cities where the West Slope wares were found and their general distribution, see: Rot- roff 2002, p. 97-115. 20 Apart from the West Slope wares, very few pottery painted in the red-figure technique were recovered from the rock tombs at Myra. See: Tıbıkoğlu 2021, p. 216. rim and body of the bowl (fig. 6: 1), but the other two body sherds (fig. 6: 2–3) are very difficult to determine to which pottery form they belong. On one of the bowls there is a wreath of olive leaves, and on the other examples there are motifs of ivy leaves and branches (fig. 6: 1–3). The decoration is made in a yellowish-white colour on a black slip background. There are colour differences of the black slip. The clays are reddish brown and yellow- ish red in colour, well sifted and without admixture (cat. nos. 1–3). There are no similar items. Given the dates of the thymiateria, two-handled cups and mouldmade relief bowls found at the same site as the West Slope wares21, a date between the late 3rd and 1st centuries BC can be suggested for the West Slope items discovered at Myra. The irregularity of the decoration, the shades of colour and the dif- ferent slip structures compared to the Athenian ex- amples suggest that West Slope finds at Myra may have belonged to local workshops producing Ana- tolian22 origin West Slope wares. A Kantharoid Skyphos. A single piece of skyphos from the Hellenistic Pe- riod was discovered at the theatre of Myra. The frag- ments of the rim and handle should belong to a kan- tharoid skyphos (fig. 7). The rim of the thumb-han- dled skyphos is flat. The clay is reddish yellow and the lining is black with a slightly slithery texture (cat. no. 4). 21 See: a thymiaterion, two-handled cups and mouldmade relief bowls in current publication. 22 The decorative repertoire of the West Slope wares produced at Ephesus is limited: ivy, olive wreaths and a spearhead necklace (Rotroff 2002, p. 98). The decoration types of the Myra examples are also limited, but the scarcity of examples found does not suggest that they were made in Ephesus. ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 97 The fact that it was found as a very small frag- ment prevents us from understanding where ther- body and base form of the skyphos fits into the classification (Jehasse 1978, p. 74). Similar exam- ples found at Salamis (Jehasse 1978, fig. 43: 750) and Amathonte (Burkhalter 1987, p. 376, fig. 11: 106–107) in Cyprus have been dated to the 2nd cen- tury BC. The Myra example must also be from the same period. Vessels for Food Service and Preparing Rolled Rim Plates. These plates which are dated from the beginning of the 4th century BC, have a raised ring at the base and a thick, rolled rim. It is the type of plate that was most frequently seen in Attica during the Hellenis- tic period. Samples from Attica have been import- ed to other sites since the early Hellenistic period and are frequently seen (Rotroff 1997, p. 142-143). The plates are dipped lined and without ornaments. According to Rotroff, plates with a rim diameter of 12–15 cm were produced in the second half of the 4th century BC; those with a rim diameter of 16– 26 cm — the late 4th — late 3rd centuries BC; exam- ples between 23–27 and 34–41 cm were produced in the second half of the 2nd century BC and later. Rounded rim plates with a wide range of rim diame- ters were produced in the late 2nd and early 1st centu- ries BC (Rotroff 1997, p. 143). Rotroff classified this type of plates according to the rim diameter based on the Athenian Agora examples. However, the rim di- ameters of this type of plates from the second quarter of the 2nd century BC at Patara are different from the Agora items (Işın 2007, p. 139)23. Therefore, these types of plates of various sizes must have been pro- duced in other cities (for Corinthian examples, see: Edwards 1975, pl. 4: 104–105). The bases of the rolled rim plates found at the theatre of Myra are broken and missing (fig. 8, cat. nos. 5–6). The diameter of the mouth varies between 11-10 cm. The Myra samples do not fit Rotroff’s chronological classification according to rim diameter. In addition, the clay and slip colours (cat. nos. 5–6) differ from those of the Athenian Agora. The plate under no. 6 in the catalogue is shallower than the other (cat. no. 5). These plates were found in Hellenistic contexts in the Eastern Mediterranean (Jones 1950, figs. 178–179: 1, D-E, 34, 36; Hellström 1965, pl. 33: 58; Edwards 1975, pl. 4: 104–105; Rotroff 1997, p. 142-143; Işın 2007, p. 138-139). In terms of the typological de- velopment of the plates, the Myra examples should be dated to the first half of the 2nd century BC 23 In the subsequent publications, the same type of plates was dated to the second half of the 4th century BC (Dündar, Rauh 2017, p. 535, figs. 38–39). 0 5 cm Fig. 7. Kantharoid Skyphos, C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 298 (Jones 1950, fig. 179: 34, 36; Rotroff 1997, fig. 48: 680–681). The origin of the rolled rim plates found at Myra is currently unknown. A Mortarium. Early examples were found in the late 8th centu- ry BC and were widespread in many regions (East- ern Mediterranean, Levant, Cyprus, Aegean, Egypt, Northern Syria, Southern Anatolia, Pannonia, Galia, Germany and Britain.) in the 7th—6th centuries BC (Lehmann 1996, p. 388-389, taf. 25, 26: 159–164; 1998, p. 15, 18, fig. 6: 17–18; Waldbaum, Magness 1997, p. 39–40; Bellelli, Botto 2002, p. 277; Vil- ling 2006; Zukerman, Ben-Shlomo 2011, p. 89-93, tab. 1). Inscribed examples of mortariums used in the Hellenistic period are found in the Roman peri- od (Hayes 1967; for inscribed examples, see: Yang- aki 2009). These wares were also used in other areas of everyday life (Matteucci 1987; Villing 2006, p. 35; Zukerman, Ben-Shlomo 2011, p. 88, dn. 4, 6; Öz 2021, p. 296, etc.), and besides the kitchen (Moritz 1958, p. 151; Matteucci 1987, p. 246-252; Villing 2006, p. 35; Villing, Pemberton 2010, p. 614). A mortarium was unearthed among the Hel- lenistic pottery in Myra and Andriake. Part of the mouth and body of the mortarium is intact, the other parts are broken and missing (fig. 9, cat. no. 7). The slightly inverted rim has a groove. The protruded rim is slightly sagging. The body narrows towards the base. There is a deep channel on the spout, the end of which widens out on either side. The mor- tarium is dated to the third quarter of the 4th centu- ry BC (Jones 1950, pl. 143: 353; Sparkes, Talcott 1970, p. 370, pl. 92: 1908). A Brazier. Braziers, perhaps one of the most important tools and equipment of Antiquity, were used for many dif- ferent functions such as heating, cooking in the kitch- en, oblation and sacred cooking in the temple (Nocoń 2016, p. 105-106). Although there is still debates as to where they are produced, it is thought that they are made in the Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean re- gions (for detailed information, see also: Şahin 2001, p. 127-130; Nocoń 2016, p. 104-105). The portable braziers have a cylindrical body on a cylindrical base, a deep hemispherical fire cauldron/bowl with a hole in the bottom where the burning takes place, and han- dles/attachments with figures that prevent the pot on the fire from direct contact with the fire and keep it stable (Şahin 2001, p. 91, fig. 1). A brazier fragment was unearthed during exca- vations at the theatre of Myra in 2011. The porta- ble brazier fragment has an egg array and a relief 0 5 cm 1 2 Fig. 8. Rolled Rim Plates, C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 99 dot decoration in the centre of a circle (fig. 10). Similar decorations are shown on the top of the braziers. The example from Myra is also thought to belong to the fire cauldron or bowl (the upper part) of a brazier. Analogies with mouldmade re- lief bowls found in the same area suggest that the brazier fragment is dated between the second half of the 2nd — first half of the 1st centuries BC (Öz C. 2022b, p. 196-197). Vessels for Religious Use Thymiateria. The first depiction of a thymiaterion appears on reliefs decorating a funerary monument from the fourth dynasty (2840–2680 BC) in Egypt (Wigand 1912, p. 2)24. Archaeological remains from the Greek (late 4th century BC) and Etruscan (last quar- ter of the 6th — mid 4th centuries BC) periods show that thymiateria were burnt for the gods at funer- als, symposiums and banqueting feasts. While thy- miateria were a sign of prestige or wealth used by Greek nobles, they were also used as a balancing device that Etruscan dancers placed on their heads (Ambrosini 2013, p. 15-20). The censers used in Byzantine church services and funerals were also thymiateria (for detailed information, see: Aca- ra 1998, p. 194). In addition to their use in tem- ples and in the houses, it is thought that thymia- teria were left in graves as a gift to the deceased. Thymiateria made of precious metals were record- ed among temple inventories, exhibited at festi- 24 For examples of thymiateria from various civilisations, see also: Wigand 1912, taf. 1–4. vals and adorned the tables of the rich, while those made of terracotta were used in the houses of or- dinary people, because they were cheaper (Rotroff 1997, p. 210). In 2020, three thymiateria were discovered in the orchestra of the theatre of Myra (fig. 2). Two of them have concave profiles with convex rims, the body/ bowl looks like a circular bowl when viewed from above and is connected to the circular base by a long cylindrical foot25 (fig. 11: 2–3; cat. nos. 9–10). The other example differs in that the body/bowl part is made as a whole with the heavy cylindrical foot (fig. 11: 1; cat. no. 8). There are various admixtures in brown thymiateria clays, such as: lime, mica, sand and silver mica. The slips are dark grey. Cat. no. 8 be- longing to the thymiateria is dated to the third quar- ter of the 3rd century BC according to the analogy (Rotroff 1997, p. 382-383, pl. 109: 1440). The other two samples26 (cat. nos. 9–10) are dated to the 2nd— 1st centuries BC on the basis of the two-handled cups and terracotta lamps (Çevik, Bulut 2022b, p. 399, pic. 12) found in the context (fig. 12). Considering the area where they were revealed in the theatre of Myra and the numerous terracotta figurines found to- gether, it can be assumed that thymiateria were used for votive or ritual purposes. However, a few terra- cotta lamps, two-handled cups and jugs in this con- text remind us that it should not be overlooked that this place may have been used as a bothros. 25 It is known that a lid was used for thymiateria (Bayram 2022, p. 12). However, the lids of the Myra examples were not discovered. 26 A similar example of a thymiaterion was found at the ware- house at Rhodiapolis (Lycia), but has not been published. Fig. 9. Mortarium, C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2100 Vessels for Oil An Unguentarium. There are two basic forms of unguentaria (Hell- ström 1965, p. 24; Anderson-Stojanović 1987, p. 106-107): fusiform and bulbous. Fusiform un- guentaria were widely used between the 4th and 1st centuries BC (Rotroff 2006, p. 15). The general characteristics of the early fusiform unguentarium are the convex mouth, short neck, wide shoulders, swollen body and thick/short foot. In later exam- ples, the neck and foot are elongated and the body takes on the appearance of a spindle (Civelek 2006, p. 49). The foot, which was absent or short in the early examples, became equal in height to the neck as the form lengthened, especially in the 2nd centu- ry BC (Yıldız 2016, p. 6). The bulbous form contin- ued to be used from the mid 1st century BC to the late 6th century AD (Camilli 1999, p. 18). The con- vex rim, long/cylindrical neck, large bulbous body and flat base are the general features of bulbous un- guentaria (Anderson-Stojanović 1987, p. 106-108). Apart from these two main forms, there are inter- mediate forms, which Hayes refers to the “domed- mouth type” (Hayes 1991, p. 68) and Dündar — to the “eşen type” (Dündar 2008, p. 27-30). Three fusiform27 (cat. no. 11–13) and one domed-mouthed28 (cat. no. 14) unguentaria were discovered at the theatre of Myra. Cat. nos. 11–13 27 A total of 25 fusiforms were unearthed and the well- preserved ones are discussed in this article. All the unguentarium from Myra and Andriake are being studied by D. Doğan as a master thesis. See: Doğan 2024. 28 A total of seven domed-mouthed unguentariums were un- earthed in the city. See: Doğan 2024, p. 46. of the fusiform unguentarium have convex rims, cylindrical necks, globular bodies, long feet and flat bases (fig. 13: 1–3). The neck and the foot parts of these are of almost the same height. The clays, which contain lime, fine sand, silver mica and chammotte, are reddish yellow and yellow- ish red, and the slips are pink and light brown. On the basis of similar examples (Hayes 1991, pl. 15: 6; Anderson-Stojanović 1992, pl. 67: 577; Rotro- ff 2006, pl. 56: 512; Dündar 2008, pl. 10: U86; Kaya, Temür 2021, p. 152, fig. 28), a date be- tween the late 2nd — first half of the 1st centuries BC can be suggested for the fusiform unguentar- ia. Cat. no. 14 belongs to the domed-mouth type (fig. 13: 4). It has a domed rim, a thin/long cylin- drical neck, an inverted conical body, a short foot and a flat base that widens at the sides. Compared to the other examples, it has thicker walls and is more massive. The reddish yellow clay is mixed with lime, fine sand, and mica. The slip is worn. Due to the analogies (Hayes 1991, pl. 14: 17; Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 395, fig. 6.44: 16; Rotro- ff 2006, pl. 54: 487, 492; Nasıfoğlu 2021, p. 138, U63; Öz E. 2022, fig. 4: U14), cat. no. 14 is dated to the second half of the 2nd century BC. Vessels for Ointment or Medicine Bottles Ointment or Medicine Bottles (a Lykion). Lykion is the name of a plant (For other names of the plant: Rhamnus appellatur a Graecis, Rham- nus lycioidies, Rhamnus infectoria, Rhamnus ca- thartica, Berberis lycium, Berberis aristata, Pyx- aconthum chironis (Plin. Nat. His. XII.15; Royle 1834, p. 83-94; Simpson 1853, p. 25; Sjöqvist 1960, p. 81; Blamey, Grey-Wilson 1993, p. 130) growing wild in Lycia, Cappadocia, Greece (Peli- on Mount) and India (Plin. Nat. His. XII.15; Simp- son 1853, p. 25; Sjöqvist 1960, p. 81-82; Işın 2002, p. 87). The miniature containers in which the oint- ment and/or medicine (in the consistency of a bal- sam; the diseases for which the plant is good are reported by Dioscorides. (Royle 1834, p. 83-94; Simpson 1853, p. 29; Sjöqvist 1960, p. 81) made from this plant was placed and carried were called lykions (Sjöqvist 1960, p. 80-81; Işın 2002, p. 85, etc.). Just like the Lydian bottle, named after the ointment called “βαχχαριον” that was put in it, was produced by the Lydians (Özgen, Öztürk 1996, p. 133). Ointment or medicine bottles were generally used between the 5th century BC and the 1st cen- tury AD (Işın 2002, p. 89). Lykions were found Fig. 10. Brazier, C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 101 Fig. 11. Thymiaterion, C. Öz in Patara29, Ephesus (Işın 2002, dn. 42), Perge (Atik 1995, p. 47, abb. 21: 46), Priene (Wiegand, Schrader 1904, p. 424, abb. 542: 88–92), Limy- ra (Işın 2002, dn. 44), Tarsus (ed. Goldman 1950, pl. 123: 93) and Myra-Andriake in Anatolia, as well as Athens (Rotroff 1997, fig. 83: 1309–13), Morgantina (Sjöqvist 1960, pl. 19–20), Corinth (Edwards 1975, pl. 20: 587–602), Delos (Bruneau 1970, pl. 49: D223, 237), Masada (Hershkovitz 29 Patara is the city with the largest number of artefacts to be found. Işın (2002) categorised these vessels and suggested naming them a “lykion”. 1986, p. 50), Jerusalem (Hershkovitz 1986, pl. 9), Paphos (Hayes 1991, fig. 53: 44, 58: 16, 62: 50) and Samaria (Reisner, Fisher, Lyon 1924, p. 302, fig. 181). During the excavations at the theatre of Myra (fig. 14, cat. no. 15) and the Synagogue of Andri- ake there were unearthed three bottles. The bot- tle from the Synagogue was published (Özdilek 2016, p. 237-238, figs. 22–23), but the one from the theatre was not. It has a convex rim, a very short neck, a biconical body and a slightly convex raised base (fig. 14). The clay and slip colours are brown (cat. no. 15). The Myra sample, similar to the one ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2102 Fig. 12. Context in which the thymiateria were found together, © Myra-Andriake Excavation Archives Fig. 13. Unguentarium (fusiform and dome mouth forms), C. Öz from Patara (Işın 2002, p. 92, fig. 11: 1–2), belongs to the 1st sub-group of the Type 3 (Type III/1) ac- cording to the typology made by Işın (Işın 2002). The bottles of the Type 3/1 have a shorter upper part of the body with raised shoulders and a biconical body with an angular profile. They have vertical, outwardly mouths and slightly raised, a bit outward bases (Işın 2002, p. 91-92). These features are com- mon for the bottles revealed at Myra (fig. 14). Based on similar examples (Işın 2002, p. 93, cat. nos. 1–2), 21 3 4 ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 103 the Myra example is suggested to be dated from the mid-2nd to the 1st centuries BC. It is indicated that the bottle found in the Synagogue originated from Patara (Özdilek 2016, p. 238). The bottle found in the theatre must have been manufactured in Patara, because of the similarity in the clay characteristics. Vessels for Other Purposes Terracotta lamps. Terracotta lamps were used from the Palaeo- lithic period until the 19th century (Bailey 1972, p. 17; Aykaç 2021, p. 31). It is known that in the Hellenistic period terracotta lamps were produced not only on the wheel, but also in moulds. Produc- tion in the moulds had begun at the beginning of the 3rd century BC (Bailey 1972, p. 18)30. The man- ufacturing of terracotta lamps, which declined in Attica in the 2nd century BC, was transferred to the Eastern Aegean (Knidos, Ephesus) and Mediterra- nean coasts (Bailey 1972, p. 18; Kassab-Tezgör, Sezer 1995, p. 107). Most of the Hellenistic terracotta lamps revealed at Myra and Andriake belong to Knidos and Ephesus. The Hellenistic terracotta lamps found on the floor of 30 Wheelmade ones were continued alongside mouldmade lamps. the Synagogue at Andriake have been analysed and the dates suggested for the Knidos lamps are between the second half of the 2nd century BC and the first half of the 1st century AD (fig. 15), and for the Ephesus examples between the second quarter of the 2nd cen- tury BC and the first quarter of the 1st century AD (Özdilek 2023, p. 94-96; figs. 13-14)31. Conclusion Although it is said that the Hellenistic remains of Myra and its port of Andriake are weak (Al- kan 2013, p. 41), a precise look at the finds recov- ered during the excavations, gives the opportuni- ty to note that Myra has a very rich “repertoire”, especially in terms of pottery variety. In addition to pottery, coins (Bulut, Şengül 2014, p. 81-82) and architectural remains (Zimmermann 1992, p. 220; Çevik, Pimouguet-Pédarros 2010, p. 243; Bulut, Şengül 2014, p. 84; Aygün 2018, p. 23), the city and its port were active during this peri- od. It signed isopoliteia treaties with Xanthos in the 2nd century BC and sympoliteia treaties with Teimiussa and Tyberissos in the Late Hellenistic period (Dinç 2010, p. 108). There are also phyle, 31 The Hellenistic terracotta lamps discovered in other area are prepared for publication by E. Terzi Öz. Fig. 14. Ointment or medicine bottles (a lykion), C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2104 demos and peripolia (settlements) around the city (Alkan 2013, p. 41). As a result, it can be assumed that Myra was a very important and developed city in the Hellenistic period. Patara, Xanthos, Limy- ra and Andriake, which were under Ptolemaic he- gemony, were conquered by the Seleucids in 197 BC (Çevik, Bulut 2010, p. 26). It is understood that the port of Andriake was very important to Lycia in the 2nd century BC, as the Seleucids at- tacked the port, not Myra. Myra was one of the six cities of the Lycian Union (Pınara, Patara, Xan- thos, Olympos, Tlos ve Myra), founded in the Hel- lenistic period, and the only Middle Lycian city with three voting rights (Çevik 2015, p. 360). It is known that in 42 BC Brutus sent his commander Lentulus Spinther to Myra to collect money and soldiers, and that Spinther broke the chains at the entrance to the port of Andriake and occupied the settlement (Appian, IV, 82). The remains of towers and city walls on the hills to the south of Andriake (Kumdağ and Taşyuvarlanacağı) indicate that the place was a protected port during the Hellenistic Period. The pottery examined in this study was un- earthed from the theatre of Myra and the build- ings in the port of Andriake. The Hellenistic pot- tery found at Andriake is not included in the cat- alogue, as it has already been published, but is evaluated in the text. Hellenistic pottery includes: two-handled cups, mouldmade relief bowls, West Slope wares, a kantharoid skyphos, rolled rim plates, a mortarium, a brazier, a thymiaterion, an unguentarium, ointment or medicine bottles and terracotta lamps (figs. 4–11, 13–15). A total of ca. 15232 examples of Hellenistic pottery were discovered during the excavations carried out so far in Myra and its port of Andriake (see fig. 16). The earliest finds of Hellenistic pottery are dat- ed to the third quarter of the 4th — the latest to the 1st centuries BC. The densest group consists of specimens from the 2nd — 1st centuries BC. The majority of the coins found at Andriake are also dated from the 1st century BC33. The dates of the Hellenistic pottery (Özdilek 2015; Öz 2023, p. 675) found at Andriake coincide with those of the coins. Myra was one of the most important cities in Lycia during the Hellenistic period. This is evidenced by the coins and pottery found there and in its port, Andriake. As a result of this study in which Hellenistic pottery was evaluated, it can be considered that Myra was in a very effective position between the 2nd — 1st centuries BC. The Hellenistic historical process of Myra coincides with the history of the pottery found in the city. During the Hellenistic period, Myra and its port of Andriake supplied its pottery needs (apart from its own production?) first from neighbouring cities (Patara, Limyra) and then from West Anatolian cities (Ephesos, Pergamon, Knidos). It is known that pottery of West Anatolian origin 32 As excavations continue, this number may increase. 33 The earliest examples are Aspendos coins dated from the late 4th and early 3rd centuries BC. For detailed information, see: Bulut, Şengül 2014, p. 81, tab. 2. Fig. 15. Examples of Knidos terracotta lamps and nozzles fragments, C. Öz ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 105 has increased in Lycia, especially in the Late Hellenistic period. This situation continued until the early Roman period (Işın 2008, p. 157-171). This is also observed in Myra, but the interaction with the cities of Western Anatolia (Knidos) dates back much earlier (mid-2nd century BC and later). It is not known whether there was pottery production at Myra during the Hellenistic period or other periods It is thought that there were city- specific pottery forms in the Late Roman period. In addition, a single fragment belonging to the internal plaster of the pottery kiln was found. For detailed information, see: Öz 2020. It is thought that there were city-specific pottery forms in the Late Roman period. In addition, a single fragment belonging to the internal plaster of the pottery kiln was found. For detailed information, see: Öz 2020., because the excavations at Myra are being carried out in a very limited area (a theatre) due to expropriation problems. We always believe that this issue will be resolved when the problems with expropriation are resolved. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Nevzat Çevik, the Director of the excavation, for his permission and support in the study of the pottery. Recived 09.12.2024 Abbreviations used in the catalogue: cat. no: catalogue number, excavation inv. no: excavation inventory number, mus. inv. no: museum inventory number, fig.: figure, h.: height, w.: width, l.: length, p.h.: preserved height, r.d.: rim diameter, b.d.: base diameter. Munsell Soil Color Chart (2015) was used to determine the clay and slip colour. Cat. no. 1. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 6: 1). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-D4)/ –491/ Appendix 1. Catalogue of Selected Artefacts* * The catalogue is a selection of previously unpublished ex- amples that best represent the characteristics of the form. –502 cm. Dimensions: w.: 2.1 cm, l.: 1.7 cm. Clay: 5 YR 5/6 (red), dense textured, less porous. Slip: glossy black. Decoration: an olive leaf or a wreath. Analogy: —. Dating: late 3rd — 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 2. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 6: 2). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-C5)/ –485/ –495 cm. Dimensions: w.: 1.4 cm, l.: 1.8 cm. Clay: 5 YR 5/4 (reddish brown), dense textured, less po- rous. Slip: glossy black. Decoration: an ivy leaf and a branch. Analogy: Waagé 1948, fig. 3: 15. Dating: late 3rd — 1st centuries BC. Fig. 16. Distribution of Hellenistic Period Pottery revealed at Myra and Andriake ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2106 Cat. no. 3. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 6:3). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-C5)/ –495/ –499 cm. Dimensions: w.: 2.1 cm, l.: 1.6 cm Clay: 5 YR 5/4 (reddish brown), dense tex- tured, less porous. Slip: glossy black. Decoration: an ivy wreath? Analogy: —. Dating: late 3rd — 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 4. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 7). Findspot/ Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-C4)/ –495/ –499 cm. Di- mensions: p.h.: 2.3 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (reddish yel- low), dense textured, less porous, with lime. Slip: 10 YR 2/1 (black), the surface is a bit slippery. Analogies: Jehasse 1978, fig. 43: 750; Burkhalter 1987, p. 376, fig. 11: 106–107. Dating: 2nd century BC. Cat. no. 5. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 8: 1). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-C4)/ –495/ –499 cm. Dimensions: r.d.: 11 cm, h.: 1.6 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (reddish yellow), dense textured, less porous, with lime. Slip: gley 2 3/5BG (green- ish black). Analogies: Jones 1950, fig. 179: 34, 36; Rotroff 1997, fig. 48: 680–681. Dating: first half of the 2nd century BC. Cat. no. 6. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 8: 2). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-C4)/ –495/ –499 cm. Dimensions: r.d.: 10 cm, h.: 1.5 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (reddish yellow), dense textured, less porous, with lime. Slip: 5 YR 3/1 (dark grey). Analogies: Jones 1950, fig. 179: 34, 36; Rotroff 1997, fig. 48: 680–681. Dating: first half of the 2nd century BC. Cat. no. 7. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 9). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-F5)/ –571/ –584 cm. Dimensions: h.: 2.9 cm, w.: 14.1 cm, l.: 6.9 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (reddish yellow), dense textured, less porous, with lime, fine stone grains, fine sand grains, chamotte and silver mica. Slip: —. Analogy: Jones 1950, pl. 143: 353; Sparkes, Talcott 1970, p. 370, pl. 92: 1908. Dating: third quarter of the 4th century BC. Cat. no. 8. Excavation inv. no: M-20-88 (fig. 11: 1). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-B5)/ –533 cm. Dimensions: h.: 4.8 cm, w.: 3.6 cm, r.d.: 7.9 cm, b.d.: 5.2 cm. Clay: 10 YR 7/3 (very pale brown), dense textured, less porous, with lime, fine sand and silver mica. Slip: 10 YR 4/1 (dark grey). Analogy: Rotroff 1997, p. 382-383, pl. 109: 1440. Dating: third quarter of the 3rd century BC. Cat. no. 9. Excavation inv. no: M-20-31 (fig. 11: 2). Mus. inv. no: 2020-184. Findspot/ Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-A5)/ –500 cm. Di- mensions: h.: 9 cm, w.: 4.7 cm, r.d.: 6.8 cm, b.d.: 6.8 cm. Clay: 10 YR 7/4 (very pale brown), dense textured, non-porous, with lime, fine sand grains and silver mica. Slip: 7.5 YR 4/1 (dark grey). Analogy: Christensen 1971, fig. 9: 86. Dating: 2nd — 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 10. Excavation inv. no: M-20-30 (fig. 11: 3). Mus. inv. no: 2020-185. Findspot/Lev- el: Theatre-Orchestra (O-A5)/ –500 cm. Dimen- sions: h.: 11.8 cm, w.: 5.5 cm, r.d.: 7.4 cm, b.d.: 7.9 cm. Clay: 2.5 Y 7/3 (pale brown) dense tex- tured, less porous, with lime, fine sand grains and silver mica. Slip: 2.5 Y 4/1 (dark grey). Analogy: —. Dating: 2nd — 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 11. Excavation inv. no: — (fig. 13: 1). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-B5)/ –465 cm. Dimensions: p.h.: 18.8 cm, b.d.: 2.5 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (reddish yellow), dense textured, less porous, with lime, fine sand grains and silver mica. Slip: —. Analogies: Hayes 1991, pl. 15: 6; Rotroff 2006, pl. 56: 513. Dating: late 2nd — first half of the 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 12. Excavation inv. no: M-21-06 (fig. 13: 2). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O-B5)/ –465 cm. Dimensions: r.d.: 2.7 cm, p.h.: 18.8 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (reddish yellow), dense textured, less porous, with lime, fine sand grains, chamotte and silver mica. Slip: 5 YR 7/4 (pink). Analogies: Hayes 1991, pl. 15: 6; Rotroff 2006, pl. 56: 512. Dating: late 2nd — first half of the 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 13. Excavation inv. no: M-21-07 (fig. 13: 3). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O- B5)/ –465 cm. Dimensions: r.d.: 2.8 cm, l.: 19.5 cm, b.d.: 2.7 cm. Clay: 5 YR 5/6 (yellowish red), dense textured, less porous, with lime and fine sand grains. Slip: 7.5 YR 6/3 (light brown). Analogies: Hayes 1991, pl. 15: 6; Anderson-Stojanović 1992, pl. 67: 577; Rotroff 2006, pl. 56: 512; Dündar 2008, lev. 10: U86; Kaya, Temür 2021, p. 152, fig. 28. Dating: late 2nd — first half of the 1st centuries BC. Cat. no. 14. Excavation inv. no: 164 (fig. 13: 4). Findspot/Level: Theatre, T1/ –550 cm. Dimensions: r.d.: 1.8 cm, l.: 15.2 cm, b.d.: 2.8 cm. Clay: 5 YR 6/6 (yellowish red), dense textured, less porous, with lime and fine sand grains and silver mica. Slip: —. Analogies: Hayes 1991, pl. 14: 17; Guz-Zilberstein 1995, p. 395, fig. 6.44: 16; Rotroff 2006, pl. 54: 487, 492; Nasıfoğlu 2021, p. 138, U63; Öz E. 2022, fig. 4: U14. Dating: second half of the 2nd century BC. Cat. no. 15. Excavation inv. no: M-21-13 (fig. 14). Findspot/Level: Theatre-Orchestra (O- B4)/ –497 cm. Dimensions: h.: 4.9 cm, w.: 4.8 cm, r.d.: 2.7 cm, b.d: 2.3 cm. Clay: 10 YR 7/3 (very pale brown), dense textured, less porous, with lime. Slip: 7.5 YR 3/2 (dark brown). Analogy: Işın 2002, p. 93, fig. 12: 8. Dating: mid-2nd — 1st centuries BC. ISSN 0235-3490 (Print), ISSN 2616-499X (Online). Археологія, 2025, № 2 107 Дж. Оз Доцент, доктор філософії, Університет Дікле, факультет гуманітарних наук, кафедра археології, Діярбакир, Туреччи- на, ORCID: 0000-0003-4229-1398, cuneyt.oz@outlook.com ЗАГАЛЬНА ОЦІНКА ЕЛЛІНІСТИЧНОЇ КЕРАМІКИ З МИРИ ТА АНДРІАКЕ Мира та її порт Андріаке розташовані в районі Демре провінції Анталія (рис. 1). Історія міста починається з періоду пізнього енеоліту і сягає XVII ст. н. е. Хоча кажуть, що залишки міста та його порту з елліністичного періоду незначні, знахідки з розкопок свідчать про протилежне. Це дуже багатий комплекс артефактів, особливо з погляду різноманітності кераміки. Окрім кераміки, письмові джерела, монети та архітектурні залишки також свідчать про те, що місто було активним в елліністичний період. Гончарні вироби, про які йдеться в цій статті, були знайдені в театрі Мири та в будівлях порту Андріаке (іл. 2‒3). Серед знайдених предметів: дворучні кубки, рельєфні чаші, вироби West Slope, кантароїдний скіфос, тарілки із загнутими вінцями, мортарій, жаровня, тиміатерій, унгвентарій, пляшечки для мазей або ліків і теракотові лампи. Загалом під час розкопок, проведених до цього часу в Мирі та її порту Андріаке, було знайдено близько 152 зразків елліністичних гончарних виробів. Найдавніші елліністичні керамічні вироби датуються третьою чвертю IV ст. до н. е., а найпізніші ‒ I ст. до н.е. Більшість зразків датується 2‒1 ст. до н. е. Більшість монет, знайдених в Андріаке, також датуються І ст. до н. е. Таким чином, хронологія елліністичної кераміки в місті сумісна зі знахідками монет. Монети та кераміка елліністичного періоду, знайдені в Мирі та її порту Андріаке, вказують на те, що місто було впливовим у цей період (особливо у ІІ―І ст. до н. е.). Мало того, історична фаза міста збігається з датами знахідок елліністичної кераміки. В елліністичний період Мира та її порт Андріаке забезпечували свої потреби в кераміці (окрім власного виробництва?) спочатку із сусідніх міст (Патара, Ліміра), а потім із західноанатолійських (Ефес, Пергам, Кнід). Особливо в пізньоелліністичний період в Лікії зростає кількість кераміки західноанатолійського походження. Це стосується й Мири, але зв'язки з містами Західної Анатолії починаються набагато раніше (Кнід: середина ІІ ст. до н. е.). Невідомо, чи виготовляли кераміку в Мирі в цей період. Поки що розкопками не було знайдено печі для випалювання кераміки. К л ю ч о в і с л о в а: Мира (Лікійська), порт Андріаке, елліністичний період, елліністична кераміка. References Acara, M. 1998. Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Liturji ve Liturjik Eserler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 15/1, p. 183-201. 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spelling	arheologia-com-ua-article-4162025-07-04T20:05:11Z A General Evaluation of the Hellenistic Pottery from Myra and Andriake Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке Öz , C. Myra (Lycia), Andriake Port, Hellenistic Period, Hellenistic Pottery Мира (Лікійська), порт Андріаке, елліністичний період, елліністична кераміка. The Hellenistic pottery found in Myra and its port of Andriake are the subject of the study. The article examines pottery of this period such as two-handled cups, mouldmade relief bowls, West Slope wares, a kantharoid skyphos, rolled rim plates, a mortarium, a brazier, a thymiaterion, an unguentarium, ointment or medicine bottles and terracotta lamps. The pottery of the Hellenistic period was used in the city and its port between the third quarter of the 4th century BC and the 1st century BC. The most intensive use of ceramics dates back to the 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Мира та її порт Андріаке розташовані в районі Демре провінції Анталія (рис. 1). Історія міста починається з періоду пізнього енеоліту і сягає XVII ст. н. е. Хоча кажуть, що залишки міста та його порту з елліністичного періоду незначні, знахідки з розкопок свідчать про протилежне. Це дуже багатий комплекс артефактів, особливо з погляду різноманітності кераміки. Окрім кераміки, письмові джерела, монети та архітектурні залишки також свідчать про те, що місто було активним в елліністичний період.Гончарні вироби, про які йдеться в цій статті, були знайдені в театрі Мири та в будівлях порту Андріаке (іл. 2‒3). Серед знайдених предметів: дворучні кубки, рельєфні чаші, вироби West Slope, кантароїдний скіфос, тарілки із загнутими вінцями, мортарій, жаровня, тиміатерій, унгвентарій, пляшечки для мазей або ліків і теракотові лампи. Загалом під час розкопок, проведених до цього часу в Мирі та її порту Андріаке, було знайдено близько 152 зразків елліністичних гончарних виробів. Найдавніші елліністичні керамічні вироби датуються третьою чвертю IV ст. до н. е., а найпізніші ‒ I ст. до н.е. Більшість зразків датується 2‒1 ст. до н. е. Більшість монет, знайдених в Андріаке, також датуються І ст. до н. е. Таким чином, хронологія елліністичної кераміки в місті сумісна зі знахідками монет. Монети та кераміка елліністичного періоду, знайдені в Мірі та її порту Андріаке, вказують на те, що місто було впливовим у цей період (особливо у ІІ―І ст. до н. е.). Мало того, історична фаза міста збігається з датами знахідок елліністичної кераміки.В елліністичний період Мира та її порт Андріаке забезпечували свої потреби в кераміці (окрім власного виробництва?) спочатку із сусідніх міст (Патара, Ліміра), а потім із західноанатолійських (Ефес, Пергам, Кнід). Особливо в пізньоелліністичний період в Лікії зростає кількість кераміки західноанатолійського походження. Це стосується й Мири, але зв'язки з містами Західної Анатолії починаються набагато раніше (Кнід: середина ІІ ст. до н. е.). Невідомо, чи виготовляли кераміку в Мирі в цей період. Поки що розкопками не було знайдено печі для випалювання кераміки. Institute of Archaeology NAS of Ukraine 2025-06-26 Article Article application/pdf https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/416 10.15407/archaeologyua2025.02.091 Arheologia; No 2 (2025): Arheologia; 91-110 Археологія ; № 2 (2025): Археологія; 91-110 Археология; № 2 (2025): Arheologia; 91-110 2616-499X 0235-3490 en https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/416/426 Copyright (c) 2025 Arheologia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode.en
spellingShingle	Мира (Лікійська) порт Андріаке елліністичний період елліністична кераміка. Öz , C. Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке
title	Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке
title_alt	A General Evaluation of the Hellenistic Pottery from Myra and Andriake
title_full	Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке
title_fullStr	Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке
title_full_unstemmed	Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке
title_short	Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке
title_sort	загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з мири та андріаке
topic	Мира (Лікійська) порт Андріаке елліністичний період елліністична кераміка.
topic_facet	Myra (Lycia) Andriake Port Hellenistic Period Hellenistic Pottery Мира (Лікійська) порт Андріаке елліністичний період елліністична кераміка.
url	https://arheologia.com.ua/index.php/arheologia/article/view/416
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Загальна оцінка елліністичної кераміки з Мири та Андріаке

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