Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника
The article presents a strategy of the cyber-physical system guaranteed functioning for a small business enterprise (SBE), which is ensured by maintaining the digital twin and is due to its extremely high relevance in modern conditions. Business processes are linked to Industry 4.0 competencies. One...
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| author | Pankratova, Nataliya Tymchik, Grygoriy Pankratov, Yevhen |
| author_facet | Pankratova, Nataliya Tymchik, Grygoriy Pankratov, Yevhen |
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| description | The article presents a strategy of the cyber-physical system guaranteed functioning for a small business enterprise (SBE), which is ensured by maintaining the digital twin and is due to its extremely high relevance in modern conditions. Business processes are linked to Industry 4.0 competencies. One of the innovations it implements is Digital Twin, a comprehensive facility support tool. Digital twin allows for tracking and effectively managing the entire cycle of an infrastructure project, from planning, procurement, and production to commissioning and maintenance of the facility. PEST, SWOT, SAW, TOPSIS, and VIKOR methods are used to build a strategy. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.01 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:32Z |
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N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov, 2024
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 7
TIДC
ПРОГРЕСИВНІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ,
ВИСОКОПРОДУКТИВНІ КОМП’ЮТЕРНІ
СИСТЕМИ
UDC 303.732.4, 519.226
DOI: 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.01
STRATEGY OF THE CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM
FOR THE SMALL BUSINESS ENTERPRISE GUARANTEED
FUNCTIONING WITH THE DIGITAL TWIN SUPPORT
N.D. PANKRATOVA, G.S. TYMCHIK, Ye.V. PANKRATOV
Abstract. The article presents a strategy of the cyber-physical system guaranteed
functioning for a small business enterprise (SBE), which is ensured by maintaining
the digital twin and is due to its extremely high relevance in modern conditions.
Business processes are linked to Industry 4.0 competencies. One of the innovations
it implements is Digital Twin, a comprehensive facility support tool. Digital
twin allows for tracking and effectively managing the entire cycle of an infrastruc-
ture project, from planning, procurement, and production to commissioning and
maintenance of the facility. PEST, SWOT, SAW, TOPSIS, and VIKOR methods are
used to build a strategy.
Keywords: Industry 4.0, digital twin, cyber-physical systems, strategy, internet of
things, computer, physical and mathematical models.
INTRODUCTION
The development and changes in industry that ensure the automation of produc-
tion and business processes in parallel with the development of computer technol-
ogy are associated with the competencies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution,
which has become a logical stage caused by the technological progress of the
modern world [1]. Industry 4.0, characterised by sustainability, connectivity and
real-time data processing, is the main driver of modern digital transformation. For
manufacturing companies, it is crucial to correctly identify the most appropriate
Industry 4.0 technologies that meet their operational schemes and production
goals. To address this issue, various technology selection systems have been pro-
posed, some of which are complex or require historical data from manufacturing
enterprises that may not always be available. Paper [2] proposes an Industry 4.0
technology selection system that uses a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and a
fuzzy technique for ordering preferences by similarity to the ideal solution to rank
different Industry 4.0 technologies based on their economic, social, and environ-
mental impacts. The system is used to select the top three Industry 4.0 technolo-
gies out of eight technologies considered important for a manufacturing company.
The results of the case study showed that cyber-physical systems, big data ana-
lytics, and autonomous/industrial robots occupy the top three places in the tech-
N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 8
nology ranking with a proximity coefficient of 0.964, 0.928, and 0.601, respec-
tively. digital twins (DTs) are used to support the guaranteed functioning of cy-
ber-physical systems, which are used both to design new and maintain existing
technical systems. The basic concept of a DT is the presence of a physical object,
a virtual object and the exchange of information between them [3]. A DT can be
created as a computer model of a physical object, using a set of forecasting proce-
dures and a powerful hardware and software system. The mathematical descrip-
tion of DTs can be obtained by statistical and analytical modelling, machine
learning [4; 5]. The development of a DTs can be based on the use of simulation
modelling methods that provide the most realistic representation of a physical en-
vironment or object in the virtual world. The virtual nature of the object allows
you to experiment with the model, build scenarios instead of real experiments
without losing resources and risks.
The areas of application of DTs in small business include, in particular, the
manufacturing sector: repair and production of bicycles, mopeds, household ap-
pliances, etc. The versatility of the technology allows it to be used at almost any
enterprise. A small business enterprise’s CPS is a comprehensive integration be-
tween physical production processes and their virtual representations, which al-
lows for detailed modelling, monitoring, analysis and optimisation of SBE pro-
duction. In this context, the DTs acts as a dynamic virtual representation of the
physical system, which is constantly updated using data from sensors and data
collection mechanisms in production. The real-time monitoring of the physical
system by the DTs allows for detailed process analysis, forecasting of critical
characteristics, which makes it possible to detect deviations from the normal
situation in a timely manner, optimise production flows and improve overall pro-
duction efficiency.
This SBE CPS includes not only automated assembly lines, but also quality
management systems, logistics modules, production planning modules, and secu-
rity systems. The use of DTs allows for real-time visualisation of the production
process, analysis of various production scenarios, forecasting, and rapid response
to changes in production conditions or orders. Such a cyber-physical system plays
a key role in ensuring flexibility, efficiency and innovation at an SBE manufactur-
ing facility, allowing not only to improve existing processes but also to implement
the latest technological solutions to increase competitiveness and meet current
market trends.
Gartner estimates that by 2027, more than 40% per cent of large companies
worldwide will use DTs in their projects to increase revenue [6; 7]. Furthermore,
Global Market Insight estimates that the DTs market size, which was worth $8
billion in 2022, will grow at an estimated 25% per cent CAGR between 2023 and
2032 [9]. According to another recent global technology research report, by 2028,
the volume of solutions supporting diabetes in smart cities will reach $5.2 billion;
more than 94% of all IoT platforms will contain some form of digital twinning;
DTs will become a standard feature/functionality for implementing IoT applica-
tions; leading solutions for DTs include asset twinning, component twinning, sys-
tem twinning, process twinning, and workflow twinning; more than 96% of sup-
pliers recognise the need for IIoT APIs and platform integration with digital
twinning functionality for industrial verticals; more than 42% of executives across
a wide range of industry verticals understand the benefits of digital twinning, and
59% of them plan to implement it in their operations by 2028 [10].
Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 9
The purpose of this paper is to develop a DTs strategy to support the guaran-
teed functioning of the cyber-physical system in the form of a small business en-
terprise.
RELATED PAPERS
The use of DTs technology is growing exponentially, and it is transforming the
way we do business. For a detailed history of development, classification, appli-
cations, and prospects of this technology, see [11]. Over the past few years, vital
business applications have been using DTs, and it is predicted that this technology
will expand to more applications, use cases, and industries in the form of CFS.
Among other things, organisations are implementing DTs, the main purpose of
which is scenario analysis and support of business strategies [12]. The paper [12]
also describes how DTs simplify intelligent automation in various industries, de-
fines the concept, highlights the evolution and development of, examines its key
technologies, explores trends and challenges, and explores its application in vari-
ous industries. Today, this technology is used in many industries to provide an
accurate virtual representation of objects and simulate operational processes. The
growing scale and complexity of projects, the increasing number of stakeholders,
globalisation, technological advancements, changing business models and declin-
ing profitability are forcing the construction industry to undergo a digital trans-
formation. The DTs and the Internet of Things (IoT) are among the most signifi-
cant digital developments of recent years. The purpose of the article [13] is to
analyse the challenges of using the technologies of digitalisation and IoT in the
construction sector, which offers significant benefits, such as improved project
management, reduced errors and rework, and increased productivity and effi-
ciency. On the other hand, implementation challenges include upfront costs, inte-
grating the DTs with existing systems, managing IoT data, and a lack of stan-
dardisation and security. The growth of Internet of Things (IoT) systems is driven
by their potential to improve efficiency, enhance decision-making, and create new
business opportunities in various fields. The paper [14] identifies the main selec-
tion problems in IoT systems, the criteria used in multicriteria evaluation, and the
multicriteria methods used to solve IoT selection problems. Next, a Hybrid Group
Multicriteria Approach is proposed to solve selection problems in IoT systems.
The approach includes the Best Worst Method (BWM) weighting method, the
multicriteria Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method, the Top Order Prefer-
ence by Similarity to the Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method, the All-Criteria Opti-
misation and Compromise Solution (VIKOR) method, the Comprehensive Pro-
portional Assessment (COPRAS) method, and a method that combines the
solutions obtained by the four considered multicriteria methods to obtain a single
solution. The SAW, TOPSIS, VIKOR and COPRAS methods were analysed in
terms of their advantages, disadvantages, inputs, outputs, measurement scale,
normalisation type, aggregation method, parameters, complexity of implementa-
tion and interactivity. Technological advances in cyber-physical systems, digital
manufacturing and Industry 4.0 are presented in [15]. It also presents some chal-
lenges and future research topics in these areas. In [16], it is argued that DCs rely
on two key elements to create business value: digital data streams, a constant flow
of digital images of events generated by sensors both inside and outside the phys-
N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 10
ical object, and detailed digital models. The DTs provide many new opportunities
for creating value by transferring software strategies to the physical world. In [17;
18], the possibility of controlling the modes of electrocuting (MCECT) was sub-
stantiated. It is shown that the peculiarities of the multifactorial influence of the
control parameters of the melt treatment process on the structure formation of
castings can only be revealed by numerical experiments using adequate computer
models. The basic principles of constructing an automated MCECT system are
formulated and the structure of an integrated three-component information system
(ITIS) is developed for its implementation using computer models of many physi-
cal processes of EOT. Computer models serve as the system basis of the algo-
rithmic paradigm laid down in the ITIS, which includes the identification of ex-
perimental casting samples with standard prototypes and predictive algorithms for
controlling the modes of electric current melt treatment. Paper [19] presents gen-
eral methods of DT technology and predictive maintenance technology, analyses
the gap between them, and points out the importance of using DT technology to
implement predictive maintenance. The article presents the method of predictive
maintenance based on DTs, provides its characteristics and its differences from
traditional predictive maintenance, and introduces the application of this method
in smart manufacturing and in various industries.
MODELS AND METHODS
In today’s conditions of rapid technological development and competitive busi-
ness environment, the strategic identification of priority areas for the construction
and use of a DT is becoming an integral part of the successful functioning of en-
terprises. The PEST, SWOT, SAW, TOPSIS, and VIKOR methods are used to
build a strategy for the guaranteed functioning of the cyber-physical system of a
small business enterprise with the support of a DT in the form of a computer
model of a physical object. When analysing the subject area, PEST analysis [20]
is used to identify the main factors, which is intended to identify political (P –
political), economic (E – economic), social (S – social) and technological aspects
of the external environment that affect the company’s business. To find the
strengths and weaknesses of this technology, opportunities and risks that accom-
pany them, the SWOT analysis was used with further refinement by the VIKOR,
TOPSIS methods.
A SWOT analysis is a critical part of the strategic management process, used
to assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organisation or
any activity. It is a key strategic planning tool that helps analyse internal and ex-
ternal factors. The purpose of a SWOT analysis is to formulate a business strat-
egy, taking into account the existing conditions. The analysis includes four com-
ponents: “Strengths”, “Weaknesses”, “Opportunities”, “Threats”, where strengths
and weaknesses are internal factors of the organisation, and opportunities and
threats are external. SWOT analysis helps to develop strategies that use strengths
and opportunities to achieve the organisation’s goals while minimising the impact
of weaknesses and threats [21; 22].
The obtained results become the basis for strategic planning and implemen-
tation of the DTs, providing the enterprise with competitive advantages and sus-
tainability in accordance with modern market requirements.
Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 11
Implementation and results of the SWOT analysis procedure
In order to develop a strategy for the CPS of a small business enterprise with the
support of a DT in the form of a computer model, using the results obtained by
the PEST method, we formulate their characteristic critical strengths and weak-
nesses, opportunities and threats in the form of a SWOT matrix (Table 1).
T a b l e 1 . SWOT-matrix for building a DTs’ strategy
Internal controlled factors
Strengths Weaknesses
1S — increased accuracy and efficiency
of production processes: DTs allows for
detailed modelling and optimisation of all
aspects of the production process, increasing
overall productivity and potentially reducing
equipment and personnel costs.
1W — high cost of development and im-
plementation: the need for significant
investments in the development and
implementation of software and hardware,
as well as support for their correct func-
tioning
2S — ability to predict and prevent failures:
the use of DTs allows you to identify
potential problems in equipment and
processes in advance, reducing the number
of breakdowns, downtime and repair costs.
2W — dependence on data quality and
availability: accurate, up-to-date and structured
data for analysis is required, and a system
for collecting and organising it is needed,
which can be costly and difficult to implement
3S — flexibility and adaptability of production:
DTs allow you to quickly adapt production
lines to rapidly changing market requirements,
including the military situation, production
conditions of small businesses, such as
bicycle shops, household appliances, etc.
3W — the need for highly skilled profes-
sionals: the need to have a staff with highly
specialised personnel with relevant pro-
gramming experience and an understanding
of the development approaches that will be
used.
4S — reducing the time required to repair
and upgrade products: modifying, scaling
and improving software, testing it quickly
and safely.
4W — the need to integrate with existing
information systems and processes: this can
be a complex and time-consuming process,
due to lack of proper documentation,
inadequate existing systems and insufficient
support.
5S — improving product quality: The use
of DTs allows for the implementation of
automated quality control systems, which
will reduce the percentage of defects in the
manufacture of spare parts at all stages.
5W — potential difficulty in managing
change: resistance to change on the part of
staff who may be resistant or not ready to
implement new technologies due to the
need to absorb new information and gain
additional qualifications.
6S — the possibility of increasing effi-
ciency. Automation of calculation and pro-
curement tasks will lead to a significant
increase in accuracy and sreduce the impact
of the human factor, which will reduce the
required resources and make more efficient
use of existing ones.
6W — dependence on vendors: potential
dependence on foreign suppliers of soft-
ware, hardware and services used in the
development and underlying operation of
the software.
N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 12
Continued Table 1
External uncontrollable factors
Opportunities Threats
1O — the growing popularity of digital
technologies in the CFS sector and consumer
demand for high-quality small business
products.
1T — risks of cyberattacks and the possi-
bility of data loss from servers or disrup-
tion of DTs operations.
2O — use of artificial intelligence and
analytical tools that can improve the
efficiency of the DTs computer model and
its analytical capabilities.
2T — the threat of military attacks: prob-
lems with power supply, enemy air strikes
and sabotage, and the risk of physical de-
struction of the infrastructure that supports
operations.
3O — increasing business resilience: rapid
adaptation of the computer model of the
DTs to changes and challenges of the mar-
ket during the war.
3T — the need to constantly update and
adapt the computer model of the DTs to
changing market conditions during the
war.
4O — the potential to improve the quality
of products and production processes
through continuous improvement and up-
grade of the computer model of the DTs.
4T — the possibility of technical problems
in the software that may cause a DTs fail-
ure and lead to data loss, business interrup-
tion and other losses.
5O — the ability to attract new customers
and markets through the introduction of
advanced technologies and increase the
company’s competitiveness.
5T — insufficient support from the state
for the introduction and use of DTs.
6O — government support: the opportunity
to receive government grants or support for
project activities in areas that are a priority
for the state, such as the development of
cycling infrastructure.
6T — economic instability: macroeco-
nomic fluctuations can affect investment
and budgets for innovation.
Let’s form a matrix of comparison internal and external components of SWOT
analysis based on estimates of the connection strength in the range [0.1] (Table 2).
T a b l e 2 . Matrix for comparing the components of SWOT analysis
I/E
components 1T 2T 3T 4T 5T 6T
1O 2O 3O 4O 5O 6O
1S 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.3
2S 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.3
3S 0.3 0.0 1 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.7 0.9 1 0.5 0.6 0.6
4S 0.6 0.0 0.9 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5
5S 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.7 0.4
6S 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.7
1W 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.3 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.8
2W 0.9 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.0 0.5 0.1 1 0.5 0.7 0.0 0.2
3W 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.2 1 0.0 0.5
4W 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.6
5W 0.6 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.0 0.5
6W 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.6 1 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.6
Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 13
Let us compare opportunities with strong and weak characteristics, as well as
compare threats with strong and weak characteristics (Table 3).
T a b l e 3 . Comparison of opportunities and threats with strong and weak
characteristics
Opportunities Strengths Weaknesses
1O 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 4W , 6W
2O 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
3O 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
4O 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
5O 3S , 4S , 5S 1W , 6W
6O 1S , 2S . , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
Threats Strengths Weaknesses
1T 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
2T 2S 1W , 3 4, W W , 6W
3T 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
4T 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
5T 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 5W , 6W
6T 1S , 2S , 3S , 4S , 5S , 6S 1W , 2W , 3 4, W W , 5W , 6W
To determine the most important factors, let’s calculate the impact of inter-
nal characteristics on the implementation of threats and opportunities jF , kG ,
iD , mH using the following formulas:
8,1,11,1,,
kjKKGKKF
mkikmjij OW
m
TW
i
kOS
m
TS
i
j ;
9,1,8,1,,
miKKHKKD
mkmjikij OW
k
OS
j
mTW
k
TS
j
i ,
where
j iS TK is the element of the matrix at the intersection of strength jS and
threat iT ;
mjOSK is the element at the intersection of strength jS and opportu-
nity mO ;
ikTWK is the the element at the intersection of the weakness kW and
the threat iT ;
mkOWK is the element at the intersection of weakness kW and
opportunity mO .
The calculation results are shown in Table 4.
N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 14
T a b l e 4 . Calculated critical factors by degree of importance
Strengths
Factors S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
F 7.1 7.0 6.1 4.7 3.9 3.0
Weaknesses
Factors W1 W6 W3 W2 W4 W5
G 8.5 7.1 5.4 5.2 5.0 4.5
Opportunities
Factors O1 O5 O3 O2 O6 O4
H 2.5 1.0 0.7 -0.3 -0.4 -2.0
Threats
Factors T2 T1 T4 T6 T3 T5
D -1.6 -1.4 -1.4 -1.2 -0.3 0.5
Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, it is possible to propose SO,
WO, ST, WT strategies for developing DTs in small business in the form of the
TOWS matrix [23] (Table 5).
T a b l e 5 . TOWS matrix
S1 S2 S3 W1 W6 W2
SO-strategy WO-strategy
O1
O5
O3
In order to build a strategy for small busi-
ness DTs CPS taking into account all as-
pects of production processes, it is neces-
sary to ensure the sustainability of
business operations with rapid adaptation
of the computer model of the DTs to
changes and challenges of the market dur-
ing the war, software modification and
fast and safe testing, availability of a
powerful forecasting unit involving artifi-
cial intelligence and analytical tools, and
government support.
The high financial costs of developing and
implementing, as well as maintaining the
correct functioning of software and
hardware, should be compensated by
attracting highly qualified specialists,
business investment, and assistance from
friendly countries and foundations. Ac-
celerate the creation of unified technical
standards for DTs and legislative regulation
of digitalisation. Determine the organisa-
tional and legal forms of operation of this
technology, as well as quality and cyber-
security standards.
WT-strategy WT-strategy
T2
T1
T4
In the event of the threat of military at-
tacks, cyber-attacks and the possibility of
data loss from servers or disruption of the
computer model of the DTs due to techni-
cal problems in the software, compensate
with the ability to predict and prevent
failures, relocate critical facilities to a pro-
tected area and attract qualified personnel,
which allows the company to quickly
adapt production lines to rapidly changing
market requirements during martial law.
This will ensure fast and high-quality pro-
ject implementation and prevent cyber-
attacks.
To search for available financial resources
and work on standardising DTs technol-
ogy at the legislative level and increase
the transparency of corruption-prone proc-
esses. The state and business should estab-
lish cooperation with HEIs to train quali-
fied IT specialists and ensure comfortable
legal conditions for their work. The prior-
ity is to prevent inappropriate responses
from the education system and corruption,
as well as to ensure a high level of cyber-
security. Ensure communication with in-
ternational partners on possible threats to
production and ways to overcome them.
Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 15
FINDING THE OPTIMAL STRATEGY FOR DEVELOPING A SMALL
BUSINESS ENTERPRISE’S DTS CPS
TOPSIS method. Results of calculations
The TOPSIS and VIKOR methods have been applied to find the optimal strategy
for developing the DTs CPS of a small business enterprise. The same results ob-
tained by both methods in most cases indicate the sustainability of the decision.
The TOPSIS method is a multi-criteria decision-making tool that can be par-
ticularly useful for small businesses when choosing the best option from various
alternatives. It helps small businesses find the solution that is closest to the ideal
option and at the same time furthest from the undesirable one. The method in-
cludes the steps of data normalisation, weighting of criteria, identification of the
ideal and worst solution options, and analysis of the distances to them for each
proposal [24]. This allows small businesses to choose the most effective solutions,
increase their competitiveness and efficiency.
The TOPSIS method is used to search for compromise strategies. Using the
alternatives for implementing strategies, taking into account the results of the
SWOT analysis and the TOWS matrix, we form a decision matrix ,4,1, iaij
12,1j , where the index i corresponds to the strategy (criterion) SO, WO, ST,
WT, and the index j determines the alternative ,,, 321 SSS , 412 ,, TTT (Table 6).
The SAW method (Simple Additive Weighting Method) is a method of sim-
ple additive weighting that obtains the total score of each alternative by multiply-
ing the value of the attribute for each alternative by the weight assigned to that
attribute. The alternative with the highest score is the answer to the decision task.
The weighting factors , 1,12,jw j which determine the importance of the fac-
tors for the decision maker and should sum to one, are shown in Table 6.
T a b l e 6 . Decision matrix and weights of alternatives
Decision matrix
i/j S1 S2 S3 W1 W6 W3 O1 O5 O3 T2 T1 T4
SO 4.1 4.3 3.1 4.2 3.2 1.67 3.5 0.9 3.9 0.05 2.7 2.2
WO 3.5 3.6 2.6 3.9 3.1 1.52 0.15 0.27 2.2 1.27 2.1 1.6
ST 2.5 2.25 2.5 4.3 3.9 2.42 3.5 0.9 3.4 0.01 2.4 2.2
WT 2.3 2.12 2.3 3.9 3.3 2.12 0.61 0.21 2.8 1.17 3.8 3.3
Weights of alternatives
w/j S1 S2 S3 W1 W6 W3 O1 O5 O3 T2 T1 T4
w 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.1 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.07 0.05
Next, the decision matrix is normalised and weighted using formulas
(Table 7)
12,1, 4,1,
24
ji
a
a
r
iji
ij
ij ;
N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 16
1,
12
j
j
ijjij wrwv .
For each alternative ,,, 321 SSS , 412 ,, TTT the ideal solution will be de-
termined by the weighted normalised decision matrix as the maximum
jv and
minimum jv values of the SO,WO,ST,WT criterion scores using formulas (Table 7)
12,1, min; 12,1, max jrvjrv ij
i
jij
i
j ,
jv and 12,1, jv j can be interpreted as, respectively, the best and worst solu-
tions for each criterion.
T a b l e 7 . Weighted normalised decision matrix
j/i SO WO ST WT jv jv
S1 0.06434 0.05492 0.03923 0.03609 0.06434 0.03609
S1 0.06043 0.05059 0.03162 0.02979 0.06043 0.02979
S3 0.05281 0.04429 0.04258 0.03918 0.05281 0.03918
W1 0.05148 0.04780 0.05271 0.04780 0.05271 0.04780
W6 0.04248 0.04115 0.05178 0.04381 0.05178 0.04115
W3 0.03823 0.03480 0.05541 0.04854 0.05541 0.03480
O1 0.04910 0.00210 0.04910 0.00855 0.04910 0.00210
O5 0.05463 0.01638 0.05463 0.01274 0.05463 0.01274
O3 0.04967 0.02802 0.04330 0.03566 0.04967 0.02802
T2 0.00260 0.06616 0.00052 0.06095 0.06616 0.00052
T1 0.03346 0.02602 0.02974 0.04709 0.04709 0.02602
T4 0.02287 0.01663 0.02287 0.03430 0.03430 0.01663
Let us imagine an “ideal solution” that maximises all criteria simultaneously
v and a “worst case” v , that minimises all criteria
ijij vvvvvvvvvv ),,,(; ),,,( 1221 1221 .
For each realistic alternative, the Euclidean distance to the “ideal solution”
iD and to the “worst solution”
iD is calculated using formulas, respectively:
)( 2
12
1
vvD ij
j
i ;
)( 2
12
1
vvD ij
j
i .
In the TOPSIS method, a compromise alternative is selected based on the iC
indicator using formula. The results of the calculations are shown in Table 8.
ii
i
i
DD
D
C .
Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed …
Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології, 2024, № 2 17
T a b l e 8 . Finding the best compromise strategy using the TOPSIS method
Strategies in ascending order of performance
SO WO WT ST
D+ 0.06884 0.07560 0.0753c5 0.07966
D
–
0.08049 0.07166 0.06858 0.06953
C 0.53903 0.48662 0.47648 0.46607
According to the TOPSIS method, the best compromise strategy for the
guaranteed functioning of the cyber-physical system for a small business
enterprise with the support of a DT is the SO strategy. It consists in the need to
ensure business sustainability with the rapid adaptation of the computer model of
the DTs to changes and challenges of wartime, software modification and fast and
safe testing, the availability of a powerful forecasting unit involving artificial
intelligence and analytical tools, possible state suspport.
The VIKOR method. Results of calculations
The use of the VIKOR method for multi-criteria decision-making can be useful
for small business development, helping to select suppliers, assess the quality of
services or define business strategies. VIKOR allows to optimize operations or
strategic directions based on a systematic evaluation of available options against a
set of criteria [25].
Let’s search for compromise strategies using the VICOR method. Let us take
the decision matrix 12,1,4,1, jiaij and the weights 12,1, jw j , which
were taken for the TOPSIS method (Table 6). For all alternatives, the characteris-
tics iii QRS ,, are calculated using formulas, respectively:
)(
)(20
1
jj
ijjj
j
i
aa
aaw
S , where ij
i
jij
i
j aaaa min, max ;
)(
)(
jj
ijjj
i
aa
aaw
R , where ij
i
jij
i
j aaaa min, max ;
.and if ,)1(
,if,
, if,
RRSS
RR
RR
v
SS
SS
v
RR
SS
SS
SS
RR
RR
Q
ii
i
i
i 4,1 i , (1)
In formula (1), v is chosen in the range [0.1]. If there are no other
conditions, 0.5v , is assumed to be 0.5, which was done here. Next, iQ are
ordered in ascending order. The strategy with the minimum iQ is assumed to be
the best. The results of the calculations are shown in Table 9.
T a b l e 9 . Finding the best compromise strategy using the VIKOR method
Strategies in ascending order of performance
SO ST WT WO
S 0.34353 0.44455 0.67679 0.74152
R 0.08714 0.09 0.1 0.1
Q 0 0.23801 0.91867 1
N.D. Pankratova, G.S. Tymchik, Ye.V. Pankratov
ISSN 1681–6048 System Research & Information Technologies, 2024, № 2 18
According to these results, the best strategy according to the VIKOR method
is the SO strategy, since its value is minimal. In terms of all characteristics S, R, Q
here is the same ordering of strategies SO, ST, WT, WO, with strategy SO being
simultaneously the best in the ranking series by S and R , which emphasises the
stability of the solution. Additionally, for the best alternative, the acceptable dif-
ference from the other alternatives is checked
3
1
14
1
Q , which can be in-
terpreted as a significant advantage of one alternative over the others. For VIKOR,
the difference between the SO strategy and the ST strategy is
3
1
23801.0 . For
the other alternatives, the difference is significantly greater than
3
1
.
CONCLUSIONS
The carried out research allows to draw a conclusion about building a strategy for
guaranteed functioning of the cyber-physical system for a small business enter-
prise with the support of a DT. Using PEST-analysis, the main factors in the sub-
ject area under consideration were identified, and with the help of SWOT analy-
sis, the most significant strengths and weaknesses of the DTs technology,
opportunities and threats associated with them were identified. Based on the re-
sults of the SWOT analysis, four strategies SO, ST, WO, WT were formed, on the
basis of which the TOWS strategy matrix was built, and a decision matrix was
formed. To find the optimal strategy, the multi-criteria decision-making methods
TOPSIS and VIKOR with the involvement of the SAW method were used.
According to the results of calculations using the TOPSIS and VIKOR
methods, the SO strategy was found to be the best compromise strategy for the
guaranteed functioning of the cyber-physical system for a small business enterprise
with the support of a DT. It consists in the need to ensure the sustainability of
business operation with rapid adaptation of the computer model of the DTs to
changes and challenges of the market during wartime related to possible cyber-
attacks and the possibility of data loss from servers or disruption of the DTs due
to technical problems of various nature, software modification and fast and safe
testing, availability of a powerful forecasting unit involving artificial intelligence
and analytical tools, and possible government support. This will ensure fast and
high-quality execution of projects, orders, and new technical solutions.
In the future, it is planned to use the foresight and cognitive impulse model-
ling methodologies to build scenarios for the implementation of the strategy SO
for guaranteed functioning of the SBE with the support of the DTs.
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Received 01.03.2024
INFORMATION ON THE ARTICLE
Nataliya D. Pankratova, ORCID: 0000-0002-6372-5813, Educational and Research In-
stitute for Applied System Analysis of the National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor
Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine, e-mail: natalidmp@gmail.com
Gregory S. Tymchik, ORCID: 0000-0003-1079-998X, National Technical University of
Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine, e-mail: deanpb@kpi.ua
Yevhen V. Pankratov, ORCID: 0009-0004-1508-3053, National Technical University
of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Ukraine, e-mail: pankra-
tov.science@gmail.com
СТРАТЕГІЯ ГАРАНТОВАНОГО ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ КІБЕРФІЗИЧНОЇ
СИСТЕМИ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА ДРІБНОГО БІЗНЕСУ ІЗ СУПРОВОДЖЕННЯМ
ЦИФРОВОГО ДВІЙНИКА / Н.Д. Панкратова, Г.С. Тимчик, Є.В. Панкратов
Анотація. Наведено стратегію гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної
системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу, що забезпечується супроводженням
цифрового двійника та зумовлено його надвисокою актуальністю у сучасних
умовах. Бізнес-процеси пов’язані з компетенціями Industry 4.0. Одна з іннова-
цій, яку вона впроваджує, є Digital Twin (цифровий двійник) – всеохопний ін-
струмент супроводу об’єкта. Цифровий двійник дозволяє відстежувати та ефе-
ктивно керувати повним циклом інфраструктурного проекту: від планування,
закупівель, виробництва, до введення в експлуатацію та обслуговування
об’єкта. Для побудови стратегії залучаються методи PEST, SWOT, SAW,
TOPSIS та VIKOR.
Ключові слова: Індустрія 4.0, цифровий двійник, кіберфізичні системи, стра-
тегія, інтернет речей, комп’ютерні, фізичні та математичні моделі.
|
| id | journaliasakpiua-article-309544 |
| institution | System research and information technologies |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T10:28:32Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | journaliasakpiua/06/598e265c863fcb991924f80178c11906.pdf |
| spelling | journaliasakpiua-article-3095442024-08-11T01:12:49Z Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed functioning with the digital twin support Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника Pankratova, Nataliya Tymchik, Grygoriy Pankratov, Yevhen Індустрія 4.0 цифровий двійник кіберфізичні системи стратегія інтернет речей комп’ютерні, фізичні та математичні моделі Industry 4.0 digital twin cyber-physical systems strategy internet of things computer, physical, and mathematical models The article presents a strategy of the cyber-physical system guaranteed functioning for a small business enterprise (SBE), which is ensured by maintaining the digital twin and is due to its extremely high relevance in modern conditions. Business processes are linked to Industry 4.0 competencies. One of the innovations it implements is Digital Twin, a comprehensive facility support tool. Digital twin allows for tracking and effectively managing the entire cycle of an infrastructure project, from planning, procurement, and production to commissioning and maintenance of the facility. PEST, SWOT, SAW, TOPSIS, and VIKOR methods are used to build a strategy. Наведено стратегію гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу, що забезпечується супроводженням цифрового двійника та зумовлено його надвисокою актуальністю у сучасних умовах. Бізнес-процеси пов’язані з компетенціями Industry 4.0. Одна з інновацій, яку вона впроваджує, є Digital Twin (цифровий двійник) – всеохопний інструмент супроводу об’єкта. Цифровий двійник дозволяє відстежувати та ефективно керувати повним циклом інфраструктурного проекту: від планування, закупівель, виробництва, до введення в експлуатацію та обслуговування об’єкта. Для побудови стратегії залучаються методи PEST, SWOT, SAW, TOPSIS та VIKOR. The National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" 2024-06-28 Article Article application/pdf https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/309544 10.20535/SRIT.2308-8893.2024.2.01 System research and information technologies; No. 2 (2024); 7-20 Системные исследования и информационные технологии; № 2 (2024); 7-20 Системні дослідження та інформаційні технології; № 2 (2024); 7-20 2308-8893 1681-6048 en https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/309544/301033 |
| spellingShingle | Індустрія 4.0 цифровий двійник кіберфізичні системи стратегія інтернет речей комп’ютерні фізичні та математичні моделі Pankratova, Nataliya Tymchik, Grygoriy Pankratov, Yevhen Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| title | Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| title_alt | Strategy of the cyber-physical system for the small business enterprise guaranteed functioning with the digital twin support |
| title_full | Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| title_fullStr | Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| title_full_unstemmed | Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| title_short | Стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| title_sort | стратегія гарантованого функціонування кіберфізичної системи підприємства дрібного бізнесу із супроводженням цифрового двійника |
| topic | Індустрія 4.0 цифровий двійник кіберфізичні системи стратегія інтернет речей комп’ютерні фізичні та математичні моделі |
| topic_facet | Індустрія 4.0 цифровий двійник кіберфізичні системи стратегія інтернет речей комп’ютерні фізичні та математичні моделі Industry 4.0 digital twin cyber-physical systems strategy internet of things computer physical and mathematical models |
| url | https://journal.iasa.kpi.ua/article/view/309544 |
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