Production system shell for mobile Devices
The CLIPS shell extension was proposed to enable the creation of applied production systems which can be used on mobile devices. The innovation was substantiated in terms of saving money resources to purchase specialized equipment for using for the resource-intensive production systems. The followin...
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Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України
2015
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| Cite this: | Production system shell for mobile Devices / S.I. Shapovalova, O.O. Mazhara // Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки: зб. наук. пр. — Кам’янець-Подільський: Кам'янець-Подільськ. нац. ун-т, 2015. — Вип. 12. — С. 131-141. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — англ. |
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1337172025-02-23T19:45:56Z Production system shell for mobile Devices Shapovalova, S.I. Mazhara, O.O. The CLIPS shell extension was proposed to enable the creation of applied production systems which can be used on mobile devices. The innovation was substantiated in terms of saving money resources to purchase specialized equipment for using for the resource-intensive production systems. The following studies were conducted: market research tablet devices, the most widely represented in Ukraine; production systems shells that can be used on mobile devices; freely distributable production systems shells were considered, important characteristics were identified and compared. The basic classes of match algorithms were overviewed. The results of studies about Rete and Treat match algorithms advisability were described for the general case of the applied problems. The proposed modeling environment for production systems for mobile devices will reduce development time and increase system efficiency by choosing the optimal match algorithm for minimal memory usage. В роботі запропоновано розширення програмної оболонки CLIPS для забезпечення можливості створення прикладних продукційних систем, використовуваних на мобільних пристроях. Обґрунтована інновація с точки зору економії грошових ресурсів на придбання спеціалізованих пристроїв для використання ресурсоємних продукційних систем. Проведено наступні дослідження: ринку планшетних пристроїв, найширше представлених в Україні; оболонок продукційних систем, які можуть застосовуватися на мобільних пристроях; більш детально, з виділенням значимих характеристик, розглянуто вільно поширювані обгортки продукційних систем. Описано основні класи алгоритмів співставлення зі зразком. Представлені результати досліджень щодо доцільності застосування Rete та Treat для загальних випадків в прикладних задач. 2015 Article Production system shell for mobile Devices / S.I. Shapovalova, O.O. Mazhara // Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки: зб. наук. пр. — Кам’янець-Подільський: Кам'янець-Подільськ. нац. ун-т, 2015. — Вип. 12. — С. 131-141. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — англ. 2308-5916 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/133717 004.832 en Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки application/pdf Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України |
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The CLIPS shell extension was proposed to enable the creation of applied production systems which can be used on mobile devices. The innovation was substantiated in terms of saving money resources to purchase specialized equipment for using for the resource-intensive production systems. The following studies were conducted: market research tablet devices, the most widely represented in Ukraine; production systems shells that can be used on mobile devices; freely distributable production systems shells were considered, important characteristics were identified and compared. The basic classes of match algorithms were overviewed. The results of studies about Rete and Treat match algorithms advisability were described for the general case of the applied problems. The proposed modeling environment for production systems for mobile devices will reduce development time and increase system efficiency by choosing the optimal match algorithm for minimal memory usage. |
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Article |
| author |
Shapovalova, S.I. Mazhara, O.O. |
| spellingShingle |
Shapovalova, S.I. Mazhara, O.O. Production system shell for mobile Devices Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки |
| author_facet |
Shapovalova, S.I. Mazhara, O.O. |
| author_sort |
Shapovalova, S.I. |
| title |
Production system shell for mobile Devices |
| title_short |
Production system shell for mobile Devices |
| title_full |
Production system shell for mobile Devices |
| title_fullStr |
Production system shell for mobile Devices |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Production system shell for mobile Devices |
| title_sort |
production system shell for mobile devices |
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Інститут кібернетики ім. В.М. Глушкова НАН України |
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2015 |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/133717 |
| citation_txt |
Production system shell for mobile Devices / S.I. Shapovalova, O.O. Mazhara // Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки: зб. наук. пр. — Кам’янець-Подільський: Кам'янець-Подільськ. нац. ун-т, 2015. — Вип. 12. — С. 131-141. — Бібліогр.: 30 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Математичне та комп'ютерне моделювання. Серія: Технічні науки |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT shapovalovasi productionsystemshellformobiledevices AT mazharaoo productionsystemshellformobiledevices |
| first_indexed |
2025-11-24T16:40:44Z |
| last_indexed |
2025-11-24T16:40:44Z |
| _version_ |
1849690627314286592 |
| fulltext |
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 12
131
UDC 004.832
S. I. Shapovalova, Ph. D.,
O. O. Mazhara, Post-graduate
National Technical University of Ukraine
«Kyiv Polytechnic Institute», Kyiv
PRODUCTION SYSTEM SHELL FOR MOBILE DEVICES
The CLIPS shell extension was proposed to enable the creation of
applied production systems which can be used on mobile devices. The
innovation was substantiated in terms of saving money resources to
purchase specialized equipment for using for the resource-intensive
production systems. The following studies were conducted: market re-
search tablet devices, the most widely represented in Ukraine; produc-
tion systems shells that can be used on mobile devices; freely distribut-
able production systems shells were considered, important characteris-
tics were identified and compared. The basic classes of match algo-
rithms were overviewed. The results of studies about Rete and Treat
match algorithms advisability were described for the general case of
the applied problems. The proposed modeling environment for produc-
tion systems for mobile devices will reduce development time and in-
crease system efficiency by choosing the optimal match algorithm for
minimal memory usage.
Key words: production systems; match algorithm; tablet com-
puter.
Introduction. One of the main approaches to solving intellectual
tasks is based on models of knowledge representation. The largest segment
of the knowledge-based systems is a production system (PS).
It is reasonable to use an existing productions systems tool for automat-
ing the solution of applied problems. Its compulsory components are empty
knowledge base with specified format for records representation and inference
engine. The production system developer`s task is filling the knowledge base
with the information that is needed for inference in a particular subject area.
Existing production systems development tools are widely used in
the software market for implementation of the technical and medical diag-
nostics, management and forecasting systems [1–3]. Production systems
which are developed on the basis of such tools are used in the education,
agriculture, financing activities, stock exchange [4–5].
Production systems operation requires significant computing resources.
Therefore, it is considered a priority that such systems are installed on desktop
computers. However, nowadays it is a common requirement for software to be
compatible with different mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets. It
© S. I. Shapovalova, O. О. Mazhara, 2015
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
132
should be borne in mind that these devices may have different operating sys-
tems and a broad range of hardware implementation.
The amplification of the mobile devices contributed to the develop-
ment of specialized software for employees of different areas, like guards
and conductors of the railway transport, agronomists, sanctuary staff, and
rescuers. Expert systems in agriculture, medicine, education became avail-
able to the public through the integration with the mobile devices [6].The
development of such software puts rigorous requirements to memory us-
age and support of the interoperability between different platforms. This is
why, the problem of choosing of the basic algorithms for production sys-
tem inference, which will reduce memory usage, and developing software
for this task is the objective of the day.
Inference engine of production systems based on the two compo-
nents:
match algorithm (for selecting productions to the conflict set);
implementation of the inference strategy (conflict resolution).
The majority of modern development environments allow users to select
from the main strategies of conflict resolution (depth, breadth, simplicity,
complexity, novelty, LEX, MEA), and provide the implementation of auxil-
iary strategies for the effective inference (refraction, random selection, sorting
by priority). At the same time, only one match algorithm is previously built in
software tools. Moreover information about this algorithm is often not avail-
able for developer of the current production system. It is proved that the
matching is the most demanding task in the inference process [7].Therefore,
the choice of algorithm for implementation in the development environment of
production systems has a significant impact on its effectiveness.
This study aims to create additional development tools of production
systems that allow to select optimal solutions in terms of memory usage,
with the use of match algorithm for the current problem, to conduct appro-
bation of the chosen algorithm and to use it’s implementation for the sys-
tem which is developed.
Research Market Mobile. In order to identify software requirements
for mobile devices Ukraine market was analyzed and characteristics of the
represented products were identified.
The specificity of production systems is the first necessity of providing a
convenient interactive interface for the user, and secondly the need for direct
data entry. Therefore, tablets are a priority among mobile devices for the use
of production systems. Using data from the most popular sites for the sale of
mobile devices Ukrainian tablet market was analyzed on the basis of charac-
teristics such as price, random access memory (RAM) and read only memory
(ROM) [8], [9] . The results are presented in Table 1.
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 12
133
Table 1
Characteristics of the tablets on the Ukrainian market
Price ($) RAM) ROM
The market
share
<85 19% — 1 GB
78% — <=0.5 GB
4 GB 8%
85 — 165 76 % — 1 GB,
21% — <=0.5 GB
8 GB 32%
165 — 290 74 % — 1 GB
23% — 2 GB
16 GB — 65%
8 GB — 27 %
34%
290 — 415 50 % — 1 GB
42% — 2 GB
16 GB — 50%
32 GB — 30 %
10%
415 — 585 41% — 2 GB
33 % — 1 GB
19% — <=0.5 GB
16 GB — 37%
32 GB — 36 %
64 GB — 25 %
7%
> 585 42 % — 1 GB
27% — 2 GB
26% — >=3 GB
16 GB — 18%
32 GB — 25 %
64 GB –33 %
126 GB — 21 %
9%
According to the data, a mid-range (165 — 415 $) dominated the tab-
let with 1-2 GB of RAM and 16 GB of ROM. Based on this analysis it can
be concluded that the current amount of the internal memory is enough for
the use of the modern production systems. At the same time, RAM re-
sources of mobile devices are significantly inferior to desktop computers
nowadays. The developers of operating systems for mobile devices have to
create methods for efficient memory management. Better utilization of
memory on the tablet is complicated by the fact that a physical increase
the RAM for the existing devices impossible or financially impractical.
Currently, devices with Android operation system are the most com-
mon on the mobile market, far ahead of his closest rivals iOS and Win-
dows. It is predicted that this trend will not change by 2017, although it is
projected that market share of mobile devices that use the operation sys-
tem iOS will increase (Market share held by smartphone operating systems
worldwide in 2013 and 2017).
The specific feature of Android is the limit on memory available ap-
plication to ensure the execution of multiple programs simultaneously. In
Android, every application runs in a Linux Process. Each Linux Process
has a Virtual Machine (Dalvik Virtual Machine) running inside it. There is
a limit on the memory a process can demand. It is different for different
devices. For most of the early versions of the operating system, this limita-
tion was 16 Mb, for version 2.3-32 Mb, and from 4th version — the de-
fault is allocated 64 Mb. When some process demands a higher memory
than limit it causes a forcibly termination with different types of errors due
to lack of memory. The developer can change the size restrictions on the
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
134
memory usage for the program, but this decision is the worst practice and
it is unacceptable to create cross-platform applications [10].
Android manages applications that are stored in memory automati-
cally: in case there is a shortage in memory, the system starts to terminate
applications and processes that have been inactive for some time, in re-
verse order, starting with one that has not been used for the longest time.
This process is designed to simplify the operation with the memory for
user who does not need to explicitly shutdown the application. So even
correctly implemented production system for desktop computers will work
perfectly and at the same time could prematurely shut down improperly on
mobile devices in case of lack of memory.
The effectiveness of the applied production systems on mobile de-
vices is primarily determined by the inference engine embedded in it. In
turn, the effectiveness of the inference defined by match algorithm.
Match algorithms. Basic approach of modern algorithms for pattern
matching is incremental matching [11]. The basis of this approach is keeping
from cycle to cycle some information about the state of the system, known as
a state support. In turn, incremental match algorithms are divided into 3
classes: lazy evaluation algorithms, binding space algorithms and eager eva-
luation algorithms. The latest is the most common in production system shells.
Lazy evaluation algorithms provide the integration of the match and
conflict resolution, which leads to a number of limitations in the process of
inference. A well-known example of such an algorithm is Leaps, that was
proposed by Miranker [12] to improve the performance of expert systems.
Binding space algorithms aimed at facilitating a parallel implementa-
tion to increase performance on modern hardware. The most known from
those algorithms are Matchbox [13], HAL [14], GridMach [15]. However,
despite the considerable amount of research work in this direction, the
suppliers of production systems tell nothing about their widespread use.
In view of the aforementioned, this work focused on the eager evaluation
algorithms, whose effectiveness has been proven by their use in the modern
production systems shells. The best known among these algorithms are Treat
[12], Rete [16], Gator [17], Rete* [18] and their modifications.
Rete algorithm is, historically, the most used in the production sys-
tems shells as first developed. It is characterized by significant speed and
has proven effective in many application problems [19]. At the same time,
many researchers based on experimental studies, prefer Treat algorithm as
one that requires less computational resources. Comparison of the Rete
and Treat algorithms and guidelines for selecting one of them are pre-
sented in the following works [20].
Research shows that the efficiency of the match algorithm depends
on how you present the information in the knowledge base. Therefore, it is
impossible to make generalized conclusions for choosing algorithmic base
of the production systems. However, the above recommendations allow a
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 12
135
high probability to choose an optimal algorithm in term of performance
memory usage. It is important to create an environment that will make
possible approbation of such a choice.
Rete and Treat match algorithms has been chosen for implementation on
mobile devices. Treat algorithm was chosen due to less memory costs com-
pared to Rete while it preserves considerable speed. An additional advantage
of the chosen algorithm is that it was created for computers with parallel proc-
essing, which allows using it for modern multi-core mobile devices.
Production systems shells. Since the common production systems
are developed by specialized production systems shells it is advisable to
choose one of them for use on tablets.
Production systems shell is a software package that facilitates the
construction of production systems by providing a scheme of knowledge
representation and inference mechanism. The developers have to add
knowledge related to the subject area; provide interconnection with exist-
ing software and information databases.
This study focused on the analysis of production systems shells that
can be used on mobile devices. Table 2 presents data about such environ-
ment, including examples of their use.
Table 2
Production systems shells
N
PS shell Application
Name Developer Name Purpose
1 Exsys Cor-
vid [21]
Exsys Inc Jet Aircraft Diag-
nostics
Aircraft Diagnostics
[22]
2 OPS [23] Charles Forgy
at Carnegie Mellon
University
XCON Determining the con-
figuration of a com-
puter system [24]
3 CLIPS [25] NASA's Johnson
Space Center, now
maintained independ-
ently from NASA as
public domain software
PI-in-a-Box Aid for astronauts to
perform science
experiments in space
[26]
4 Jess [27] Sandia National Labs Rice Plant Disease
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of rice
plants [28]
5 e2gLite [29] eXpertise2GO Expert system for
diagnosing tropical
infectious diseases
Diagnosing tropical
infectious diseases
[30]
These shells are widespread due to such characteristics as ease of
use, possibility of integration with external systems, supports multiple
paradigms of knowledge representation, cross-platform implementation
and height performance. In this study the shells which are distributed un-
der a free license were examined in more detail. These shells and their
formal characteristics are presented in Table 3.
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
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Table 3
Freely distributable production systems shells
Name
Knowl-
edge rep-
resenta-
tion
Cross-platform
Object-
oriented
ap-
proach
Proce-
dural
ap-
proach
Integration
with external
environ-
ments
CLIPS Rules,
objects
Compatible with most
Windows and Linux
operating systems, the
latest versions of Android
Support Support Possible inte-
gration with
C / C++, Java
languages
Jess Rules,
objects
Compatible with most
Windows and Linux
operating systems, the
latest versions of Android
Support Support Possible inte-
gration with
Java language
eXper-
tise2GO
Rules,
Decision
tables
Compatible with most
Windows and Linux
operating systems, the
latest versions of Android
Not sup-
port
Not sup-
port
Possible inte-
gration with
HTML lan-
guage
The shell eXpertise2GO is commonly used to create applications for
the Android operation system, but it has several disadvantages: restrictions
on the knowledge representation, focuses on web application, denied ac-
cess to the source code. Jess is development environment for production
systems, which was created on the basis of CLIPS for expert systems for
developing with the use of Java programming language. However, this
environment is distributed freely for non-commercial use, and requires an
additional license for usage in commercial purposes.
CLIPS was chosen for further study among the following shells as
best variant for applied tasks implementation. This is due to its features
such as multiple programming paradigms support: the rule based, proce-
dural, object-oriented; open source code; full supporting documentation;
the possibility of cooperation with the developers, availability of the ver-
sions for different operating systems. An additional advantage for choos-
ing the CLIPS environment was the possibility of its integration for IOS
operating systems and MacOS. CLIPS can be ported to any system where
C compiler compatible with ANSI is presented. CLIPS can be called as a
subprogram and integrated with other programming languages such as C,
C ++, Java, FORTRAN and Ada. In addition, the shell can be easily ex-
tended by using several well-defined documented protocols.
Extended production systems shell. In the CLIPS, development en-
vironment only Rete match algorithm was implemented. In this research
we extended the functionality of this environment with Treat algorithm.
CLIPS for Android which called CLIPS4Android are the Android li-
braries which are intended to be used by other Android applications. This
provides an additional advantage because there are no limits on memory
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 12
137
allocation in the native part of the program in Android OS. Modifications
have been made so that the user can compile a library with one of the
matching algorithm or with both. At the design stage of production system
it is advisable to use the latest version.
Both algorithms were formalized in same format to minimize depend-
ence from specific programing language. The both algorithms have compila-
tion and execution part. Building data flow network from rule base is meant by
compilation. Such data flow network represents data dependencies between
rule conditions. At run-time facts from working memory enter network and
are preceded depended on networks node type. Rete algorithm is formally
described in terms of first-order logic in research [31]. Based on this research
execution of Treat algorithm was formalized as follow.
Define in the token form fact f which has been added/remove from
working memory (WM) , f . For intra-elements test (conditions in
one single pattern) the transition rule ? !am ms from one Treat net-
work to another is formalized as follows:
{ }
, ? { , }!j jlm lm f
f f
( ),ifq f
{ }
, ? { , }!j jlm lm f
f f
( ),ifq f
| , ? 0!f ( ),if q f
where lm is subset of fact that have been matched already, ( )q f the con-
junction of all tests that have to be done for matching constant element.
For testing the inter-element conditions, conditions which involve
more than one single pattern transition rule is formalized as follows:
, ? { , };jf lm f f
{ } | ( )|
, ? 0!,j jtm tm f R PM p p R p f
jf lm f
( ) ^ ( );j jifq f r tm
{ } | ( )|
, ? { , }!,j jtm tm f R PM p p R p f
jf lm f tm
( ) ^ ( );j jifq f r tm
| , ? 0!,f lm f ( ).if q f
For conflict set CS:
{ }, ? { , },cm cm ff f
;
, ? { , }!jcm cm tm
j jtm tm
where R — production, — a substitution, p — pattern, which is de-
fined as term, p — positive pattern, jr — the conjunction of all inter-
element tests of rule jl PM ( Production memory), which have to be
Математичне та комп’ютерне моделювання
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done for bind variables correctly, tm — subset of facts from WM with
already bound variables, cm — conflict set memory — subset of facts
from WM which match conflict set rules.
Given such formalization it is easier to compare algorithms regard-
less of the specific implementation.
Since Treat algorithm was developed on the basis of Rete, they have
a similar mechanism to handle productions. What’s more Rete and Treat
algorithm have the same input and output format. So same data structure
can be used for both algorithms. This allows the user correctly compare
the performance of these algorithms for solving applied problem as infor-
mation for them is presented in the same format.
It has been proved that Treat algorithm needs from 15 to 45% less mem-
ory than Rete [12]. In mobile devices such improvement can allow using of
expert systems for low-end tablets. While for High-Ram devices user can
make choose between memory usage and performance depending on the task.
For such cases, the recommendations based on the properties of knowledge
base are useful in selecting an algorithm. It was proved that an efficiency of
production system depends on the properties of the knowledge base. The con-
ducted experiments and previous researches allow forming the basic guide-
lines to select match algorithm which are presented in table 4.
Table 4
Recommendations for choosing match algorithm
Characteristics of the problem Optimality criterion Rete Treat
A large number of conditional elements
in the antecedent (> 6)
Number of comparisons
with conditional elements
+ –
average number of conditional elements
in antecedent does not exceed 6
Number of comparisons
with conditional elements
– +
High temporal redundancy Performance + –
A large number of negative conditional
elements
Performance – +
Memory usage – +
Conditional elements are added dy-
namically
Performance – +
Memory usage – +
Minimum number of complex variables
in antecedent
Performance + –
Thus, the proposed development environment for production systems for
mobile devices will reduce development time and increase system efficiency
by choosing the optimal match algorithm for minimal memory usage.
Conclusions. Modern production systems for solving tasks of technical
and medical diagnosis, management, forecasting, and education designed for
use on desktop computers. This causes difficulties when transferring such sys-
tems on mobile platforms due to the specificity of their memory management.
However, this problem can be solved by the use of optimal algorithms of pro-
duction systems inference for specific tasks. This study focused on match al-
gorithm for production systems for mobile devices.
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 12
139
As results of the study, the following conclusions can be made.
Mobile devices most suitable for the application of production systems
were explored. The expediency of using the tablet with Android OS
was determined.
The pattern match algorithms were investigated as a main component,
which affects the efficiency of production systems. The following al-
gorithms were chosen for the design of production systems on mobile
devices: Rete, Treat.
Production systems shells that can be used on mobile devices were
examined. The CLIPS usage was justified.
Highlight disadvantage CLIPS: implementation of only one match al-
gorithm. Due to the open source and free license shell extension was
created. Treat algorithm was proposed for that.
Recommendations for choosing an appropriate match algorithm for
applications were presented.
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В роботі запропоновано розширення програмної оболонки CLIPS для
забезпечення можливості створення прикладних продукційних систем,
використовуваних на мобільних пристроях. Обґрунтована інновація с то-
Серія: Технічні науки. Випуск 12
141
чки зору економії грошових ресурсів на придбання спеціалізованих при-
строїв для використання ресурсоємних продукційних систем. Проведено
наступні дослідження: ринку планшетних пристроїв, найширше предста-
влених в Україні; оболонок продукційних систем, які можуть застосову-
ватися на мобільних пристроях; більш детально, з виділенням значимих
характеристик, розглянуто вільно поширювані обгортки продукційних
систем. Описано основні класи алгоритмів співставлення зі зразком.
Представлені результати досліджень щодо доцільності застосування Rete
та Treat для загальних випадків в прикладних задач.
Ключові слова: продукційні системи, співставлення зі зразком,
портативні пристрої.
Отримано: 18.03.2015
УДК 519.6:539.3
М. Р. Петрик, д-р фіз.-мат. наук, професор
Тернопільський національний технічний університет
імені Івана Пулюя, м. Тернопіль
МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ТА ІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ
ЗАДАЧ ДИФУЗІЇ В НЕОДНОРІДНИХ
НАНОМУЛЬТИКОМПОЗИТАХ ГРАДІЄНТНИМИ
МЕТОДАМИ ТА ІНТЕГРАЛЬНИМИ ПЕРЕТВОРЕННЯМИ
Розроблена та обґрунтована на основі теорії оптимального ке-
рування станами багатокомпонентних систем, інтегральних пере-
творень Фур’є та Лапласа методика моделювання та функціона-
льної ідентифікації параметрів дифузії для неоднорідних наному-
льтикомпозитів, отримані аналітичні вирази градієнтів функціо-
налів нев’язок, компонентами яких є побудовані аналітичні
розв’язки прямої і сряженої вихідної неоднорідної крайової задачі
переносу та спряженої їй за Лагранжем задачі, виконано віднов-
лення коефіцієнтів дифузії для різних поверхонь спостережень.
Ключові слова: масоперенос, математична модель, фун-
кціональна ідентифікація, інтегральне перетворення, неодно-
рідні середовища, градієнт функціонала невязки.
Вступ. Дослідження дифузійних процесів в багатошарових нано-
композизитів і тонких наноплівок відкриває перспективи створення на
базі матеріалів з відомими властивостями матеріалів та середовищ з но-
вими властивостями (нові явища провідності, дифузійно-адсорбційні
ефекти тощо), виникнення яких головно пов’язано зі структурними змі-
нами середовищ при аґрегатуванні наношарів з різними властивостями
[1–4; 15]. В цій праці на прикладі задач дифузії в згущених (Fe/Dy) маг-
нітних багатошарових наноплівках, утворених агрегацією наношарів з
високопровідними і низькопровідними матеріалами (феромагнетики і
© М. Р. Петрик, 2015
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/IncludeProfiles true
/MarksOffset 6
/MarksWeight 0.250000
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PageMarksFile /RomanDefault
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UntaggedRGBHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [600 600]
/PageSize [419.528 595.276]
>> setpagedevice
|