Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats
Rats i.p. injected once with 10 mg/kg kainic acid exhibited clear seizure behavior (“wet-dog
 shakes,” rearing on the hindlimbs, and bilateral clonus). Pretreatment with L-arginine (L-Arg
 twice a day for 5 days) significantly decreased these manifestations. The medium dose of&#x...
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| Zitieren: | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats / Yi. Sun, Sh. Yin, Sh. Li, D. Yu, D. Gong, J. Xu, Yo. Lian, Ch. Sun // Нейрофизиология. — 2013. — Т. 45, № 1. — С. 25-30. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
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| author | Sun, Yi. Yin, Sh. Li, Sh. Yu, D. Gong, D. Xu, J. Lian, Yo Sun, Ch |
| author_facet | Sun, Yi. Yin, Sh. Li, Sh. Yu, D. Gong, D. Xu, J. Lian, Yo Sun, Ch |
| citation_txt | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats / Yi. Sun, Sh. Yin, Sh. Li, D. Yu, D. Gong, J. Xu, Yo. Lian, Ch. Sun // Нейрофизиология. — 2013. — Т. 45, № 1. — С. 25-30. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. |
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| description | Rats i.p. injected once with 10 mg/kg kainic acid exhibited clear seizure behavior (“wet-dog
shakes,” rearing on the hindlimbs, and bilateral clonus). Pretreatment with L-arginine (L-Arg
twice a day for 5 days) significantly decreased these manifestations. The medium dose of
L-Arg (40 mg/kg) was found to be close to optimum; 10 and 160 mg/kg L-Arg provided much
smaller positive effects. In KA-treated rats, a much higher density of GFAP positive astrocytes was found in the hilus of the dorsal hippocampus, while 40 mg/kg L-Arg+KA-treated
rats demonstrated noticeably weaker GFAP overexpression. The results of Western blotting
analysis were fully comparable with those obtained in the immunostaining experiments.
Поведінка щурів, яким внутрішньоочеревинно ін’єкували
10 мг/кг каїнової кислоти (КК), характеризувалася вираженими проявами судом, „струшуваннями мокрого собаки”,
вставанням на задні кінцівки та білатеральним клонусом.
Попередні введення L-аргініну (L-Aрг) двічі на день протягом п’яти днів забезпечували істотне зменшення інтенсивності таких проявів. Було виявлено, що доза L-Aрг 40 мг/кг
є близькою до оптимальної; дози 10 та 160 мг/кг справляли
менш виражену позитивну дію. У щурів, яким уводили КК,
у хілусі дорсального гіпокампа спостерігалася більш висока щільність астроцитів, імунопозитивних щодо гліального фібрилярного кислого білка (GFAР), у той час як у щурів, котрим уводили КК сумісно із 40 мг/кг L-Арг, експресія
GFAP була виражена в помітно меншій мірі. Результати досліджень з використанням Вестерн-блотингу були повністю
співставними з даними, отриманими в експериментах з імуногістологічним міченням.
|
| first_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:14:33Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 1 25
UDC 616.853+577.112.85
Yi. SUN1, Sh. YIN2, Sh. LI1, D. YU2, D. GONG1, J. XU1, Yo. LIAN1, and Ch. SUN2
EFFECTS OF L-ARGININE ON SEIZURE BEHAVIOR AND EXPRESSION OF GFAP IN
KAINIC ACID-TREATED RATS
Received September 15, 2012.
Rats i.p. injected once with 10 mg/kg kainic acid exhibited clear seizure behavior (“wetdog
shakes,” rearing on the hindlimbs, and bilateral clonus). Pretreatment with Larginine (LArg
twice a day for 5 days) significantly decreased these manifestations. The medium dose of
LArg (40 mg/kg) was found to be close to optimum; 10 and 160 mg/kg LArg provided much
smaller positive effects. In KAtreated rats, a much higher density of GFAPpositive astropositive astropositive astro
cytes was found in the hilus of the dorsal hippocampus, while 40 mg/kg LArg+KAtreated
rats demonstrated noticeably weaker GFAP overexpression. The results of Western blotting
analysis were fully comparable with those obtained in the immunostaining experiments.
Keywords: L-arginine, kainic acid, seizure behavior, GFAP.
1 Department of Functions Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian,
China.
2 Institute for Brain Disorders, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.
Correspondence should be addressed to Changkai Sun
(email: cksun110@vip.sina.com).
INTRODUCTION
LArginine (LArg) first isolated in 1886 is one of the
20 most common natural amino acids. In mammals,
arginine is classified as a semiessential or conditionally
essential amino acid (depending on the developmental
stage and health status of the individual) [1]. Preterm
infants are unable to synthesize arginine internally,
making this amino acid nutritionally essential for
them [2]. There are some conditions that cause
increased requires of the organism for the synthesis of
Larginine, including surgical or other trauma, sepsis,
and burns. It should be taken into consideration that
LArg is the substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis.
Kainic acid (KA) is a natural organic acid existing
in some seaweed. It is a specific agonist for the kainate
receptors, a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors
for which KA can imitate the effect of glutamate.
Kainic acid is a potent stimulant of the CNS used for
the induction of seizures in experimental animals;
in particular, KA allows experimenters to build up a
rat model of epilepsy. As was demonstrated earlier,
NO may alleviate seizures and, thus, may be a kind
of endogenous antiepileptics [3]. However, the
mechanism of NO action in this respect still remains
unclear.
It has been reported that reactive proliferation
of astrocytes occurs during the process of
neurodegeneration or brain injury, and this is
accompanied by intensification of the synthesis of
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a cellspecific
marker for reactive astrocytes [46]. Increased GFAP
immunoreactivity [78] and the respective mRNA
levels were found in seizuremanifesting rats [911].
The question whether LArg, an important component
of the NO system, exerts any effect on the expression
of GFAP has not yet been clarified. This is why we
investigated the effects of LArg on seizure behavior
and expression of GFAP in KAtreated rats.
METHODS
Animals and Treatments. Male Wistar rats (mean
body mass 230 ± 20 g) were obtained from the Experi
mental Animal Center of the Dalian Medical Universi
ty (China). Sixty animals were randomly selected and
divided into six groups. Rats of three LArgtreated
groups were i.p. injected with 10, 40, and 160 mg/kg
LArg twice a day for 5 days, respectively. Animals
the KAtreated group were i.p. injected with 10 mg/kg
KA once on the 6th day after LArg pretreatment. The
normal control and negative control groups were in
jected with physiological saline (2 ml/kg) at the same
time as the groups mentioned above.
Behavioral Observations. All rats injected with
10 mg/kg KA demonstrated brisk rotational
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 126
Yi. SUN, Sh. YIN, Sh. LI et al.
movements of the head and trunk called “wet dog
shakes” (WDSs). The onset of seizures and the degree
of their severity were estimated using a point scale
proposed by Racine [12]: 1, chewing; 2, head nodding;
3, unilateral forelimb clonus; 4, rearing with bilateral
forelimb clonus; and 5, rearing with bilateral forelimb
clonus and falling back. Behavior of KAtreated rats
was monitored for 3 h after KA administration.
Immunohistostaining. After observing seizure
behavior, the rats were i.p. anesthetized with
pentobarbitone and perfused transcardially with 4%
paraformaldehyde. The brains were removed and
immersed in 20% sucrose diluted in 0.1 M phosphate
buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). Brain samples were cut
into 50mmthick slices. The latter were first rinsed in
PBS for 10 min and then consequently incubated with
bovine serum albumin (BSA) for 30 min, incubated
with the primary GFAP antibody (1:3,000) overnight at
4°C, rinsed in PBS for 10 min, and then incubated with
biotinylated goat antirabbit serum (1:500) and avidin
biotin complex (ABC) for 3 h. Diaminobenzidine (DAB)
provided visualization of staining. Control sections were
incubated with PBS instead of the primary antibody.
Pathological Image Analysis. A HPIAS series
colorful pathology photograph system was used to
analyze GFAPimmunopositive (ip) cells. The test
squares in the screen of the microscope used were
194258 mm2, and the number and average optical
density of GFAPip cells were measured within these
squares.
Western Blotting Analysis. Hippocampal samples
were removed, weighed, homogenized in Tris buffer
saline (TBS, pH 7.5) for 15 sec, and then vigorously
vortexed for 10 sec. Parts of the homogenized samples
(100 ml) were heated at 100°C for 5 min and then
centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min. Ten microliters
of the supernatant were used for quantifying protein
according to the Smith’s method [11]. Another 100 ml
of homogenized samples were added to an equal volume
of the sample loading buffer, heated at 100°C for 5 min,
and then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 5 min. After
these procedures, electrophoresis, transferring, and
identifying were carried out. Markers were cut away
from the membrane, stained, destained, and dried, while
the other part of the membrane was washed twice with
TBS for 10 min and then immobilized by 1% BSA for
1 h. Next operations were incubation with the primary
antibody against GFAP (1:1,500) and subsequent
incubation with the secondary antibody and ABC for
1 h. Finally, photographs were taken and analyzed.
Statistics. The numerical results are shown as
means ± s.d., and the oneway ANOVA test was used
to evaluate the statistical significance (P < 0.05).
RESULTS
Behavior. The KAtreated rats in the model group
exhibited clear timedependent seizure behavior. Five
minutes after KA injection, staring and WDSs occurred
during 30 min to 1 h. Spontaneous stereotyped seizure
behavior happened within a 1 to 3hlong interval;
this was characterized by rearing on the hindlimbs
with bilateral clonus, until the balance was lost. In
comparison with the control group, animals of the
160 mg LArg + 10 mg/kg KAinjected group showed
much longer WDS latencies with no significant
differences in the rearing latency and seizure scores.
However, 40 mg/kg LArg + KAtreated rats showed
much longer WDS latencies and rearing latencies with
lower seizure scores, while 10 mg/kg LArg + KA
treated group showed no significant changes. These
results suggested that 10 mg/kg LArg could alleviate
the normal condition only mildly, while 40 mg/kg
LArg alleviated the condition obviously. This proved
that the effect of LArg on abnormal behavior induced
by KA is dosedependent, and that the optimum dose
of LArg is about 40 mg/kg, as illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1. Effects of Different Doses of L-Arginine (L-Arg) on Kainic Acid (KA)-Induced Seizure Behavior in Rats
Т а б л и ц я. 1. Вплив L-аргініну на прояви судом, викликаних дією каїнової кислоти
Animal groups injected with
different agents WDS latency, min Rearing latency, min Score of seizures
2 ml/kg PS+10 mg/kg KA 26.44 ± 1.21 77 ± 2.17 23.19 ± 0.83
10 mg/kg LArg +10 mg/kg KA 25.12 ± 1.06 76 ± 2.20 22.17±0.79
40 mg/kg LArg+ 10 mg/kg KA 33.75 ± 1.29** 90 ± 3.15** 16.25 ± 0.77**
160 mg/kg LArg + 10 mg/kg KA 34.62 ± 1.73** 89 ± 4.55 21.35 ± 0.63
Footnotes. **Significant difference from physiological saline (PS) + KAinjected group with P < 0.01 (n = 10). WDS) “Wet dog shakes”
(brist rotational movements of the head and trunk).
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 1 27
EFFECTS OF LARGININE ON SEIZURE BEHAVIOR AND EXPRESSION OF GFAP
Immunohistostaining Analysis. In comparison
with the control group, the number and the density
of GFAPip astrocytes in KAtreated rats were
significantly greater in the hilus of the dorsal
hippocampus. A bandlike distribution of astrocytes was
clearly observed, the general intensity of staining of
the GFAPip units was markedly greater, and strongly
labeled immunoreactive elements were almost entirely
located in the hilus and adjacent regions. A majority
of the GFAPip cells appeared larger and were stained
more heavily, with positive processes appearing more
clearly. However, 40 mg/kg LArg + KAtreated rats
demonstrated noticeably weaker overexpression of
GFAPip astrocytes mentioned above; there was no
statistically significant difference from the expression
in the control groups (Fig. 1 and Table 2).
TABLE 2. Numbers of GFAP-ip Astrocytes and Pathological Image Analysis in the Hilus of the Rat Dorsal Hippocampus
Т а б л и ц я 2. Кількість GFAP-імунопозитивних астроцитів та прояви патологічних змін у хілусі дорсального гіпокампа щурів
Animal groups injected
with different agents N S, μm2 D ID
2 ml/kg PS 10.08 ± 0.93 402.74 ± 10.92 0.71 ± 0.01 375.74 ± 6.02
40 mg/kg LArg 10.17 ± 0.96 400.00 ± 16.81 0.70 ± 0.01 374.77 ± 7.04
2 ml/kg PS +
+ 10 mg/kg KA 14.13 ± 0.68** 715.42 ± 17.01** 0.90 ± 0.03* 610.29 ± 21.00**
40 mg/kg LArg +
+ 10 mg/kg KA 10.38 ± 0.56## 388.60 ± 12.68## 0.69 ± 0.01## 355.06 ± 14.32##
Footnotes. N) Number of positive cells, S) surface area of the positive bodies, D) average optical density, and ID) integral optical density per
one sight region (194,258 mm2, n = 1520 sections). * Significant difference from the control PSinjected group at P < 0.05. ** Significant
difference from the control PSinjected group at P < 0.01. ## Significant difference from the PS + KAinjected group at P < 0.01. Other
designations are the same as in Table 1.
F i g. 1. Effect of 40 mg/kg Larginine (LArg) on
expression of GFAPip astrocytes in the rat dorsal
hippocampus. AD) Hippocampal slices obtained
from a control animal injected with physiological
saline (2 ml/kg, A), a 10 mg/kg kainic acid (KA)
treated rat (B), an LArginjected animal (C), and a
KA + LArgtreated animal. m and g) Molecular and
granular layers of the dentate gyrus, respectively;
h) hilus of the dentate gyrus, and p) stratum
pyramidale of the CA3.
Р и с. 1. Вплив 40 мг/кг Lаргініну на експресію
гліального фібрилярного кислого протеїну (GFAP)
в астроцитах дорсального гіпокампа щура.
A
C
B
D
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 128
Yi. SUN, Sh. YIN, Sh. LI et al.
Western Blotting Analysis. The molecular mass of
GFAP is about 50 kDa. Three hours after KA injec
tion, GFAP expression was obviously more intense in
the PStreated + KAinjected group. At the same time,
such expression in the 40 mg/kg LArg + KArats
was noticeably weaker and showed no significant dif
ference vs that in the PSinjected group (Figs. 2 and
3). These results are fully comparable with those ob
tained in the immunohistostaining experiments.
DISCUSSION
Nitric oxide has been implicated in mediation of
neuronal excitotoxic injury [1415]. Larginine (the
substrate for NO synthesis), regarded as the main
endogenous source for NO production, was used in
our experiments to study the role of NO in generation
of seizures in KAtreated rats. It was reported earlier
that pretreatment with LArg tends to potentiate the
effects of quinolinic acid (QA) and induces clonic
and tonic convulsions in mice [16]. Simultaneously,
the effects of LArg on seizure activity elicited by KA
are dosedependent and contribute to the genesis of
seizure activity [17]. At the same time, it was found
that LArg did not affect kindling or seizure severity
[18]. Other studies showed that NO might act as an
endogenous anticonvulsant in mice [1920], and the
anticonvulsant LArg alone significantly increases the
NO concentration and NOS activity in specific brain
regions responsible for suppression of convulsions
[2122]. Previous studies, however, indicated that
KAinduced seizures appeared later in rats pretreated
with a single large dose of LArg [1821].
Due to all the abovementioned controversies, we
investigated the effects of chronic treatment with small
doses of LArg on KAinduced seizures. The results
showed that pretreatment with 40 mg/kg LArg clearly
alleviated KAinduced seizures, while pretreatment
with the lower (10 mg/kg) or greater (160 mg/kg)
doses of LArg demonstrated less significant effects.
Thus, the dose dependence is probably Ulike. We
also observed that chronic treatment with moderate
doses of LArg (40 mg/kg) exhibited anticonvulsant
effects.
The results presented here indicate that chronic
treatment with moderate doses of LArg (40 mg/kg)
provide an anticonvulsant action, but the mechanism
of such effect still remains unclear. Astrocytes
perform a variety of functions in the adult CNS [23
24]. Reactive gliosis is a response of astrocytes to a
variety of insults that is characterized by hypertrophy
A B C D
S
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
PS L-Arg PS+KA L-Arg+KA
F i g. 2. Expression of GFAP in the rat hippocampus demonstrated
using Western blot analysis. A) Control (physiological saline
injected) group, B) KAtreated rats, C) 40 mg/kg LArginjected
animals, and D) KA + 40 mg/kg LArgtreated group. S) Standard
molecular mass (kDa) of the markers, from top to bottom, 97.4
(phosphorylase), 66.2 (bovine serum albumin), 55.0 (glutamate
dehydrogenase), 42.7 (ovalbumin), and 40.0 (aldolase). Each lane
showes an identical major band stained strongly at about 50 kDa
position.
Р и с. 2. Експресія GFAP у гіпокампі щурів: результати Вестерн
блотингу.
F i g. 3. Results of scanning of hippocampal GFAP expression
(n = 6). LArg) Larginine, KA) kainac acid. * Significant difference
from the control physiological salineinjected group (PS) at
P < 0.05. + Significant difference from PS + KAtreated group at
P < 0.05. Vertical scale) Relative optical density.
Р и с. 3. Результати сканування при дослідженні експресії GFAP
у гіпокампі щурів.
Actin
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY / НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЯ.—2013.—T. 45, № 1 29
EFFECTS OF LARGININE ON SEIZURE BEHAVIOR AND EXPRESSION OF GFAP
of the cell bodies and processes and an increase in the
expression of GFAP [2526]. Previous studies revealed
that a single convulsive KAinduced seizure episode
strongly intensifies GFAP expression in astrocytes in
the hippocampal formation. Bennett et al. reported
that GFAP immunopositivity was enhanced in the
hippocampus and correlative brain areas 3 h after KA
injection, but the specific distribution and alteration
were not described [27, 28]. Our results showed that
GFAP expression after LArg pretreatment reduced
KAchallenged seizure behavior. Furhtermore, LArg
pretreatment with the dosage of 40 mg/kg inhibited
hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the astrocytes and
bandlike distribution of these glial cells and also
alleviated the abnormal overexpression of GFAP
induced by KA.
Thus, our study suggests that the effect of NO on
KAinduced seizures is dosedependent, and that the
LArg dose of 40 mg/kg seems to be optimum for
correction of KAinduced abnormal behavior. The
effect may be related to regulation of the expression
of GFAP and to a protecting action with respect to
astrocytes. In future, we will try to block NO expression
and to observe behavioral changes and changes in
astrocytes in KAtreated animals. It is necessary to be
sure that NO is the key point for curing KAinduced
seizures and to make clear the possible mechanism
of the action of the optimum LArg dose (40 mg/kg),
which most effectively reduced abnormal behavior in
KAtreated rats.
Йї. Сун1, Ш. Йїн2, Ш. Лі1, Д. Ю, Д. Гон1, Дж. Ксу1,
Йо. Ліан1, Ч. Сун2
ВПЛИВИ LАРГІНІНУ НА СУДОМНІ ПОВЕДІНКОВІ
ПРОЯВИ ТА ЕКСПРЕСІЮ GFAP, ЗУМОВЛЕНІ ВВЕДЕНGFAP, ЗУМОВЛЕНІ ВВЕДЕН, ЗУМОВЛЕНІ ВВЕДЕН
НЯМ КАЇНОВОЇ КИСЛОТИ ЩУРАМ
1 Далянський медичний університет (Китай).
2 Інститут із дослідження патології мозку Далянського ме
дичного університету (Китай).
Р е з ю м е
Поведінка щурів, яким внутрішньоочеревинно ін’єкували
10 мг/кг каїнової кислоти (КК), характеризувалася вираже
ними проявами судом, „струшуваннями мокрого собаки”,
вставанням на задні кінцівки та білатеральним клонусом.
Попередні введення Lаргініну (LAрг) двічі на день протя
гом п’яти днів забезпечували істотне зменшення інтенсив
ності таких проявів. Було виявлено, що доза LAрг 40 мг/кг
є близькою до оптимальної; дози 10 та 160 мг/кг справляли
менш виражену позитивну дію. У щурів, яким уводили КК,
у хілусі дорсального гіпокампа спостерігалася більш висо
ка щільність астроцитів, імунопозитивних щодо гліально
го фібрилярного кислого білка (GFAР), у той час як у щу
рів, котрим уводили КК сумісно із 40 мг/кг LАрг, експресія
GFAP була виражена в помітно меншій мірі. Результати до
сліджень з використанням Вестернблотингу були повністю
співставними з даними, отриманими в експериментах з іму
ногістологічним міченням.
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|
| id | nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-148024 |
| institution | Digital Library of Periodicals of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| issn | 0028-2561 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-12-07T17:14:33Z |
| publishDate | 2013 |
| publisher | Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України |
| record_format | dspace |
| spelling | Sun, Yi. Yin, Sh. Li, Sh. Yu, D. Gong, D. Xu, J. Lian, Yo Sun, Ch 2019-02-16T17:44:36Z 2019-02-16T17:44:36Z 2013 Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats / Yi. Sun, Sh. Yin, Sh. Li, D. Yu, D. Gong, J. Xu, Yo. Lian, Ch. Sun // Нейрофизиология. — 2013. — Т. 45, № 1. — С. 25-30. — Бібліогр.: 28 назв. — англ. 0028-2561 https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148024 Rats i.p. injected once with 10 mg/kg kainic acid exhibited clear seizure behavior (“wet-dog
 shakes,” rearing on the hindlimbs, and bilateral clonus). Pretreatment with L-arginine (L-Arg
 twice a day for 5 days) significantly decreased these manifestations. The medium dose of
 L-Arg (40 mg/kg) was found to be close to optimum; 10 and 160 mg/kg L-Arg provided much
 smaller positive effects. In KA-treated rats, a much higher density of GFAP positive astrocytes was found in the hilus of the dorsal hippocampus, while 40 mg/kg L-Arg+KA-treated
 rats demonstrated noticeably weaker GFAP overexpression. The results of Western blotting
 analysis were fully comparable with those obtained in the immunostaining experiments. Поведінка щурів, яким внутрішньоочеревинно ін’єкували
 10 мг/кг каїнової кислоти (КК), характеризувалася вираженими проявами судом, „струшуваннями мокрого собаки”,
 вставанням на задні кінцівки та білатеральним клонусом.
 Попередні введення L-аргініну (L-Aрг) двічі на день протягом п’яти днів забезпечували істотне зменшення інтенсивності таких проявів. Було виявлено, що доза L-Aрг 40 мг/кг
 є близькою до оптимальної; дози 10 та 160 мг/кг справляли
 менш виражену позитивну дію. У щурів, яким уводили КК,
 у хілусі дорсального гіпокампа спостерігалася більш висока щільність астроцитів, імунопозитивних щодо гліального фібрилярного кислого білка (GFAР), у той час як у щурів, котрим уводили КК сумісно із 40 мг/кг L-Арг, експресія
 GFAP була виражена в помітно меншій мірі. Результати досліджень з використанням Вестерн-блотингу були повністю
 співставними з даними, отриманими в експериментах з імуногістологічним міченням. en Інститут фізіології ім. О.О. Богомольця НАН України Нейрофизиология Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats Впливи L-аргініну на судомні поведінкові прояви та експресію GFAP, зумовлені введенням каїнової кислоти щурам Article published earlier |
| spellingShingle | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats Sun, Yi. Yin, Sh. Li, Sh. Yu, D. Gong, D. Xu, J. Lian, Yo Sun, Ch |
| title | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats |
| title_alt | Впливи L-аргініну на судомні поведінкові прояви та експресію GFAP, зумовлені введенням каїнової кислоти щурам |
| title_full | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats |
| title_fullStr | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats |
| title_short | Effects of L-Arginine on Seizure Behavior and Expression of GFAP in Kainic Acid-Treated Rats |
| title_sort | effects of l-arginine on seizure behavior and expression of gfap in kainic acid-treated rats |
| url | https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/148024 |
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