Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel
A new approach to quick preparation of a nitrided case for low-carbon low-alloy steels was proposed. It is based on cold hardening and pressurized gas nitriding. The microstructure, surface hardness, thickness, and corrosion resistance of the nitrided layer on low-carbon low-alloy steel (20CrMnTi) w...
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| Cite this: | Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel / Z A. Zhou, W.T. Fu, R.H. Zhang, J.J. Qi, G.F. Jin, Z.H. Wang, S.H. Sun // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 231-237. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. |
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nasplib_isofts_kiev_ua-123456789-1738332025-02-09T14:39:59Z Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel Анализ характеристик газового азотирования при различных режимах холодного деформирования и давления азотирования для малоуглеродистой низколегированной стали Zhou, Z A. Fu, W.T. Zhang, R.H. Qi, J.J. Jin, G.F. Wang, Z.H. Sun, S.H. Научно-технический раздел A new approach to quick preparation of a nitrided case for low-carbon low-alloy steels was proposed. It is based on cold hardening and pressurized gas nitriding. The microstructure, surface hardness, thickness, and corrosion resistance of the nitrided layer on low-carbon low-alloy steel (20CrMnTi) were investigated after the nitriding at 510°C for 5 h under different cold rolling reduction (0–60% CR) and nitriding pressure (1–5 atm). Предложен новый способ получения азотированного слоя на малоуглеродистых низколегированных сталях с использованием холодного деформирования и газового азотирования давлением. Изучены микроструктура, поверхностная твердость, толщина и коррозионная стойкость азотированного слоя на стали 20CrMnTi после азотирования при 510°С в течение 5 ч в различных условиях обжатия при холодной прокатке (0-60% СR) и давлении азотирования (1-5 атм). This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51505416), the Foundation for Young Scholars in Yanshan University (Grant No. 14LGA004) and the Post-Doctoral Research Project of Hebei Province (Grant No. B2016003029). 2018 Article Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel / Z A. Zhou, W.T. Fu, R.H. Zhang, J.J. Qi, G.F. Jin, Z.H. Wang, S.H. Sun // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 231-237. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. 0556-171X https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173833 539.4 en Проблемы прочности application/pdf Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел |
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Научно-технический раздел Научно-технический раздел Zhou, Z A. Fu, W.T. Zhang, R.H. Qi, J.J. Jin, G.F. Wang, Z.H. Sun, S.H. Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel Проблемы прочности |
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A new approach to quick preparation of a nitrided case for low-carbon low-alloy steels was proposed. It is based on cold hardening and pressurized gas nitriding. The microstructure, surface hardness, thickness, and corrosion resistance of the nitrided layer on low-carbon low-alloy steel (20CrMnTi) were investigated after the nitriding at 510°C for 5 h under different cold rolling reduction (0–60% CR) and nitriding pressure (1–5 atm). |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Zhou, Z A. Fu, W.T. Zhang, R.H. Qi, J.J. Jin, G.F. Wang, Z.H. Sun, S.H. |
| author_facet |
Zhou, Z A. Fu, W.T. Zhang, R.H. Qi, J.J. Jin, G.F. Wang, Z.H. Sun, S.H. |
| author_sort |
Zhou, Z A. |
| title |
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel |
| title_short |
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel |
| title_full |
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel |
| title_fullStr |
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel |
| title_sort |
analysis of gas nitriding characteristics under different cold hardening and nitriding pressure conditions for low-carbon low-alloy steel |
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Інститут проблем міцності ім. Г.С. Писаренко НАН України |
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2018 |
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Научно-технический раздел |
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https://nasplib.isofts.kiev.ua/handle/123456789/173833 |
| citation_txt |
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel / Z A. Zhou, W.T. Fu, R.H. Zhang, J.J. Qi, G.F. Jin, Z.H. Wang, S.H. Sun // Проблемы прочности. — 2018. — № 1. — С. 231-237. — Бібліогр.: 19 назв. — англ. |
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Проблемы прочности |
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UDC 539.4
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics under Different Cold Hardening
and Nitriding Pressure Conditions for Low-Carbon Low-Alloy Steel
Z. A. Zhou,
a
W. T. Fu,
a,1
R. H. Zhang,
b
J. J. Qi,
a
G. F. Jin,
a
Z. H. Wang,
c
and S. H. Sun
a
a State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials
Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
b Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Modern Metallurgy, College of Metallurgy and Energy, North
China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
c College of Mechanical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
1 wtfu@ysu.edu.cn; zzasdtc@126.com
A new approach to quick preparation of a nitrided case for low-carbon low-alloy steels was
proposed. It is based on cold hardening and pressurized gas nitriding. The microstructure, surface
hardness, thickness, and corrosion resistance of the nitrided layer on low-carbon low-alloy steel
(20CrMnTi) were investigated after the nitriding at 510�C for 5 h under different cold rolling
reduction (0–60% CR) and nitriding pressure (1–5 atm). The results show that this technique can
significantly improve the nitriding steel efficiency with the nitrided layer mainly composed of Fe2-3N
and Fe4N nitrides. At constant nitriding pressure, the nitrided layer hardness first increases and then
decreases with the amount of cold hardening. At the constant hardening, the nitrided layer hardness
and corrosion resistance increase with the nitriding pressure. For the sample nitrided at 510�C for
5 h under 30% CR and a pressure of 5 atm, the nitrided layer exhibits optimal properties: hardness
of 825 HV and thickness of 310 �m.
Keywords: low-carbon low-alloy steel, nitride, nitriding pressure, cold hardening, nitriding
efficiency.
Introduction. 20CrMnTi steel is a typical low-carbon low-alloy steel that exhibit high
strength, toughness, and fatigue performance after being carburized. It is widely used to
manufacture gears, shafts, and piston parts. However, deformation and cracking occur
easily at high temperatures (900–950�C) required for carburization, which severely limits
the application in the steel parts required to be large and accurate [1–4]. In contrast, the
commonly used gas nitriding (GN) at 500–580�C can greatly improve the workpiece
surface and fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, as well as reduce the workpiece
deformation during its processing. However, to obtain a thicker nitrided layer (NL),
conventional GN (CGN) requires a longer process cycle (20–80 h), whith higher energy
and equipment depreciation losses [5–9]. Thus, a new GN process is required for industrial
applications that are more rapid, energy-efficient and reliable than existing methods.
Many reports focused on rapid GN processes:. Kundalkar et al. [10] achieved good
fatigue performance of H13 steel through a rapid two-stage GN process, but the NL
thickness was only 145 �m. Tong et al. [11–13] reported that the nitriding efficiencies of
pure Fe and 38CrMoAl steel were improved through surface shot peening, and that the
nitriding temperatures were reduced appreciably. However, its nitriding process took place
under atmospheric pressure, and the effect of pressure on nitriding efficiency was not
considered. We have proposed a series of pressurized GN methods [14–16] that involve
increasing the nitriding pressure. This increases the physical adsorption of nitrogen atoms
at the workpiece surface and the interface reaction rate, thereby accelerates the nitriding
dynamics process. However, the effect of cold hardening and nitriding pressure on GN
characteristics of low-carbon low-alloy steel has not been clarified yet.
© Z. A. ZHOU, W. T. FU, R. H. ZHANG, J. J. QI, G. F. JIN, Z. H. WANG, S. H. SUN, 2018
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 231
In this study, the microstructure, surface hardness, thickness, and corrosion resistance
for 20CrMnTi steel were investigated to substantiate the development of new rapid
nitriding technology that may replace the carburization.
1. Experimental. The normalized 20CrMnTi commercial steel plate was adopted as
the test material, with the following chemical composition (wt.%): 0.21 C, 0.98 Mn, 1.13 Cr,
0.26 Si, 0.05 Ti, 0.028 P, 0.015 S, and balance Fe. Samples of the tested steel were cut into
6 mm and cold-rolled (CR) 10–60% in the thickness direction. The nitriding was carried
out using a specially designed furnace [17]. All samples were nitrided at 510�C for 5 h
using flowing NH3 (99.99 vol.%) under gas pressures range of 1–5 atm, after which they
were left in the furnace to cool to 100�C.The cross-sectional microstructure of the nitrided
samples was examined under an Axiovert 200 optical microscope (OM). Micro- structure
features in the NLs were characterized with a JEM-2010 transmission electron microscope
(TEM). Phase analysis of the NLs was done on a D/MAX-PC 2500 X-ray diffractometer
with CuK� radiation, operated at 40 mA and 40 kV. The depth- dependent hardness of the
nitrided samples was measured using an FM-ARS 9000 Vickers micro- hardness tester with
a load of 200 g and a time of 10 s.The samples after nitriding were cut into 10 5� mm and
then removed the cutting marks by 1000# abrasive paper. Samples, which sections were
covered by cold tesserae (acrylic acid) in hydrochloric acid solution were subjected to the
static corrosion weight loss, with fixed time of their removal, and weighted after alcohol
flushing and drying.
2. Results and Discussion.
2.1. Microstructure of Nitrided Layer. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for the
surface layers of samples that were nitrided at 510�C for 5 h under different experimental
conditions (0–60% CR, 1–5 atm) are shown in Fig. 1. Apparently, for the samples
pre-deformed less than 30%, either the Fe2-3N or Fe4N phase has not been found in the NL
after CGN process, only the �-(Fe, N) phase (i.e., rich-N ferrite) is formed. Pre-treating of
the sample with 30–40% CR leads to a NL microstructure composed of �-(Fe, N) phase and
slight Fe4N phase. When the deformation was over 40%, only �-(Fe, N) phase revealed
(Fig. 1a). Thus, the nitrides’ amount in NLs of 20CrMnTi steel after CGN firstly grew
and then dropped with cold hardening deformation.
Z. A. Zhou, W. T. Fu, R. H. Zhang, et al.
232 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
a b
Fig. 1. XRD patterns for surface layers nitrided at 510�C for 5 h with different deformation and
pressure values: (a) 0–60% CR, 1 atm; (b) 30% CR, 2–5 atm.
The NL microstructure mainly consists of Fe2-3N and Fe4N phases (Fig. 1b) after 30%
CR and nitriding under gas pressures of 1–5 atm at 510�C for 5 h. With increasing nitriding
pressure, the density of the gas inside the furnace and the probability of collision between
atoms increase. The probability of nitrogen atoms accessing the specimen surface also
grows, as does the Fe2-3N phase number. On the other hand, because the decomposition of
NH3 in the furnace during nitriding is a reversible reaction suppressed with increasing
pressure, while the partial pressure of NH3 can increase the activity coefficient of N atoms,
thus the reaction rate of NH3 was accelerated.
Cross-sectional OM images of the samples treated at 510�C for 5 h under different
deformation and pressure values are shown in Fig. 2. When deformation increased from 0
to 30%, a compound layer appeared. and the NL thickness increased from 50 to 85 �m
(Fig. 2a and b). Thus, the cold hardening pre-deformation promoted the CGN efficiency
[12]. When the nitriding pressure was raised from 2 to 5 atm, the thicknesses of compound
layer and NLs increased from 20 and 75 �m to 160 and 310 �m (Fig. 2c and d),
respectively. This implies that the pressure increase not only accelerated the nitriding rate
effectively but also thickened the compound and diffusion layers at the same nitriding
temperature and nitriding period.
A typical TEM image of a sample treated at 510�C for 5 h under 30% CR and
nitriding pressure of 4 atm is shown in Fig. 3. It is very evident that a large number of
dislocations were distributed in the NL of the deformed sample (Fig. 3). When the media
pressure reaches 4 atm the precipitates were observed in the NLs, and the precipitate
identified by SAED pattern was the Fe4N phase (Fig. 3b).
2.2. Hardness and Thickness of Nitrided Layer. Figure 4 shows the cross-sectional
microhardness of 20CrMnTi steel treated under different conditions. For the CGN sample
pre-treated after 10–60% CR, the cross-sectional hardness first grew and then dropped with
pre-treatment deformation, reaching its maximum value of ~ 440 HV at 30% CR (Fig. 4a).
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics ...
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 233
Fig. 2. Cross-sectional OM images of samples treated at deformation and pressure values: (a) 0% CR,
1 atm; (b) 30% CR, 1 atm; (c) 30% CR, 2 atm; (d) 30% CR, 5 atm.
As soon as Fe4N phase with higher toughness and hardness was formed, the surface
hardness of the sample with 30–40% CR increased significantly. In particular, after
nitriding, samples possessed the matrix hardness almost as high as that after pre-treatment.
Figure 4b shows the cross-sectional microhardness distribution curves of 20CrMnTi
steel treated at 510�C for 5 h under 30% CR and nitriding pressure of 1–5 atm. For the PGN
sample pre-treated after 30% CR the microhardness increases with increasing nitriding
pressure, albeit with less sharply. Thus, higher nitriding pressures result in higher gas
density in the nitriding furnace, better surface adsorption of NH3 molecules, and faster
interface reactions, which implies that PGN efficiency was improved significantly.
The evolution of measured average thickness values of NLs in 20CrMnTi steel treated
at 510�C for 5 h under different conditions is depicted in Fig. 5. The NL thickness firstly
grew and then dropped with deformation, while the maximum (85 �m) depth of the nitride
layer corresponded to the deformation value of 30%. It is noteworthy that when the amount
of cold hardening increased to 50 or 60%, the surface hardness of the nitrided sample
dropped. This is due to the closure of previously opened diffusion channels of nitrogen
atoms: an increasse in the cold hardening deformation triggered a large number of
dislocations to tangle. It can be seen that the effective hardening layer thickness increases
with pressure, so that the hardened-layer thickness at 5 atm is 265% of that at 1 atm.
2.3. Corrosion Resistance. The weight losses of 20CrMnTi steel treated at 510�C for
5 h under different nitriding pressure in 10% hydrochloric acid are shown in Fig. 6. The
rate of weight loss per unit area of sample dropped significantly after nitriding. The curve
234 ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1
Z. A. Zhou, W. T. Fu, R. H. Zhang, et al.
Fig. 3. Typical TEM bright-field image (a) and corresponding SAED pattern (b) for the sample
treated at 510�C for 5 h under 30% CR and a nitriding pressure of 4 atm.
a b
Fig. 4. Cross-sectional microhardness distribution curves of 20CrMnTi steel treated at 510�C for 5 h
under different conditions: (a) 0–60% CR, 1 atm; (b) 30% CR, 1–5 atm.
for CGN (1 atm) is close to that of the original sample with increased corrosion time, as NL
is too thin to influence the corrosion resistance. Combined with the XRD results, the
surface layer was identified as �-(Fe, N) phase, which has a feeble contribution to the
corrosion resistance improvement. However, the appearance of Fe2-3N and Fe4N phases at
pressures of 3 and 5 atm, respectively, which improve the corrosion resistance [18, 19], led to
an appreciable drop in the corrosion weight loss.
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 235
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics ...
a b
Fig. 5. Measured average thickness of NL of 20CrMnTi steel treated under different conditions: (a)
0–60% CR, 1 atm; (b) 30% CR, 1–5 atm. (The error bars of the measurements are indicated in the
plots.)
Fig. 6. Corrosion weight loss against corrosion time for differently treated 20CrMnTi steel samples
placed into 10% hydrochloric acid.
Fig. 7. Corrosion morphology of differently treated 20CrMnTi steel: (a) original sample; (b) 1 atm;
(c) 3 atm.
The corrosion morphologies of differently treated 20CrMnTi steel placed in 10%
hydrochloric acid for 120 h are shown in Fig. 7. The surface of the original sample without
nitriding treatment was left with very deep and intensive corrosion pits, whereas there was
evidently considerably less damage to the nitrided samples.
C o n c l u s i o n s
1. As compared with CGN, the combined cold hardening and PGN improved the
nitriding efficiency of the low-carbon low-alloy steel. The NL thickness formed under
pressure of 5 atm amounted to 265% of that formed under 1 atm.
2. The NL mainly contained Fe2-3N and Fe4N nitrides. At the constant nitriding
pressure, the NL hardness firstly grew and then dropped with cold hardening deformation.
For constant deformation, the NL hardness increased with the nitriding pressure.
3. With an increase in the nitriding pressure, the corrosion resistance of NL was
gradually improved.
4. The NL of the sample under 30% CR and nitriding pressure of 5 atm exhibited the
optimal properties, namely: the hardness of 825 HV and thickness of 310 �m.
Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (Grant No. 51505416), the Foundation for Young Scholars in Yanshan
University (Grant No. 14LGA004) and the Post-Doctoral Research Project of Hebei
Province (Grant No. B2016003029).
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Received 15. 09. 2017
ISSN 0556-171X. Ïðîáëåìè ì³öíîñò³, 2018, ¹ 1 237
Analysis of Gas Nitriding Characteristics ...
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/HRV (Za stvaranje Adobe PDF dokumenata najpogodnijih za visokokvalitetni ispis prije tiskanja koristite ove postavke. Stvoreni PDF dokumenti mogu se otvoriti Acrobat i Adobe Reader 5.0 i kasnijim verzijama.)
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/NLD (Gebruik deze instellingen om Adobe PDF-documenten te maken die zijn geoptimaliseerd voor prepress-afdrukken van hoge kwaliteit. De gemaakte PDF-documenten kunnen worden geopend met Acrobat en Adobe Reader 5.0 en hoger.)
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/ENU (Use these settings to create Adobe PDF documents best suited for high-quality prepress printing. Created PDF documents can be opened with Acrobat and Adobe Reader 5.0 and later.)
>>
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(Common)
(1.0)
]
/OtherNamespaces [
<<
/AsReaderSpreads false
/CropImagesToFrames true
/ErrorControl /WarnAndContinue
/FlattenerIgnoreSpreadOverrides false
/IncludeGuidesGrids false
/IncludeNonPrinting false
/IncludeSlug false
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(InDesign)
(4.0)
]
/OmitPlacedBitmaps false
/OmitPlacedEPS false
/OmitPlacedPDF false
/SimulateOverprint /Legacy
>>
<<
/AddBleedMarks false
/AddColorBars false
/AddCropMarks false
/AddPageInfo false
/AddRegMarks false
/ConvertColors /ConvertToCMYK
/DestinationProfileName ()
/DestinationProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/Downsample16BitImages true
/FlattenerPreset <<
/PresetSelector /MediumResolution
>>
/FormElements false
/GenerateStructure false
/IncludeBookmarks false
/IncludeHyperlinks false
/IncludeInteractive false
/IncludeLayers false
/IncludeProfiles false
/MultimediaHandling /UseObjectSettings
/Namespace [
(Adobe)
(CreativeSuite)
(2.0)
]
/PDFXOutputIntentProfileSelector /DocumentCMYK
/PreserveEditing true
/UntaggedCMYKHandling /LeaveUntagged
/UntaggedRGBHandling /UseDocumentProfile
/UseDocumentBleed false
>>
]
>> setdistillerparams
<<
/HWResolution [2400 2400]
/PageSize [612.000 792.000]
>> setpagedevice
|