НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ
The review is devoted to non-woven sorption-filtering materials (NSFM) widely used equipment for gas cleaning from toxic gaseous and vaporous substances. The use of ion-exchange fibrous materials (IFM) as NSFM and the peculiarities of their preparation and structure have been analyzed. A lot of atte...
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| Дата: | 2021 |
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V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
2021
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Ukrainian Chemistry Journal| _version_ | 1871465729373503488 |
|---|---|
| author | Ennan , Alim Dlubovskii , Ruslan Khoma , Ruslan |
| author_facet | Ennan , Alim Dlubovskii , Ruslan Khoma , Ruslan |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Alim Ennan ",
"institution": "Physical-chemical institute for environment and human protection of MES of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Ruslan Dlubovskii ",
"institution": "Physical-chemical institute for environment and human protection of MES of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Ruslan Khoma ",
"institution": "Physical-chemical institute for environment and human protection of MES of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Ennan , Alim |
| baseUrl_str | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T08:23:46Z |
| description | The review is devoted to non-woven sorption-filtering materials (NSFM) widely used equipment for gas cleaning from toxic gaseous and vaporous substances. The use of ion-exchange fibrous materials (IFM) as NSFM and the peculiarities of their preparation and structure have been analyzed. A lot of attention is paid to the mechanisms of chemisorption processes using IFM and to the role of water in their successful implementation. Individual options and some regularities of fibrous anionites, cationites, and polyampholytes interaction due to exchange reactions, neutralization, reduction-oxidation, complexation and precipitation with gaseous and vaporous substances are considered on specific examples. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/2708-129X.87.07.2021.3-24 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:39Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
3
УДК 544.723:62-784.43 doi: 10.33609/2708-129X.87.07.2021.3-24
NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY
CLEANING
A. A.-A. Ennan1, R. M. Dlubovskii1, R. E. Khoma1,2*
1Physico-Chemical Institute of Environment and Human Protection, Preobrazhenskaya str., 3,
Odessa 65082, Ukraine
2Odessa I.I. Mechnikov National University, Dvoryankaya str., 2, Odessa 65082, Ukraine
*e-mail: rek@onu.edu.ua, eksvar@ukr.net
The review is devoted to non-woven sorption-filtering materials (NSFM) widely used equip-
ment for gas cleaning from toxic gaseous and vaporous substances. The use of ion-exchange
fibrous materials (IFM) as NSFM and the peculiarities of their preparation and structure have
been analyzed. A lot of attention is paid to the mechanisms of chemisorption processes using
IFM and to the role of water in their successful implementation. Individual options and some
regularities of fibrous anionites, cationites, and polyampholytes interaction due to exchange
reactions, neutralization, reduction-oxidation, complexation and precipitation with gaseous
and vaporous substances are considered on specific examples.
Key words: ion-exchange fibers, chemisorption, toxic gases and vapors.
INTRODUCTION. Among the wide variety
of adsorbents used in devices for sanitary puri-
fication of air from gaseous toxicants, a special
place is occupied by nonwoven sorption-filter-
ing materials (NSFM). Due to the short time
to achieve sorption equilibrium in the case of
NSFM, the rate of sorption of harmful compo-
nents from gaseous media is several times high-
er than the rate of similar processes on granular
adsorbents, which allows to purify air using thin
layers of material. Due to the low resistance to air
flow, such materials are used to equip gas clean-
ing equipment, including respirators – personal
respiratory protective equipment (PRPE) from
toxic gases [1–18].
FEATURES OF STRUCTURE, METHODS
OF PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF
NSFM IN GAS PURIFICATION. One of the
kinds of NSFM is the so-called ion-exchange
fibrous materials (IFM), the fibers of which are
spatially crosslinked three-dimensional struc-
tures consisting of certain oriented macromo
lecules containing chemically active functional
groups [3, 9, 14, 16]. By their nature, IFMs are
divided into cation-exchange resins (contain-
ing acid groups), anion-exchange resins (con-
taining basic groups) and ampholytes (con-
taining both acid and basic groups) [5–11, 14,
16, 18]. Now the main methods of obtaining
ion-exchange chemisorption fibers are:
NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING
4 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
– graft copolymerization of chemically ac-
tive copolymer with finished fiber;
– polymeranalogical transformations in the
finished fiber;
– formation of fibers from copolymers con-
taining ionic groups.
For the synthesis of most ion-exchange fi-
brous materials are used: cellulose-viscose fiber
(VF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polycaproami
de (PCA) and polypropylene (PP) fibers, etc.
[12–20].
In the post-Soviet space, the main produ
cers of IFM are the Russian Federation and the
Republic of Belarus [14, 18]. Abroad, little at-
tention is paid to ion-exchange fibrous materi-
als, except for China, where CATALON mate-
rials are produced [18] (similar in properties to
the Belarusian PANION), and Japan – IONEX
[7, 21]. In addition, the United States [6], Japan
[22, 23], South Korea [24], Iran [25], Uzbeki-
stan [15, 26], Ukraine [1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12, 27] and
others, develop methods for producing IFMs,
modifying them and study their physicoche
mical properties.
The modification of PAN fibers is carried
out with ammonia, carbamide, phenylhydra-
zine, 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, mono-, di- and
triethanolamines, N,N-dimethylethanolamine,
diethylamine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine,
hexamethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine,
triethylenetetramine, aminoethylpiperazine
and some other compounds, and fibrous
chemisorbents containing -NH2, -NH- and
-C(NH2)=NH, functional groups and hav-
ing high parameters of sorption capacity and
chemical resistance are obtained [13–16, 26,
28, 29].
Characteristics of the main brands of
ion-exchange fibrous materials produced by
industry are given in Table 1.
Table 1
Gas-absorbing IFMs manufactured in industrial batches.
№ Chemical characteristic Trade
brand
Functional
groups
Static exchange
capacity, mg-eq/g
Reference
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
Weakly acidic cation-exchan
ger based on the hydrated and
saponified PAN fibers
MION K-5
FIBAN K-5
PANION-110
VION KN-1
–COOH 3–7
5–7***
[30]
[14, 19]
[30]
[7]
2
Weakly acidic cation-exchang-
er based on PP fibers and poly-
acrylic acid
FIBAN K-4 –COOH 5,0***
[14, 16]
3 Strongly acidic cation-ex-
changer based on PAN fibers
FIBAN K-1
VION KS-2 –SO3H
3,0***
0,8–1,0***
[14, 16,
19]
4
Weakly basic anion-exchan
ger. Copolymer of PAN fibers
and polymethylvinylpyridine
(PMVP)
VION АN-1 2–2,5* [7, 19, 31]
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
5https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
1 2 3 4 5 6
5
Polyfunctional anion-exchan
ger. Copolymer of PAN fib-
ers and PMVP alkylated with
epichlorohydrin (ECH)
VION AS-1
2–2,5*
1,0–1,2**
[7]
6
Weakly basic cellulose anion-
exchanger. Copolymer of VF
and PMVP CM-А1 до 3
[4]
8
Strongly basic anion-exchang-
er based on PAN fibers PANION-320
–[N(CH3)3]
+
–N(CH3)2
1,5–2.5**
0,8–1,5*
[30]
9 Strongly basic anion-exchang-
er based on PAN fibers FIBAN А-1 –N+(CH3)3 2,5–3,2* [14, 16]
10
Amphoteric ionite based on
PAN fibers FIBAN А-5
–N(CH3)2
= NH
–COOH
4,2*
0,5***
[14, 16]
11
Strongly basic anion-exchanger
based on PAN fibers FIBAN А-6 N+
=NH
2,0*
0,8*
[14, 16]
12
Amphoteric ionite. Copolymer
of PAN fibers, methyl acrylate
and itaconic acid (followed by
treatment with polyamines)
PANION-220
–COOH
N+
=NH
–NH2
3,5–7,0***
0,5–1,5* [30]
13
Amphoteric ionite. Copolymer
of PAN fibers, methyl acrylate
and itaconic acid (followed by
treatment with polyamines)
FIBAN АK-22
PANION-210
VION AN-3
–COOH
=NH
–NH2
3,5–7,0***
1,0-3,0***
0,5–1,5*
1,5-7,0*
[14, 16]
[30]
[32]
14
Medium basic anion-exchanger
based on PAN fibers PANION-310
=NH
–NH(СН3)2
4–5* [30]
* Static exchange capacity, measured relative to 0.1N HCl; ** Static exchange capacity measured relative to 0.1N NaCl.
*** Static exchange capacity, measured relative to 0.1N NaOH
Table 1
NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING
6 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
The most wide use of IFMs was in the manu
facture of replaceable gas mask elements
(RGME) for the equipment of lightweight
PRPE. High speed and efficiency of air purifi-
cation at insignificant aerodynamic resistance
in combination with physical and mechanical
structure of the IFM acceptable for “embed-
ding” RGMEs in the respirator mask space of
respirators allowed to create a light and com-
fortable gas-dust respirator type “Snowball”
(with 3–4 times smaller weight and 2–2.5 times
lower initial resistance to respiration compared
to the standard cartridge respirator RU-60M)
Table 2 [3, 9, 33].
Table 2Light filtering gas and dust respirators equipped with IFM [33].
Name, type, class of respirator (compliance),
technical conditions for production Protective function
TU U 33.1-01530125-
025 2009
“Snowball” FMA1P2
(DSTU EN 1827–2001)
Vapors of organic compounds with a boiling
point above 65 °C; aerodisperse particles
“Snowball” FMВ1P2
(DSTU EN 1827–2001)
Chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen cyanide;
aerodisperse particles
“Snowball” FME1P2
(DSTU EN 1827–2001)
Acid gases and acid vapors; aerodisperse parti-
cles
“Snowball” FMК1P2
(DSTU EN 1827–2001)
Ammonia and vapors of nitrogen-containing
organic bases; aerodisperse particles
“Snowball” FMГаз2P2(Ш)
(DSTU EN 1827–2001)
Acid gases and acid vapors, ammonia and va-
pors of nitrogen-containing organic bases,
ozone, vapors of organic compounds; aerodis-
perse particles
IFMs are also used to equip gas treatment
plants with a capacity of up to 100,000 m3/h.
for the capture of acidic (SO2, HF, SiF4, HCl,
Cl2, NO2) or basic (NH3) gases, as well as mists
of acids and other compounds; to make pro-
tective cavers, counteracting the ingress of
toxicants released from the surface of electro
lysis baths [30, 34], in submerged arc welding
and the production of fused fluxes [9, 35], etc.
In this case, the 90–98% degree of purification
of gases is reached. Gases with a toxic impurity
content of 0.1 to 500 mg/m3 at a temperature
of +1 to +70 °C and a relative humidity of 30–
100% lend themselves to purification. The cost
of purification of 1000 m3 of air from SO2 to
MPC is an order of magnitude lower compared
to purification with granular sorbents [5, 36].
The use of IFMs for individual gas protec-
tion is not limited to the manufacture of RGME
respirators. They are also used for the manufac-
ture means of skin protection for workers em-
ployed in industries with particularly harmful
working conditions: air and moisture-proof
workwear with IFM is proof against toxic sub-
stances, and sufficient mechanical strength and
chemical resistance formed their ability for
multiple regeneration [6, 13–16, 18, 37–39].
CHEMISORPTION PROCESSES USING
IFMS. IFMs, as a special type of chemical rea-
gents, can enter into reactions of addition, de-
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
7https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
composition or displacement, with the partici
pation of ionic groups, with gases, vapors and
liquid aerosols [9, 13, 14, 17, 31, 40]. In this
case, the processes of metabolism, neutraliza-
tion, oxidation-reduction, complexation and
precipitation are possible not only on the sur
face of the ionite fiber, but also in its entire
volume. In most cases, the interaction product
is chemically bound to the ionite. The absorp-
tion of gases is also partly due to their dissolu-
tion in water contained in the swellable ion-ex-
changer.
Stretching of the matrix during the swelling
of the IFM in water vapor promotes the rapid
penetration of sorbate gas molecules into the
ion-exchanger phase and the exit of reaction
products from it. Therefore, the presence of
moisture in the system not only does not poison
such sorbents (unlike activated carbon, zeolites,
silicagels, etc.), but also promotes gas and vapor
absorption. In some cases, water is one of the
components involved in the gas absorption re-
action. The high affinity of ion-exchangers for
water can be successfully used for the efficient
dehumidification of various gases and their
mixtures. With the help of IFM it is possible to
absorb gaseous and vaporous substances not
only of acidic (SO2, SO3, HCl, HF, Cl2, HNO3,
H2SO4, H2S, CH3COOH) or basic (NH3, organic
amines), but also neutral gases (O2, Hg), vapors
and aerosols [2–17, 19, 32, 35–38, 41, 42].
Below, on specific examples of greatest in-
terest for practice, some options and some pat-
terns of interaction of IFM with gaseous sys-
tems of different nature are considered.
CHEMISORPTION OF ACID GASEOUS
SUBSTANCES. The gases, vapors and aerosols
with acid properties are the most numerous
objects of chemisorption on IFMs. Their ab-
sorption in most cases is carried out by reac-
tions of neutralization of the hydroxyl or car-
bonate form of strongly basic anion-exchange
resins or formation of “ammonium” salts with
primary, secondary or tertiary amino groups
of weakly basic IFMs. The mechanisms of the
processes that take place in this case are not
the same for all chemisorbed substances and
are sometimes quite complex.
SORPTION OF ANHYDRIDES OF OXY-
GEN-CONTAINING ACIDS. Of the gases that
are anhydrides of oxygen-containing acids,
oxides of sulfur (IV), carbon (IV) and nitro-
gen (IV), as well as mists of the correspond-
ing acids are of most practical interests. Oxides
of sulfur (IV) and carbon (IV) are effectively
absorbed by hydroxyl [2, 11, 13, 14, 41] and
chloride [11] forms of strongly basic fibrous
anion-exchangers. This process is greatly facili
tated by the presence of water in the gas phase.
At the beginning of the process the following
reactions occur:
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + SO2 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2SO3
+ H2O,
(1)
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + СO2 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2СO3
+ H2O,
(2)
where R – the matrix of the anion-exchange
resin; R’, R’’ and R’’’ are a hydrocarbon radical
or other radical.
The separated water causes the possibility of
further absorption of gases due to the transi-
tion of the anion-exchange resin into the form
of an acidic anion of the corresponding acid:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2SO3
+ H2O + SO2
→
←
→← 2[RR’R’’R’’’N]НSO3,
(3)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2СO3 + H2O + SO2
→
←
→
← 2[RR’R’’R’’’N]НСO3.
(4)
NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING
8 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
The reactions of the above type are rever
sible. When heated, the middle form is formed
again with the release of water and the corre-
sponding anhydride. It should be noted that
the thermal removal of chemisorbed sul-
fur (IV) oxide from anion-exchangers is not
always possible due to the fact that in the phase
of strongly basic anion-exchangers, absorbed
SO2 is extremely rapidly oxidized by oxygen of
the purified air stream [13, 43].
It is also possible to absorb sulfur (IV) oxi
de by the carbonate or hydrocarbonate form
of strongly basic anion-exchangers by reac-
tion (5) with subsequent binding of SO2 by re-
action (4) [2, 13, 43]:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2СО3 + SO2 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2SO3 + СO2
(5)
According to reactions similar to those dis-
cussed above, the absorption of mists of sul-
furic and other acids with strongly basic ani-
on-exchangers is carried out [2, 3, 9]:
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + H2SO4 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2SO4 + 2H2O,
(6)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2SO4 + H2SO4 →
→ 2[RR’R’’R’’’N]НSO4.
(7)
RR’R’’N + nH2O →← [RR’R’’NH]+ +
+ OH− + (n-1)H2O,
(8)
(n-1)H2O + SO2 → SO2⋅H2O + (n-2)H2O, (9)
(n-2)H2O + 2[RR’R’’NH]+ + 2OH− +
+ SO2⋅H2O → [RR’R’’NH]2SO3 + nH2O,
(10)
[RR’R’’NH]2SO3 + SO2⋅H2O 2nH O→
2nH O→ 2[RR’R’’NH]HSO3,
(11)
2[RR’R’’NH]HSO3
→
← [RR’R’’NH]2S2O5 +
+ nH2O.
(12)
As follows from equations (1), (3), (8) –
(12), water is not only a reaction medium in
which mass transfer and chemisorption pro-
cesses take place, but also an essential partici-
pant in these processes, which is confirmed by
data [45]. We found something similar in the
study of SO2 capture by impregnated fibrous
chemisorbents (IFCS) under static and dy-
namic conditions [46, 47].
For granular macroporous anion-exchang-
ers with different functional groups, the che
misorption capacity of sulfur (IV) oxide varies
in the following sequence:
RNH(CH2)2NH2 > RNH(CH2)6NH2 >
> RNH(CH2)2OH > RNH2,
which the author of [48] attributes to the basici
ty of functional groups. In this case, the ther-
mal regeneration of the anion-exchange resin
RNH (CH2)2NH2 is difficult, and in the case of
RNH(CH2)2OH, a weaker bond is formed un-
der interacting with SO2, which provides ease
of thermal regeneration for practice. In our
opinion, this is due to the formation of sulfite
compounds by the interaction of SO2 with an
anion-exchanger based on monoethanolamine
(MEA), while for anion-exchange resin based
on ethylenediamine (EDA) thermally and hyd
rolytically stable sulfates are formed [44, 49].
EDA-based fibrous anion-exchange resin has
a lower sorption capacity for SO2 compared to
N,N-dimethylpropylenediamine (DMPDA)-
based anion-exchange resin [29, 50], although
EDA (pKa1 = 7.49; pKa2 = 10.17 [51]) is more
basic than DMPDA (pKa1 = 7.67; pKa2 = 9.91
[52]). The authors of [29, 50] based only on
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
9https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
quantum chemical calculations conclude that
the processes of SO2⋅nH2O ionization and sulf
oxidation on the surface of PAN-EDA fibers
are unlikely. This contradicts the experimental
data from the study of interaction products in
the systems SO2 – Am – H2O and SO2 – Am –
H2O – O2 [44, 49]. In addition, nothing is said
about the effect of the PAN matrix on the
chemisorption of sulfur (IV) oxide by fibrous
anion-exchangers [29, 50]. Obviously, the par-
ticipation of the primary and secondary ami-
no groups of EDA in the formation of strong
N-H•••O=C hydrogen bonds creates a steric
hindrance to their further protonation, which
contributes to the above [29, 50].
The sorption capacity and the efficiency of
absorption of sulfur (IV) oxide from the air
are impacted by several factors of different
directions [32]. With increasing content of
quaternary amino groups, i.e. with increasing
basicity of functional groups, anion-exchange
resins containing tertiary amino groups are
able to operate in the lower range of relative
humidity of the gas stream. At the same time,
the low dynamic capacity of strongly basic fi-
brous anion-exchangers limits the possibility
of their use in fine air filters, where periodic
regeneration of sorbents during operation is
not provided. The absorption of SO2 from the
air is carried out in the presence of two or more
water molecules near the amino group of the
anion-exchanger. Moreover, for each ion-ex-
changer there is an optimal range of relative air
humidity, within which its dynamic activity for
sulfur oxide is a maximum.
As the content of cation-exchange groups in
the ion-exchanger increases, the sorption effi-
ciency of SO2 decreases, and for polyampho-
lites, the sorption capacity may not be realized
at all. The sorption capacity of anion-exchange
resins with tertiary groups increases both with
an increase in their total anion-exchange ca-
pacity and with a change in the nature of func-
tional groups, in particular, with the presence
of additional secondary amino groups in their
composition.
Nitrogen oxides are also almost complete-
ly absorbed by the hydroxyl form of strongly
basic anion-exchangers via the stage of their
dissolution in water [9, 11, 13, 40, 53]:
2NO2 + H2O → HNO3 + HNO2, (13)
NO2 + NO + H2O → 2HNO2. (14)
The formed nitric or nitrous acids are ab-
sorbed by a strongly basic anion-exchanger by
neutralization reactions:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + HNO3 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]NO3 + H2O, (15)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + HNO2 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]NO2 + H2O. (16)
The good kinetics characteristics of strong-
ly basic anion-exchangers cause a fairly rapid
course of the process with nitrous acid having
no time to decompose by the reaction:
3НNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO + H2O. (17)
The above reaction partially occurs when
using weakly basic anion-exchangers due to
the relatively low rates of their neutralization.
This is evidenced by the presence in the gas
leaving the filter with an anion-exchanger, of
one mole of nitric(II) oxide for every three
moles of NO2.
In addition to strongly basic and weakly ba-
sic anion-exchangers, weakly acidic cation-ex-
change resins in salt form and polyampholites
can be used for the absorption of acid gases [9,
14, 40]. For example, oxides of carbon (IV) and
NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING
10 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
sulfur (IV) in the presence of moisture can be
absorbed by the sodium or ammonium form
of carboxyl cation-exchange resin according to
the schemes:
R-COONa + CO2 + H2O →←
→← R-COOH + NaHCO3,
(18)
R-COONH4 + SO2 + H2O →←
→← R-COOH + NH4HSO3.
(19)
SORPTION OF HYDROGEN HALIDES.
Fibrous anion-exchangers very efficiently ab-
sorb mists of hydrohalic acids by neutralizing
the latter with hydroxyl, carbonate or hydro-
carbonate forms of strongly basic anion-ex-
changers (reactions 20–23) and primary, sec-
ondary or tertiary amino groups of weakly ba-
sic anionites (reaction 24) [3, 4, 7, 13, 54–56].
The absorption process largely depends on the
presence of moisture in the system, as water is
a direct participant in the interaction of HCl
with the functional groups of fibrous anion-ex-
change resins [13, 56]. When absorbing hydro-
gen chloride, the following reactions occur:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + HCl 2nH O→
2nH O→ [RR’R’’R’’N]Cl + H2O;
(20)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2СО3 + 2HCl 2nH O→
2nH O→ 2[RR’R’’R’’’NH]Cl +
+ H2O + CO2;
(21)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]HCO3 + HCl 2nH O→
2nH O→ [RR’R’’R’’NH]Cl
+ H2O + CO2;
(23)
RR’R’’N + HCl 2nH O→
2nH O→ [RR’R’’NH]Cl.
(24)
[RR’R’’NH]Cl + nHCl 2nH O→
2nH O→ [RR’R’’NH]Cl⋅nHCl.
(25)
Processes (20) – (24) correspond to the stoi
chiometric addition of HCl to the main func-
tional groups of ionite by the neutralization
reaction. The amount of HCl absorbed by this
mechanism may be less than or equal to the
exchange capacity of the ion-exchanger; it de-
pends on the basicity of the ionite, the concen-
tration of HCl in the air and relative humidity
[13, 56]. HCl sorbed by equation (25) can be
defined as “overequivalent”. However, a clear
distinction can be made between equivalent
and overequivalent HCl only for strongly basic
groups.
The mechanism of sorption of hydrogen
fluoride by strongly basic anion-exchangers
with nitrogen of the quaternary ammonium
base can be described in the following stages
[54, 55, 57–59]:
1. Dissolution of HF in water in the anion-
exchanger phase:
HFgas
O2H
→
← HFsol (26)
2. Dissociation and aquacomplexation of
HF in solution:
HFsol
→
← H+ + −F ; (27)
HFsol + H+ + −F
→
← HF
−
2 + H+. (28)
3. Exchange sorption of fluoride-difluoride
ions by anion-exchange resin in OH form:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + HF →
←
→
← [RR’R’’R’’’N]F + H2O; (29)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + HF −
2 + H+
→
←
→
← [RR’R’’R’’’N](HF2) + H2O. (30)
4. Sorption of additional HF due to com-
plexation with nitrogen of the quaternary am-
monium base or the formation of solvate shells
around exchange sorbed HF −
2 :
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
11https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
[RR’R’’R’’’N](HF2) + (n-1)HF →←
→
←
[RR’R’’R’’’N][F(HF)n], were n = 1-3. (31)
On the example of a weakly basic ani-
on-exchange resin, it was found that the total
amount of absorbed HF consists of exchange-
and non-exchange-sorbed hydrogen fluoride.
The amount of HF sorbed by the ionite by the
reaction:
R-NH2 + HF → [R-NH +
3 ] −F , (32)
practically does not depend on its concen-
tration in the gas-air mixture (AM) and is
0.7-0.8 mmol/g. In addition, there is an invari-
ant (equivalent) absorption of HF:
[R-NH +
3 ] −F + iHF → [R-NH +
3 ][F(HF) −i ], (33)
where i = 1, 2, 3.
The amount of non-exchange HF is pro-
portional to its concentration in the GAM
and is 1.3–3.5 mmol/g. Such absorption of
HF is associated with the possibility of sol-
vation of amino groups and counterions of
ion-exchanger by HF molecules [57, 58]. This
displaces water molecules and resolvates the
functional groups, so that there is an osmotic
swelling of the ionite in HF as in a highly polar
solvent. The amount of moisture in the GAM is
markedly manifested only at very low values of
relative humidity (<10%), which is also due to
the high solvating ability of HF. Like water, ex-
change- and non-exchanged sorbed hydrogen
fluoride in this case plays the role of a diffusion
medium.
However, on HF – Am – H2O model sys-
tems, the authors of [60] showed that the in-
teraction with highly basic amines (pKa > 8)
takes place mainly by the Bransted type with
complete neutralization of hydrogen fluo-
ride and formation of monohydrofluorides
[AmH]+F− as end products, which corresponds
to reactions (29) and (32); interaction with me-
dium-strength monoamines (pKa <7) at con-
centrations exceeding the stoichiometric ratios
of the reacting components relative to HF is ac-
companied by the formation of polyhydrofluo-
rides of the total composition [AmH]+[Hk 1Fk]
−,
similar to reactions (30), (31) and (33).
Obviously, the difference in the behavior of
strongly basic anion-exchangers [2] from high-
ly basic monoamines [60] is due to the matrix
effect of ion-exchange materials. The possibi
lity of using carboxyl fibrous cationites for the
sorption of hydrogen fluoride is based on the
splitting reactions of salt forms of these cati-
ons as salts of weak acids (pKa ~ 6) by stronger
acids formed by dissolving gases in “swelling”
water [40]:
R-COONa + HF 2nH O→
2nH O→ R-COOH + NaF. (34)
As can be seen from equation (29), when
HF is captured by cationtes in the Na-form,
salts of the corresponding acids are formed and
accumulate in the ion-exchanger phase and ul-
timately in the interfiber space of RGMEs with
IFMs. To prevent their entrainment and entry
into the respiratory system, it is necessary to
shield the RGME with a layer of dust-collecting
material, which leads to an increase in material
and labor intensity, deterioration of economic
and ergonomic characteristics of products.
The latter occurs due to increased respira-
tory resistance of PRPE. In the case of HF, the
situation is not changed even by the fact that
during the formation of NaF, the time of pro-
tective action of RGME increases due to the
interaction of NaF and HF with the formation
of NaHF2 hydrofluoride. Therefore, the use
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
of cation-exchangers for the sorption of acid
gases, including HF, is undesirable.
SORPTION OF SILICON TETRAFLUO-
RIDE. In case of sorption of SiF4 with strongly
basic fibrous anionites, the following mecha-
nism can be proposed [2, 13, 35, 59, 61]:
1. Dissolution of SiF4, hydrolysis and com-
plexation in the moisture of anion-exchanger
according to the equation:
5SiF4 + (m+6)H2O → H2SiF6 + (35)
+ 2H[SiF5⋅H2O]+ SiF4⋅2H2O + SiO2⋅mH2O,
H2SiF6
2nH O→ 2H+ + Si −2
6F . (36)
2. Exchange sorption of Si −2
6F and SiF5⋅Н2О
−
− by ionite in the hydroxyl form:
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + 2Н+ + Si −2
6F →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2(SiF6) + 2Н2О, (37)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + H+ + SiF5⋅Н2О
−
→
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N](SiF5) + 2Н2О. (38)
In addition, the processes of hydrolytic de-
composition of hexafluorosilicate anions in
the anion-exchange phase should not be ne-
glected [35, 62]. Dried IFM practically does
not sorb SiF4 from dehydrated GAM [59].
When sorbing SiF4 with weakly basic fibrous
anion-exchange resins [2, 59, 61], the follow-
ing mechanism can be proposed, which in-
cludes reactions (35), (36) and the following
stage:
2[RR’R’’NH]+ + Si −2
6F 2nH O→
2nH O→ [RR’R’’NH]2SiF6; (39)
SORPTION OF HYDROCYANIC ACID.
With strongly basic anion-exchange resins in
the OH form, hydrocyanic acid vapors interact
by the usual neutralization reaction [40, 63]:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + НCN →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]CN + H2O. (40)
In the case of weakly basic anion-exchang-
ers, the process is accompanied by the hydro
lysis of the cyanide form with the formation of
oxyamine:
RR’R’’N + НCN → [RR’R’’N]CNН, (41)
[RR’R’’N]CNН + H2O →
→ RR’R’’N-C(O)NH2. (42)
SORPTION OF HYDROGEN SULFIDE.
The sorption of hydrogen sulfide on anion-ex-
change resins in the OH-form follows the
mechanism of the usual neutralization reac-
tion [17]. The sulfide form thus formed can
additionally absorb an equimolar amount of
H2S [40, 64]:
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + H2S →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2S + 2H2О, (43)
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2S + H2S →
→ 2[RR’R’’R’’’N](НS). (44)
Weakly basic anion-exchangers under dy-
namic conditions practically do not absorb hyd
rogen sulfide, because its aqueous solution is a
too weak acid (pKa1 = 7.02, pKa2 = 12.20 ÷ 15.00
at 25 °C [65]), so only strongly basic anion-ex-
changers are used. Hydrogen sulfide also be
sorbed with strongly basic and weakly basic
cation-exchangers in salt form with 3d metals
(for example, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Zn2+) [66],
forming with it sparingly soluble sulfides, firm-
ly held by the spatial matrix of chemisorbent:
[R-COO]2Me + H2S →
→ 2R-COOH + MeS↓. (45)
However, the sorption capacity of cati-
on-exchange resins in salt forms is much lower
than that of anion-exchangers under similar
conditions. The formation of sediment in the
ion-exchanger phase causes the blocking of ac-
tive groups, sharply reducing the kinetic cha
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
13https://ucj.org.ua
UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
racteristics of the process, as well as complicat-
ing regeneration.
Non-woven materials based on anionite
or polyampholyte fibers and Fe(III)-EDTA or
Mn(III)-EDTA complexes capture H2S [13,
17, 67–69]. Hydrogen sulfide absorbed by the
liquid phase exists in the molecular and ionic
forms, and during catalytic oxidation, changes
into elemental sulfur:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]OH + H2S →
[RR’R’’R’’’N]+ + HS− + H2O (46)
2[Fe(EDTA)]− + H2S → S + 2H+ +
+ 2[Fe(EDTA)]2−, (47)
[Fe(EDTA)]− + HS− → S + H+ + [Fe(EDTA)]2−.
(48)
In parallel, the oxidative regeneration of the
catalyst takes place:
[Fe(EDTA)]2− + O2 + 2H2O →
→ [Fe(EDTA)]− + 4OH−. (49)
SORPTION OF PHENOLS. Phenol is well
absorbed from gas mixtures by the hydroxyl
form of strongly basic anion-exchangers [30,
40]. The sorption of phenols on ion-exchan
gers is inverted. Desorption is carried out by
raising the temperature or treatment with or-
ganic solvents.
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + С6Н5ОН →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N](ОС6Н5) + H2O (50)
SORPTION OF HALOGENS. The absorp-
tion of molecular chlorine by strongly and
weakly basic anion-exchangers proceeds
through the successive stage of its dissolution
and disproportionation in water of swelling of
IFM [7, 9, 13, 16, 41]:
Cl2 + H2О → НCl + НОCl, (51)
3НОCl → 2НCl + НClО3, (52)
and then through the sorption of hydrochloric
and hypochlorous acids by substitution reac-
tions on the amino groups of the ion-exchanger.
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2СО3 + 2HCl 2nH O→
2nH O→ 2[RR’R’’R’’’N]Cl + H2O + CO2 (53)
[RR'R''R'''N]2СО3 + 2HClO3
2nH O→
2nH O→2[RR'R''R'''N](ClO3) + H2O + CO2 (54)
When halogens (chlorine, bromine and
iodine) are absorbed by strongly basic ani-
on-exchangers, a high specific capacity is also
achieved by the direct use of the halide forms
of the anion-exchanger of the same name.
Sorption occurs due to the binding of halogens
by all elements of the structure of the ion-ex-
changer: counterions, amino groups and the
hydrocarbon matrix. With halide counterions,
a complex polyhalide anion with a coordina-
tion number n of up to 4 is formed.
[RR’R’’R’’’N]I + nBr2 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N][I(Br2)n]. (55)
The formation of polyhalide complexes of the
type [Cl(I2)n]−, [Cl(Br2)n]−, [Br(I2)n]−, etc. is
also possible
SORPTION OF PHOSGENE. Upon interac-
tion with the hydroxyl form of the anion-ex-
change resin, phosgene is absorbed as anhy-
dride of hydrochloric and carbonic acids [40]:
4[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + COCl2 →
→ 2[RR’R’’R’’’N]Cl +
+ [RR’R’’R’’’N]2CО3 + 2H2О (56)
Presumably, the process proceeds in several
stages: hydrolysis of sorbate (55); absorption of
the formed acids by OH anion-exchanger (56),
(57) and decomposition of its carbonate form
(58, 1.59):
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
COCl2 + 2H2O → 2HCl + H2CO3, (57)
2RR'R''R'''N+ОН– + 2HCl →
→ 2 RR'R''R'''NCl + 2H2O, (58)
2RR'R''R'''N+ОН–+ Н2CO3 →
→ (RR'R''R'''N)2CО3 + 2H2O, (59)
(RR'R''R'''N)2CО3 + HCl →
→ RR'R''R'''NCl + RR'R''R'''NHCO3, (60)
RR'R''R'''NHCO3 + HCl →
→ RR'R''R'''NCl + Н2О + СО2. (61)
CHEMISORPTION OF NEUTRAL GASE-
OUS SUBSTANCES
SORPTION OF MERCAPTANS. Strongly
basic anion-exchange resins in the OH form
absorb mercaptans from various gas streams
relatively well. For example, the sorption of
thiophenol on a strongly basic anion-exchange
resin follows the equation [30, 40]:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + C6H5SH →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N](SH5С6) + H2O. (62)
The catalytic decomposition of perchloro
methylmercaptan takes place during it absorb-
tion:
4[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + СCl3SCl →
→ 4[RR’R’’R’’’N]Cl + S + 2H2O + СO2. (63)
From gaseous hydrocarbon streams, mer-
captans can be removed by molecular sorp-
tion on strongly basic anion-exchangers, from
which the sorbed mercaptans are easily eluted
with an excess of dilute alkali solution. On ca
tion-exchange resins in the form of heavy me
tal ions (copper, silver) mercaptans are sorbed
with the formation of mercaptides and easily
eluted with alkali solutions.
SORPTION OF CARBON DISULFIDE. The
absorption of carbon disulfide by anion-ex-
changers is based on its ability to exhibit the
properties of thioanhydride and to easily react
with bases. The products of this interaction are
xanthates of different types [40, 70]:
RNH2 + CS2 → RNH-CS2H, (64)
RR’NH + CS2 → RR’N-CS2H. (65)
The sorption effect does not depend on the
basicity of the anion, but increases with increa
sing carbon disulfide concentration and tem-
perature (by approximately 50% at 40 °C). The
obtained xanthates are unstable compounds
and decompose easily under the action of acid
and at elevated temperatures. Anion-exchan
gers in the hydrosulfide form are able to absorb
carbon disulfide with the formation of trithio-
carbonate by the reaction:
[RR’R’’R’’’N](HS) + CS2 →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N](HCS3). (66)
SORPTION OF OZONE. The high oxidizing
properties of ozone allow it to be efficiently de-
composed on anion-exchangers in the form of
the corresponding reducing ions. The possibili-
ty of formation of undesirable toxic volatile pro
ducts under the action of ozone must be taken
into account when choosing ion-exchangers
and their ionic forms for the decomposition of
O3. In principle, ozone can decompose on ani-
on-exchangers in the form of any reducing ions.
For example, anion-exchange resins in iodi
de form quantitatively decompose O3 with the
release of an equimolar amount of free iodine,
firmly held by the ion-exchanger phase [13, 40]:
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]І + О3 + H2О →
→ ([RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН)2І2 + О2. (67)
The reaction occurs with the absorption of
water, which slightly complicates the deozo-
nation of dry or slightly wet gas streams. The
most effective is the process of deozonation
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
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UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
using the hydrazinium form of strongly acid
cation-exchangers, decomposing O3 with the
formation of non-toxic products [13]:
[R-SO3](N2H5) + 2О3 →
→ R-SO3Н + 2H2O + N2 + 2O2. (68)
The release of water has a positive effect
when there is a lack of moisture in the system.
It is four times more effective than anion-ex-
changers in iodide form in terms of deozon-
ing ability per one equivalent of the exchange
capacity of cation-exchanger in hydrazine
form. Compared with the latter, a number of
other ionic forms are more effective (for ex-
ample [RR’R’’R’’’N]HS, [RR’R’’R’’’N]HSO3,
[RR’R’’R’’’N]S2O3, [RR’R’’R’’’N]HC2O4) [40].
SORPTION OF MERCURY. The reducing
property of mercury is used to absorb its va-
pors or aerosols on the ionites in the form of
the corresponding oxidizing ions [13, 40, 71].
For example, iodinated strongly basic ani-
on-exchangers (their halide forms saturated
with free iodine) absorb from 10 to 40% of the
initial mass of the chemisorbat as mercury, de-
pending on its iodine content:
2[RR’R’’R’’’N]+[І(I2)n]− + nHg →
→ [RR’R’’R’’’N]І + (HgI2)n↓. (69)
The formed precipitate of HgI2, is very firmly
held in the anion-exchanger phase. Due
to the sharp color contrast and the linear-
color dependence of the original anion-
exchanger and its spent zone, this reaction is
successfully used for the building of calibration
curve in determination of mercury in air.
To absorb vapors and aerosols of mercury
disproportionation reaction on strongly
acid cation-exchange resins in the form of
mercury(I) can be used:
[R-SO3]2Hg + Hg → 2[R-SO3]Hg. (70)
Mercury vapors and aerosols can be ab-
sorbed on strongly by acid cation-exchangers
in silver form. The fine-grained metallic silver
formed in the ion-exchanger phase additio
nally absorbs a significant amount of mercury
due to the formation of amalgams, and the ca
tion-exchanger acquires a characteristic mir-
ror luster. The process occurs by the reactions:
2[R-SO3]Ag + Hg → [R-SO3]2Hg + 2Ag, (71)
nAg + mHg → AgnHgm. (72)
Vaporous of mercury can be removed from
flue gases or air by chelation with ion-exchange
fibers dispersed with MnO2 nanoparticles [17].
The removal process involves the oxidation
Hg0 → Hg2 + followed by selective binding on
fibers containing iminodiacetate functional
groups, according to the reactions:
Hg0 + MnO2 + 4H+ →
→ Hg2+ + Mn2+ + 2H2O, (73)
4[R-NCH2COO]Na + Hg2+ + Mn2+ →
→ [R-NCH2COO]2Hg +
+ [R-NCH2COO]2Mn + 4Na+ (74)
CHEMISORPTION OF GASEOUS SUB-
STANCES OF BASIC NATURE. Of the gase-
ous substances of alkali nature, are absorbed
by IFMs, of great practical interest is ammonia
and other nitrogen-containing bases (aliphat-
ic and aromatic amines), as well as aerosols of
caustic alkalis. To absorb them, one can use
neutralization reactions on H-cation exchange
resins, complexation on cation-exchange re
sins in metal forms, as well as exchange
(substitution) reactions on weakly basic anion
exchange resins in salt form.
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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
SORPTION OF AMMONIA. For the absorp-
tion of ammonia, one can use the H-form and
some metal forms of strongly acid and weakly
acid cation-exchangers, as well as salt forms of
weakly basic anion-exchangers. The absorption
efficiency depends on the presence of moisture
in the ionite or gas. In dry cation-exchanger, the
direct addition of ammonia by hydrogen forms
of strongly acid and weakly acid cation-ex-
changers by reactions [9, 13, 72, 73]:
R-SO3Н
+ NH3 → [R-SO3]NH4, (75)
R-СООH + NH3 → [R-СОO]NH4. (76)
is extremely complicated. When sorbing
ammonia by fibrous sulfonic cation-exchanger,
the decrease in sorption occurs at the relative
humidity P/Ps <0.07; within P/Ps = 0.07–1.0,
the moisture content has practically no effect
on the equilibrium state or the interaction ki-
netics [73]. We found something similar in
the capture of NH3 by IFCs based on complex
compounds of 3d metals [74, 75]. That is, wa-
ter is necessary not only to improve the kinetic
characteristics of the process, but also is one of
the components involved in the reaction that
proceeds by the ionic mechanism:
NH3 + H2O →← NH4OH →← NН +
4 + OH−, (77)
[R-SO3]Н + NH
+
4 + OH− →←
→← [R-SO3]NH4
+ H2О, (78)
R-СООH + NH +
4
+ OH− →←
→← [R-СОО]NH4
+ H2О. (79)
The absorption efficiency of NH3 can be sig-
nificantly increased by using cation-exchange
resins in the form of salts of 3d metals (Cu2 +,
Co2 +, Cd2 +, Zn2 +, Ni2+), which are complexing
agents for ammonia [13, 40].
[R-СОО]2Co + nNH3 →
→ [R-СОО]2[Co(NH3)n] (80)
[R-SO3]2Cu + nNH3 →
→ [R-SO3]2[Cu(NH3)n] (81)
where n = 1-4. The sorption of ammonia by
various ionic forms of sulfonic cation-exchan
ger increases in this order: Na+ < H+ < Zn2+ <
Cu2+ < Co2+
[13].
The absorption of ammonia by salt forms of
anion-exchangers is also possible, for example,
the interaction of ammonia with the sulfate
form of the strongly basic anion-exchange re
sin follows the equation:
[RR’R’’R’’’N]2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O →
→ 2[RR’R’’R’’’N]ОН + (NH4)2SO4. (82)
The reaction also requires water in the ioni
te or gas stream.
SORPTION OF AMINES. The processes of
interaction of aliphatic and aromatic amines
with cation-exchangers [76–78] due to their
chemical similarity to ammonia are similar to
those described above. For example, on strong-
ly acid cation-exchangers the chemisorption of
aliphatic and aromatic amines is carried out by
fixing them on exchange centers by the reac-
tion:
R-SO3Н
+ R’R’’R’’’N →
→ [R-SO3][R’R’’R’’’NH]. (83)
where R’ is a hydrocarbon radical; R’’ and R’’’
are H or a hydrocarbon radical. In the case
of C2H5NH2 and (C2H5)2NH, in contrast to
(C2H5)3N, the protective properties of strongly
acidic fibrous cation-exchanger do not depend
on the moisture content [76]. The sorption
of (C2H5)2NH and (C2H5)3N from the GAM
with carboxylic fibrous cation-exchanger
depends on humidity, which is due to kinetic
A. A.-A. Ennan, R. M. Dlubovskii, R. E. Khoma
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UCJ № 7 / Vol. 87
and diffusion barriers to the interaction of
incompletely swollen cation-exchanger with
amines [76]. Strong acid and weak acid cations
in the form of salts of d metals (Cu2 +, Co2 +,
Cd2 +, Ni2 +) can be used for the chemisorption
of amines [40].
The process, as in the absorption of ammo-
nia, is a complexation reaction, in which amine
plays the role of a ligand:
[R-SO3]2-Me + nR’NH2 →
→ [R-SO3]2-Me(R’NH2)n, (84)
[R-COO]2-Me + nR’NH2 →
→ [R-COO]2-Me(R’NH2)n. (85)
SORPTION OF HYDRAZINE. Among ni-
trogen hydrogens, hydrazine and its symmet-
ric or asymmetric alkyl- and aryl-substituted
derivatives occupy a special place in the ab-
sorption with ion-exchange chemisorbents.
The tendency to complex formation and the
properties of weak bases, peculiarly in aque-
ous solutions, allows chemisorption of these
compounds from the gas phase, like amines,
on metal forms of cation-exchangers and salt
forms weakly basic anion-exchangers. The easy
oxidation of hydrazine is the basis for the de-
composition of its vapors on anion-exchange
resins containing free iodine. The process
is reduced to the oxidation of hydrazine by
iodine [40]:
2I2 + N2H4 → 4HI + N2. (86)
CONCLUSIONS. Non-woven ion-exchange
fibrous materials, having several advantages
over granular adsorbents, are widely used to
equip gas cleaning equipment for removing to
xic gases and vapors. The literature describes the
chemisorption of fibrous ion-exchangers SO2,
NOx, HCl, HF, SiF4, NH3, and NR’nH3-n (R’ –
C2H5; n = 1 ÷ 3), which allows the a priori choice
of IFMs in the capture of these toxicants.
The chemisorption of gases, vapors, and
aerosols of acidic nature is carried out by re-
actions of neutralization of hydroxyl or car-
bonate form of strongly basic anion-exchang-
ers or formation of “ammonium” salts with
primary, secondary, or tertiary amino groups
of weakly basic IFMs. Low-acid cation-ex-
changers in salt form could be used for ab-
sorbing acid gases. Chemisorption of gaseous
ammonia, aliphatic and aromatic amines, as
well as aerosols of caustic alkalis, occurs on
cation-exchangers in H- and metal forms, as
well as anion-exchangers in salt form. The
peculiarity of chemisorption of gaseous sub-
stances with acidic and alkaline properties by
fibrous IFMs is the neediness of water to im-
prove the kinetic characteristics of processes,
and water direct participation in the reactions
that occur by the ionic mechanism.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. The study
was done within the state budget
theme “Theoretical principles of cre-
ating highly efficient sorption-filter-
ing materials and respirators based on
them”, the state registration number:
0119U002103.
NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING
18 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІ-
АЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ
А. А.-А. Еннан1, Р. М. Длубовський1,
Р. Є. Хома1,2*
1Фізико-хімічний інститут захисту навко-
лишнього середовища і людини МОН Украї-
ни та НАН України, вул. Преображенська, 3,
Одеса 65082;
2Одеський національний університет імені
І. І. Мечникова, вул. Дворянська, 2, Одеса
65082
*e-mail: rek@onu.edu.ua
Огляд присвячено аналізу особливос-
тей функціонування нетканих сорбцій-
но-фільтруючих матеріалів (НСФМ), які
широко використовують для спорядження
газоочищувального устаткування, зокрема
респіраторів – засобів індивідуального за-
хисту органів дихання від токсичних газо-
та пароподібних речовин. Проаналізовано
використання НСФМ, зокрема іонообмін-
них волокнистих матеріалів (ІВМ), особли-
вості їхнього отримання та будови; наведе-
но дані щодо виробників таких матеріалів.
Велику увагу приділено механізмам проце-
сів хемосорбції при використанні ІВМ та
ролі води в їхньому успішному здійснен-
ні. На конкретних прикладах, що являють
найбільший інтерес для практики, розгля-
нуто окремі варіанти і деякі закономірності
взаємодії волокнистих аніонітів, катіонітів
та поліамфолітів за рахунок реакцій обмі-
ну, нейтралізації, окислення – відновлення,
комплексоутворення і осадження з газо-
та пароподібними речовинами. Детально
описано хемосорбцію іоногенними гру-
пами ІВМ токсикантів кислотної (оксидів
сірки (IV), вуглецю (IV), азоту (IV), тетра
фториду кремнію, хлористого водню, фто-
ристого водню, тетрафториду кремнію,
синильної кислоти, сірководню, фенолів,
галогенів, фосгену), основної (аміаку, різ-
номанітних амінів та гідразинів) природи,
а також нейтральних сполук (меркаптанів,
сірковуглецю, озону та ртуті).
Поглинання газів, випарів та аерозолів
кислотного характеру здійснюється за ре-
акціями нейтралізації гідроксильної або
карбонатної форми сильноосновних аніо-
нітів або утворення «амонійових» солей з
первинними, вторинними або третинними
аміногрупами слабкоосновних ІВМ. Крім
сильноосновних і слабкоосновних аніоні-
тів для поглинання кислих газів можна ви-
користовувати слабкокислотні катіоніти у
сольовій формі. Хемосорбція газоподібних
аміаку, аліфатичних та ароматичних амінів,
а також аерозолів їдких лугів відбувається
на катіонітах в H- та метал-формах, а також
аніонітах в сольовій формі.
Ключові слова: іонообмінні волокна, хе-
мосорбція, токсичні гази та пари.
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NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING
24 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2021
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Стаття надійшла 08.07.2021.
|
| id | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-329 |
| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:06:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021 |
| publisher | V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/5b/63a6176611465dd6e0fb958791705e5b.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-3292026-07-22T08:23:46Z NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ Ennan , Alim Dlubovskii , Ruslan Khoma , Ruslan ion-exchange fibers, chemisorption, toxic gases and vapors The review is devoted to non-woven sorption-filtering materials (NSFM) widely used equipment for gas cleaning from toxic gaseous and vaporous substances. The use of ion-exchange fibrous materials (IFM) as NSFM and the peculiarities of their preparation and structure have been analyzed. A lot of attention is paid to the mechanisms of chemisorption processes using IFM and to the role of water in their successful implementation. Individual options and some regularities of fibrous anionites, cationites, and polyampholytes interaction due to exchange reactions, neutralization, reduction-oxidation, complexation and precipitation with gaseous and vaporous substances are considered on specific examples. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2021-08-26 Article Article Physical chemistry Физическая xимия Фізична xімія application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/329 10.33609/2708-129X.87.07.2021.3-24 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 87 No. 7 (2021): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 3-24 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 87 ##issue.no## 7 (2021): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 3-24 Український хімічний журнал; Том 87 № 7 (2021): Український хімічний журнал; 3-24 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/329/176 Copyright (c) 2021 Alim Ennan , Ruslan Dlubovskii , Ruslan Khoma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Ennan , Alim Dlubovskii , Ruslan Khoma , Ruslan НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ |
| title | НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ |
| title_alt | NON-WOVEN ION-EXCHANGE FIBROUS MATERIALS IN AIR SANITARY CLEANING |
| title_full | НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ |
| title_fullStr | НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ |
| title_full_unstemmed | НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ |
| title_short | НЕТКАНІ ІОНООБМІННІ ВОЛОКНИСТІ МАТЕРІАЛИ В САНІТАРНОМУ ОЧИЩЕННІ ПОВІТРЯ |
| title_sort | неткані іонообмінні волокнисті матеріали в санітарному очищенні повітря |
| topic_facet | ion-exchange fibers chemisorption toxic gases and vapors |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/329 |
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