GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES
Spherical silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical condensation method using aloe vera or chamomile extracts as a reducing agent. Depending on the type of extracts and its concentration, the size of AgNpcs varied from 7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the ratio of the starting reagents. Th...
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| Дата: | 2022 |
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V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry
2022
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Ukrainian Chemistry Journal| _version_ | 1871465868381126656 |
|---|---|
| author | Berezhnytska , Оleksandra Rohovtsov , Oleksandr Chyhyrynets , Olena Snihur, Denys |
| author_facet | Berezhnytska , Оleksandra Rohovtsov , Oleksandr Chyhyrynets , Olena Snihur, Denys |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": " Оleksandra Berezhnytska ",
"institution": "V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Oleksandr Rohovtsov ",
"institution": "V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "Olena Chyhyrynets ",
"institution": "National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»"
},
{
"author": "Denys Snihur",
"institution": "InterChem, Odessa I. I. Mechnikov National University"
}
] |
| author_sort | Berezhnytska , Оleksandra |
| baseUrl_str | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T08:23:50Z |
| description | Spherical silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical condensation method using aloe vera or chamomile extracts as a reducing agent. Depending on the type of extracts and its concentration, the size of AgNpcs varied from 7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the ratio of the starting reagents. These extracts show reducing properties due to the presence of carbonyl compounds in their composition, in particular organic acids. It is shown that regulation of concentrations and synthesis conditions allows control of particle size. A change in the synthesis conditions affects the position of the surface plasmon resonance band, and therefore the optical properties of the studied systems. It has been proven that the synthesized silver nanoparticles do not require additional stabilization. Agglomeration processes occur only with a significant increase in concentration and heating time. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.33609/2708-129X.88.09.2022.41-51 |
| first_indexed | 2025-09-24T17:43:47Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
41
УДК 544.77;546.571 doi: 10.33609/2708-129X.88.09.2022.41-51
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES
AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES
О.S. Berezhnytska1,2, M.D. Snihur2, O. Е. Chygyrynets, O.O. Rohovtsov1
1 V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine,
32/34 Aсad. Palladin Avenue, 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine;
2 National Technical University of Ukraine «Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute»,
37 Peremohy Ave., 03056 Kyiv, Ukraine.
Email: olekberez@gmail.com
Spherical silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical condensation method
using aloe vera or chamomile extracts as a reducing agent. Depending on the type of extracts
and its concentration, the size of AgNpcs varied from 7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the
ratio of the starting reagents. These extracts show reducing properties due to the presence of
carbonyl compounds in their composition, in particular organic acids. It is shown that regu
lation of concentrations and synthesis conditions allows control of particle size. A change
in the synthesis conditions affects the position of the surface plasmon resonance band, and
therefore the optical properties of the studied systems. It has been proven that the synthesized
silver nanoparticles do not require additional stabilization. Agglomeration processes occur
only with a significant increase in concentration and heating time.
Keywords: silver nanoparticles, optical properties, dispersion, aloe vera, chamomile.
INTRODUCTION. The development of na
notechnologies is constantly moving forward,
and the creation of new methods of synthesis
of nanoparticles of noble metals, or the im
provement of existing ones, by replacing raw
materials in order to optimize and reduce the
price of final products, is an urgent task of
modern science [1–3]. It has been discovered
that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stop the
growth and reproduction of many bacteria,
such as Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus,
Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella typhii, Pseu
domonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiel
la pneumonia, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and
the fungus Candida albicans, which defines
their use in medicine, cosmetic industry and
biotechnology. AgNPs have other physico
chemical properties, in particular, high elec
trical and thermal conductivity, surface com
bined scattering, chemical stability, catalytic
activity, and nonlinear optical behavior [4].
These properties allow them to be used in
inks, microelectronics and medical imaging
[5–6], renewable energy sources, etc. Today,
AgNPs are introduced into the composition of
plastics, soaps, toothpastes, food and textile,
42 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIESGREEN CHEMISTRY
which is a marketing ploy and allows increase
their market value [7–9].
The relevance of this research is evidenced
by numerous publications on the synthesis and
research of the properties of silver nanoparti
cles. The synthesis of dispersed systems is ba
sed on condensation and dispersion methods.
Among the physical methods, the evapora
tion-condensation approach and the laser ab
lation technique are popular. These methods
make it possible to obtain monodisperse sys
tems of high purity, and exclude additional
loading of the system with a solvent. Of the
chemical methods, the main and most com
mon is the method of chemical condensation.
Sodium citrate, sodium borohydride, EDTA,
glycerin, ethylene glycol, glucose, etc. are used
as reducing agents [6,10–14]. The use of plant
extracts as sources of reducing substances for
the synthesis of AgNPs attracts attention due to
the environmental friendliness and practicality
of this method [1, 2, 12–21]. The main advan
tage of this synthesis is a natural reducing agent
that simultaneously acts as a stabilizer. Waste
from the processing of fruit and berry crops
and plant raw materials is a promising source of
substances (ascorbic acid, polyphenols, carbo
hydrates, amino acids, glycosides, and others)
for use in the processes of obtaining metal na
noparticles. The studied extracts of aloe and
chamomile include flavonoids (rutin, api
genin, quartzetin, luteolin, etc.), glycoproteins,
some acids, vitamins B, C, E, beta carotene [15,
16, 22–29]. Nanoparticles of the required size
can be obtained by selecting a plant extract.
The disadvantages of this method include the
presence of secondary compounds and meta
bolites, temperature limitations characteristic
of enzymes, but the advantage is the stability
of such systems. Of course, each method has
its advantages and disadvantages, which can be
avoided by analyzing the studied systems in de
tail. The choice of method depends on the field
of further application of the obtained AgNPs. If
we focus on the application of silver nanoparti
cles in the cosmetic and medical industry, the
green method of synthesis is of particular in
terest. It is not only a modern and promising
method of synthesis, but also avoids the use of
additional stabilizers, which reduces the chemi
cal and toxic load on the body, skin or hair.
Thus, nanosystems obtained by reducing silver
with natural extracts are biologically active dis
persed systems of a wide range of applications.
The choice of the extract depends on the
field of application of the synthesized nano
particles. There are already many products
on the market of cosmetic products, includ
ing creams, shampoos, lotions, shaving gels,
which contain AgNPs, which increases their
antibacterial activity. The idea of this work is
the synthesis and additions of AgNPs into the
composition of hair dye in order to intensify
the color and reduce the irritation of the scalp.
This will confirm the thesis regarding the sen
sitizing action of AgNPs. Taking into account
the fact that the obtained colloids are planned
to be used in hair products, the extracts were
selected with this in mind. Natural alcohol
extracts aloe vera and Matricaria chamomil
la with a concentration of active components
C = 4% were chosen as starting reagents.
EXPERIMENT AND DISCUSSION OF THE
RESULTS. For the study, water-alcohol-glyce
rin extracts of aloe vera, matricaria chamomilla
produced by the company "Vilarus" were ta
ken. The starting solutions consist from extract
4.0%, glycerol 10%, ethyl alcohol 20%, sodium
benzoate 0.08%, water >20%.One of the con
ditions for obtaining stable dispersed systems
43https://ucj.org.ua
О.S. Berezhnytska, M.D. Snihur, O. Е. Chygyrynets, O.O. Rohovtsov UCJ № 9 / Vol. 88
is realization of synthesis in dilute solutions,
which will prevent solvation of particles of the
dispersed phase and rapid growth of their nu
clei. Immediately before use, the extracts were
diluted 10 times, so the concentration of the
initial extracts for synthesis was 0.4%.
The synthesis was carried out in a water-al
cohol environment. The concentration of the
initial solution of argentum nitrate in ethanol
was 1.0%. The initial ratio of alcoholic solution
of silver nitrate: extract was 1:1 and 1:2, the con
centration ratio was 2.5:1 and 5:1, respectively.
1 ml of 0.4% extract solution was added to 1 ml
of 1% solution of argentum nitrate, the resulting
mixture was brought up to 10 ml with water. To
achieve pH=7.5м8, 1–3 drops (depending on
the extract) of 0.1M NaOH aqueous solution
were added dropwise to the mixture while stir
ring. After establishing the required pH level, 40
ml of boiling distilled water was added to the
solution with intensive stirring and heated for
20–40 min, depending on the selected reduc
tant extract. A sign of the formation of a col
loidal silver solution is the appearance of color
(the color depends on the extract). The fastest
recovery occurred in the system with aloe vera
extract, when heated. The resulting dispersed
systems have a bright light brown color, which
is due to the presence of AgNpcs in the system.
All synthesized systems were investigated by the
method of electronic absorption spectroscopy
and by electron microscopy.
Absorption spectra of solutions were re
corded on a Specord M40 spectrophotometer
in the range of 300–600 nm.
The presence of a surface plasmon reso
nance (SPR) band in electronic absorption
spectra, which is a collective vibration of metal
particles smaller in size than the wavelength of
electromagnetic radiation, indicates the prese
nce of nanoparticles in the system [13, 26–28].
Silver nanoparticles with plasmon resonance
(PR) have found application in nanobiotech
nology and nanomedicine. Thanks to the abili
ty to adjust the spectral position and amplitude
of the PR by changing the nature of the metal,
the size, shape, structure of the particles and
their dielectric environment. The latter means
both the local environment formed by the ad
sorbed biomolecules and the global dielectric
properties due to the buffer medium or metal/
dielectric substrate on which the molecules can
be adsorbed. Such PR changes induced by the
adsorption of biomolecules are usually quite
small, they are successfully used for the detec
tion of biospecific binding of macromolecules
and clinical rapid diagnostics. In addition, the
shape and position of this band can be used
to draw conclusions about the dispersion and
morphology of the particles [26–29].
In order to investigate the influence of the
nature of the extract on the dispersion of the
system, 2 hours after synthesis, the electronic
absorption spectra (EAS) of all samples were
recorded and the SPR band was identified. The
obtained result of spectral studies is in good
agreement with the experiment in Fig. 1.
The figure shows the maximum intensity,
the smallest half-width of the line (60 nm) and
λmax = 420 nm, which is characteristic of Ag
NPs obtained by reducing aloe (Fig. 1, curve 1).
As mentioned above, recovery in this system
occurred the fastest, the solution acquired a
rich yellow-cognac color. This fact is apparent
ly related to the higher content of ascorbic acid
in the aloe extract compared to the chamomile
extract [26] used for the study. For chamomile
extract (Fig. 1, curve 4) against the background
of lower intensity and shift of the band maxi
mum by 15 nm, λmax = 436 nm, there is also a
44 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIESGREEN CHEMISTRY
rather narrow line (width of 65 nm). The shift
of the band maximum to the long-wavelength
region may indicate the formation of larger
particles. At first, a high opalescence was ob
served in the solutions, after which they ac
quired a pink color, and only after a few hours
for the chamomile extract and after a day, a
change in color was observed. It is obvious that
the different renewable activity of the extracts
is due to their different chemical composition,
so the stability and dispersion of the systems
requires detailed research and analysis. How
ever, there is no doubt that the studied extracts
are not only effective silver reducers, but also
stabilizers of the resulting dispersed systems.
а
b
Fig. 1a Position of the SPR band of silver col
loidal solutions obtained by reduction with alcohol
extracts (AgNO3: extract ratio 2.5:1): 1 – aloe, 2 –
chamomile, 2.5 hours after synthesis, 1b – obtained
colloidal solutions of aloe (left) and chamomile
(right).
For a final conclusion about the effective
ness of the studied extracts, it is necessary to
investigate the properties of the system, in par
ticular its stability over time. The hermetically
closed solutions were left, after which the elec
tronic absorption spectra of the studied collo
idal solutions were recorded for a month. As
can be seen from Figure 2, curve 2 after 14 days
did not shift the band maximum, but the shape
changed, in particular, the intensity of the band
decreased and the half-width increased to
70 nm. After 25 days, the shape of the band and
the position of the maximum remained un
changed, but against the background of a slight
increase in intensity, there is an increase in the
half-width of the line up to 80 nm. Obviously,
during the entire studied period, processes of
recovery and recrystallization occur in the sys
tem, which contributes to the increase in the
polydispersity of this system.
The microphotographs of dried solutions
were taken on a Mira 3 Tescan electron micro
scope. The results of the microscopic analy
sis confirm the above theses. As can be seen
from fig. 2a, 2d, spherical particles with a size
of 9 nm are formed in the system, which is in
good agreement with the shape and position of
the SPR band (Fig. 1, 2, curve 1). After 25 days
(Fig. 3b, 3e), the morphology of the particles
is disturbed, but the dispersity practically does
not change (Fig. 2, curve 2). After 2 months,
significantly more significant agglomeration
processes are visible, the concentration of
small particles becomes smaller, particles of
30–50 nm appear, Fig. 3c, 3d. As a result of the
recrystallization of small particles and their
subsequent adsorption on larger particles, not
only the dispersion changes, but also the mor
phology, the spherical symmetry of the parti
cles is broken, they already have a slightly de
In order to investigate the influence of the nature of the extract on the dispersion of the
system, 2 hours after synthesis, the electronic absorption spectra (EAS) of all samples were
recorded and the SPR band was identified. The obtained result of spectral studies is in good
agreement with the experiment in Fig. 1.
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0,3
0,6
0,9
D
,nm
1
2
а
b
Fig. 1a Position of the SPR band of silver colloidal solutions obtained by reduction with alcohol extracts
(AgNO3: extract ratio 2.5:1): 1 – aloe, 2 – chamomile, 2.5 hours after synthesis, 1b – obtained colloidal
solutions of aloe (left) and chamomile (right).
The figure shows the maximum intensity, the smallest half-width of the line (60 nm) and
max = 420 nm, which is characteristic of AgNPs obtained by reducing aloe (Fig. 1, curve 1). As
mentioned above, recovery in this system occurred the fastest, the solution acquired a rich yellow-
cognac color. This fact is apparently related to the higher content of ascorbic acid in the aloe extract
compared to the chamomile extract [26] used for the study. For chamomile extract (Fig. 1, curve 4)
against the background of lower intensity and shift of the band maximum by 15 nm, max = 436
nm, there is also a rather narrow line (width of 65 nm). The shift of the band maximum to the long-
wavelength region may indicate the formation of larger particles. At first, a high opalescence was
observed in the solutions, after which they acquired a pink color, and only after a few hours for the
chamomile extract and after a day, a change in color was observed. It is obvious that the different
renewable activity of the extracts is due to their different chemical composition, so the stability and
dispersion of the systems requires detailed research and analysis. However, there is no doubt that
the studied extracts are not only effective silver reducers, but also stabilizers of the resulting
dispersed systems.
For a final conclusion about the effectiveness of the studied extracts, it is necessary to
investigate the properties of the system, in particular its stability over time. The hermetically closed
solutions were left, after which the electronic absorption spectra of the studied colloidal solutions
In order to investigate the influence of the nature of the extract on the dispersion of the
system, 2 hours after synthesis, the electronic absorption spectra (EAS) of all samples were
recorded and the SPR band was identified. The obtained result of spectral studies is in good
agreement with the experiment in Fig. 1.
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0,3
0,6
0,9
D
,nm
1
2
а
b
Fig. 1a Position of the SPR band of silver colloidal solutions obtained by reduction with alcohol extracts
(AgNO3: extract ratio 2.5:1): 1 – aloe, 2 – chamomile, 2.5 hours after synthesis, 1b – obtained colloidal
solutions of aloe (left) and chamomile (right).
The figure shows the maximum intensity, the smallest half-width of the line (60 nm) and
max = 420 nm, which is characteristic of AgNPs obtained by reducing aloe (Fig. 1, curve 1). As
mentioned above, recovery in this system occurred the fastest, the solution acquired a rich yellow-
cognac color. This fact is apparently related to the higher content of ascorbic acid in the aloe extract
compared to the chamomile extract [26] used for the study. For chamomile extract (Fig. 1, curve 4)
against the background of lower intensity and shift of the band maximum by 15 nm, max = 436
nm, there is also a rather narrow line (width of 65 nm). The shift of the band maximum to the long-
wavelength region may indicate the formation of larger particles. At first, a high opalescence was
observed in the solutions, after which they acquired a pink color, and only after a few hours for the
chamomile extract and after a day, a change in color was observed. It is obvious that the different
renewable activity of the extracts is due to their different chemical composition, so the stability and
dispersion of the systems requires detailed research and analysis. However, there is no doubt that
the studied extracts are not only effective silver reducers, but also stabilizers of the resulting
dispersed systems.
For a final conclusion about the effectiveness of the studied extracts, it is necessary to
investigate the properties of the system, in particular its stability over time. The hermetically closed
solutions were left, after which the electronic absorption spectra of the studied colloidal solutions
45https://ucj.org.ua
О.S. Berezhnytska, M.D. Snihur, O. Е. Chygyrynets, O.O. Rohovtsov UCJ № 9 / Vol. 88
formed shape. These results also correlate well
with the position and shape of the SPR band
(Fig. 2 curve 3.)
The obtained results of EAS and micro
scopic studies indicate the high reducing ac
tivity of aloe extract, which is an effective sil
ver reducer.
Considering the high reductive ability of
aloe extract, attempts were made to obtain
dispersed silver systems by reduction without
heating. The process was much slower, and af
ter 3 hours the solution acquired a barely no
ticeable color, and a broad SPR band of low in
tensity was recorded in the electronic spectra.
However, after a day, the color of the solution
became quite saturated, but with noticeable
opalescence, and it was possible to record the
SPR band (Fig. 2 curve 4) 1.3 times higher in
intensity compared to the colloidal solution
obtained by heating the reaction mixture.
Fig. 2 The position of the SPR band of colloidal silver solutions obtained by reduction with alcoholic
aloe extract (ratio AgNO3: aloe extract 2.5:1): 1 – after 2.5 hours, 2 – after 14 days, 3 – after 25, 4 – after
1 day without heating of the original system – a, obtained colloidal solutions with a ratio of 2.5:1 – b,
a ratio of 5:1 – c.
were recorded for a month. As can be seen from Figure 2, curve 2 after 14 days did not shift the
band maximum, but the shape changed, in particular, the intensity of the band decreased and the
half-width increased to 70 nm. After 25 days, the shape of the band and the position of the
maximum remained unchanged, but against the background of a slight increase in intensity, there is
an increase in the half-width of the line up to 80 nm. Obviously, during the entire studied period,
processes of recovery and recrystallization occur in the system, which contributes to the increase in
the polydispersity of this system.
The microphotographs of dried solutions were taken on a Mira 3 Tescan electron
microscope. The results of the microscopic analysis confirm the above theses. As can be seen from
fig. 2a, 2d, spherical particles with a size of 9 nm are formed in the system, which is in good
agreement with the shape and position of the SPR band (Fig. 1, 2, curve 1). After 25 days (Fig. 3b,
3e), the morphology of the particles is disturbed, but the dispersity practically does not change (Fig.
2, curve 2). After 2 months, significantly more significant agglomeration processes are visible, the
concentration of small particles becomes smaller, particles of 30–50 nm appear, Fig. 3c, 3d. As a
result of the recrystallization of small particles and their subsequent adsorption on larger particles,
not only the dispersion changes, but also the morphology, the spherical symmetry of the particles is
broken, they already have a slightly deformed shape. These results also correlate well with the
position and shape of the SPR band (Fig. 2 curve 3.)
The obtained results of EAS and microscopic studies indicate the high reducing activity of
aloe extract, which is an effective silver reducer.
Considering the high reductive ability of aloe extract, attempts were made to obtain
dispersed silver systems by reduction without heating. The process was much slower, and after 3
hours the solution acquired a barely noticeable color, and a broad SPR band of low intensity was
recorded in the electronic spectra. However, after a day, the color of the solution became quite
saturated, but with noticeable opalescence, and it was possible to record the SPR band (Fig. 2 curve
4) 1.3 times higher in intensity compared to the colloidal solution obtained by heating the reaction
mixture.
350 400 450 500 550 600
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
D
,nm
1
2
3
4
а
b
c
Fig. 2 The position of the SPR band of colloidal silver solutions obtained by reduction with alcoholic aloe
extract (ratio AgNO3: aloe extract 2.5:1): 1 – after 2.5 hours, 2 – after 14 days, 3 – after 25, 4 – after 1 day
without heating of the original system – a, obtained colloidal solutions with a ratio of 2.5:1 – b, a ratio of 5:1
– c.
The band maximum is shifted to the long-wavelength region max=455, and the half-width of the
line is 90 nm. Which indicates a large particle size and polydispersity of the system. A week later, a
b
c
a
The band maximum is shifted to the long-
wavelength region λmax=455, and the half-width
of the line is 90 nm. Which indicates a large
particle size and polydispersity of the system.
A week later, a precipitate formed at the bottom
of the beaker, and the SPR band was not ob
served in the solution obtained without heating.
Much worse results were observed for col
loidal solutions obtained with a significant ex
cess of silver nitrate to the extract, a ratio of
5:1, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 3,
curve 1, the maximum of the band is shifted by
25 nm (λmax=445 nm) compared to the systems
obtained with a smaller excess of argentum salt,
and the half-width of the line is 85 nm. Already
after a week, significant changes in the color of
the solution were noticeable, and the results of
the spectroscopic study showed a decrease in
intensity and a shift of the maximum of this
band to the long-wave region (Fig. 4, curve 2).
This indicates that a ratio of 2.5:1 is optimal for
reduction with aloe extract.
46 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIESGREEN CHEMISTRY
Fig. 3 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent – aloe extract: a, d – 2
days after synthesis, b, e – after 14 days, c, f – after 25 days, scale mark a, b, c – 50 nm, d,e,f – 100 nm.
precipitate formed at the bottom of the beaker, and the SPR band was not observed in the solution
obtained without heating.
а b c
d e f
Fig. 3 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent – aloe extract: a, d – 2 days
after synthesis, b, e – after 14 days, c, f – after 25 days, scale mark a, b, c – 50 nm, d,e,f – 100 nm.
Much worse results were observed for colloidal solutions obtained with a significant excess
of silver nitrate to the extract, a ratio of 5:1, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 3, curve 1, the
maximum of the band is shifted by 25 nm (max=445 nm) compared to the systems obtained with a
smaller excess of argentum salt, and the half-width of the line is 85 nm. Already after a week,
significant changes in the color of the solution were noticeable, and the results of the spectroscopic
study showed a decrease in intensity and a shift of the maximum of this band to the long-wave
region (Fig. 4, curve 2). This indicates that a ratio of 2.5:1 is optimal for reduction with aloe extract.
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
2
1
D
,nm
precipitate formed at the bottom of the beaker, and the SPR band was not observed in the solution
obtained without heating.
а b c
d e f
Fig. 3 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent – aloe extract: a, d – 2 days
after synthesis, b, e – after 14 days, c, f – after 25 days, scale mark a, b, c – 50 nm, d,e,f – 100 nm.
Much worse results were observed for colloidal solutions obtained with a significant excess
of silver nitrate to the extract, a ratio of 5:1, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 3, curve 1, the
maximum of the band is shifted by 25 nm (max=445 nm) compared to the systems obtained with a
smaller excess of argentum salt, and the half-width of the line is 85 nm. Already after a week,
significant changes in the color of the solution were noticeable, and the results of the spectroscopic
study showed a decrease in intensity and a shift of the maximum of this band to the long-wave
region (Fig. 4, curve 2). This indicates that a ratio of 2.5:1 is optimal for reduction with aloe extract.
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
2
1
D
,nm
A completely different process was ob
served when chamomile extract was used as
a reducing agent. In the first hours, this collo
idal solution was inferior to the system based
on aloe, the maximum of the band was shifted
to the long-wave region (Fig. 1 curve 2, Fig. 5
curve 1) (λmax=436 nm), however, over time
the solution became increasingly transparent
and saturated, which was reflected in EAS. As
can be seen from the figure, the intensity of the
band increased over time (Fig. 5, curve 2), and
the position of the maximum (λmax=436 nm)
and the half-width of the line did not change.
The highest intensity of the band was observed
on the 25th day (Fig. 5, curve 3), thereafter the
SPR band remained practically unchanged,
which is also confirmed by electron micro
photographs of this system. Thus, colloidal sil
ver solutions based on chamomile extract do
not need additional stabilization, however, to
avoid agglomeration processes, special storage
conditions must be observed (a cool place, no
47https://ucj.org.ua
О.S. Berezhnytska, M.D. Snihur, O. Е. Chygyrynets, O.O. Rohovtsov UCJ № 9 / Vol. 88
direct sunlight). The systems obtained with a
5-fold excess of argentum nitrate are unstable,
because immediately upon mixing the compo
nents, the solution acquires a grayish hue, which
is reflected in the EAS (Fig. 5, curve 4). After
a day, a black sediment appears at the bottom,
which indicates an intensive recovery of silver.
Fig. 4 The position of the SPR band of colloidal
silver solutions obtained by reduction with alcohol
extracts (AgNO3:aloe extract ratio 5:1): 1 – after
2.5 hours, 2 – after 7 days.
Fig. 5 Position of the SPR band of silver collo
idal solutions obtained by reduction with chamo
mile alcohol extract: 1 – after 2.5 hours, 2 – after 14
days, 3 – after 25 (AgNO3: extract ratio 2.5:1), 4 –
after 2.5 hours with a ratio of AgNO3: extract 5:1.
It can be seen from the microphotographs
(Fig. 6) that when chamomile extract is used
as a reducing agent, spherical particles are
formed, but their size differs significantly and
is in the range of 7–10 nm (Fig. 6a, f). After
25 days, the size of the particles increases
somewhat, which is due to the processes of
recrystallization of small particles (Fig. 6b), but
all particles have the correct spherical shape
(Fig. 6 e). After 2 months, the number of small
particles decreases, 20 nm particles appear, the
slight difference in morphology is due to ag
glomeration processes (Fig. 6 c, e), which con
firms the increase in the half-width of the SPR
line. Thus, the optical properties and stability
of the studied nanosystems depend on the re
ducing extract, the ratio and concentration of
the starting reagents.
CONCLUSION. The results of the conduct
ed research showed that, in addition to high
biological activity, the studied extracts have
a pronounced reducing ability, which made
it possible to use these extracts as reducing
agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles
by the chemical condensation method. Green
synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles us
ing extracts of aloe vera, Matricaria chamomil
la allows quick, simple and effective synthesis
of nanoparticles with the required optical pro
perties. Depending on the extract and its con
centration, the size of AgNpcs was varied from
7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the ratio of the
starting reagents. These extracts show reduc
ing properties due to the presence of carbonyl
compounds in their composition, in particular
organic acids. The conducted studies showed
the high efficiency of natural extracts of aloe
vera and Matricaria chamomilla. Aloe extract
has the best regenerative properties, which is
probably due to the presence of salicylic and
precipitate formed at the bottom of the beaker, and the SPR band was not observed in the solution
obtained without heating.
а b c
d e f
Fig. 3 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent – aloe extract: a, d – 2 days
after synthesis, b, e – after 14 days, c, f – after 25 days, scale mark a, b, c – 50 nm, d,e,f – 100 nm.
Much worse results were observed for colloidal solutions obtained with a significant excess
of silver nitrate to the extract, a ratio of 5:1, respectively. As can be seen from Figure 3, curve 1, the
maximum of the band is shifted by 25 nm (max=445 nm) compared to the systems obtained with a
smaller excess of argentum salt, and the half-width of the line is 85 nm. Already after a week,
significant changes in the color of the solution were noticeable, and the results of the spectroscopic
study showed a decrease in intensity and a shift of the maximum of this band to the long-wave
region (Fig. 4, curve 2). This indicates that a ratio of 2.5:1 is optimal for reduction with aloe extract.
300 350 400 450 500 550 600
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
2
1
D
,nm
Fig. 4 The position of the SPR band of colloidal silver solutions obtained by reduction with alcohol extracts
(AgNO3:aloe extract ratio 5:1): 1 – after 2.5 hours, 2 – after 7 days.
A completely different process was observed when chamomile extract was used as a
reducing agent. In the first hours, this colloidal solution was inferior to the system based on aloe,
the maximum of the band was shifted to the long-wave region (Fig. 1 curve 2, Fig. 5 curve 1)
(max=436 nm), however, over time the solution became increasingly transparent and saturated,
which was reflected in EAS. As can be seen from the figure, the intensity of the band increased over
time (Fig. 5, curve 2), and the position of the maximum (max=436 nm) and the half-width of the
line did not change. The highest intensity of the band was observed on the 25th day (Fig. 5, curve
3), thereafter the SPR band remained practically unchanged, which is also confirmed by electron
microphotographs of this system. Thus, colloidal silver solutions based on chamomile extract do not
need additional stabilization, however, to avoid agglomeration processes, special storage conditions
must be observed (a cool place, no direct sunlight). The systems obtained with a 5-fold excess of
argentum nitrate are unstable, because immediately upon mixing the components, the solution
acquires a grayish hue, which is reflected in the EAS (Fig. 5, curve 4). After a day, a black sediment
appears at the bottom, which indicates an intensive recovery of silver.
300 360 420 480 540 600
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
D
,nm
3
2
1
4
Fig. 5 Position of the SPR band of silver colloidal solutions obtained by reduction with chamomile alcohol
extract: 1 – after 2.5 hours, 2 – after 14 days, 3 – after 25 (AgNO3: extract ratio 2.5:1), 4 – after 2.5 hours
with a ratio of AgNO3: extract 5:1.
It can be seen from the microphotographs (Fig. 6) that when chamomile extract is used as a
reducing agent, spherical particles are formed, but their size differs significantly and is in the range
of 7–10 nm (Fig. 6a, f). After 25 days, the size of the particles increases somewhat, which is due to
the processes of recrystallization of small particles (Fig. 6b), but all particles have the correct
spherical shape (Fig. 6 e). After 2 months, the number of small particles decreases, 20 nm particles
appear, the slight difference in morphology is due to agglomeration processes (Fig. 6 c, e), which
confirms the increase in the half-width of the SPR line. Thus, the optical properties and stability of
the studied nanosystems depend on the reducing extract, the ratio and concentration of the starting
reagents.
48 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIESGREEN CHEMISTRY
acetylsalicylic acids in its composition. A com
parison of the stability over time of the stud
ied systems indicates a higher stability of dis
persed systems based on chamomile extract,
which indicates the effectiveness of this extract,
and a high ability of the dispersed system to
self-stabilize.
Thus, the presence of biologically active com
pounds with high reducing properties in the ex
tracts, in particular flavonoids, glycoproteins,
salicylic and ascorbic acids, make them prom
ising for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by
the chemical condensation method. The use of
natural extracts expands the range of practical
applications of the obtained AgNpcs.
The study was carried out within the
framework of the project "Functionally
oriented nanoscale heterostructures
based on compounds of transition
metals with antiviral, antitumor and
antibacterial action" No. 31/20-H
а b c
d e f
Fig. 6 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent - chamomile extract: a, d – 2
days after synthesis, b, e – after 25 days, c, f – after 2 months, scale mark a – 100 nm, b, c, d,e,f – 50 nm.
CONCLUSION. The results of the conducted research showed that, in addition to high
biological activity, the studied extracts have a pronounced reducing ability, which made it possible
to use these extracts as reducing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the chemical
condensation method. Green synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles using extracts of aloe vera,
Matricaria chamomilla allows quick, simple and effective synthesis of nanoparticles with the
required optical properties. Depending on the extract and its concentration, the size of AgNpcs was
varied from 7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the ratio of the starting reagents. These extracts show
reducing properties due to the presence of carbonyl compounds in their composition, in particular
organic acids. The conducted studies showed the high efficiency of natural extracts of aloe vera and
Matricaria chamomilla. Aloe extract has the best regenerative properties, which is probably due to
the presence of salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids in its composition. A comparison of the stability
over time of the studied systems indicates a higher stability of dispersed systems based on
chamomile extract, which indicates the effectiveness of this extract, and a high ability of the
dispersed system to self-stabilize.
Thus, the presence of biologically active compounds with high reducing properties in the
extracts, in particular flavonoids, glycoproteins, salicylic and ascorbic acids, make them promising
for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the chemical condensation method. The use of natural
extracts expands the range of practical applications of the obtained AgNpcs.
ЗЕЛЕНИЙ СИНТЕЗ НАНОЧАСТИНОК СРІБЛА ТА ЇХНІ СПЕКТРАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ
О. C. Бережницька, М. Д. Снігур М. Д., О. Е. Чигиринець, O. O. Роговцов
а b c
d e f
Fig. 6 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent - chamomile extract: a, d – 2
days after synthesis, b, e – after 25 days, c, f – after 2 months, scale mark a – 100 nm, b, c, d,e,f – 50 nm.
CONCLUSION. The results of the conducted research showed that, in addition to high
biological activity, the studied extracts have a pronounced reducing ability, which made it possible
to use these extracts as reducing agents in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the chemical
condensation method. Green synthesis of spherical silver nanoparticles using extracts of aloe vera,
Matricaria chamomilla allows quick, simple and effective synthesis of nanoparticles with the
required optical properties. Depending on the extract and its concentration, the size of AgNpcs was
varied from 7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the ratio of the starting reagents. These extracts show
reducing properties due to the presence of carbonyl compounds in their composition, in particular
organic acids. The conducted studies showed the high efficiency of natural extracts of aloe vera and
Matricaria chamomilla. Aloe extract has the best regenerative properties, which is probably due to
the presence of salicylic and acetylsalicylic acids in its composition. A comparison of the stability
over time of the studied systems indicates a higher stability of dispersed systems based on
chamomile extract, which indicates the effectiveness of this extract, and a high ability of the
dispersed system to self-stabilize.
Thus, the presence of biologically active compounds with high reducing properties in the
extracts, in particular flavonoids, glycoproteins, salicylic and ascorbic acids, make them promising
for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the chemical condensation method. The use of natural
extracts expands the range of practical applications of the obtained AgNpcs.
ЗЕЛЕНИЙ СИНТЕЗ НАНОЧАСТИНОК СРІБЛА ТА ЇХНІ СПЕКТРАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ
О. C. Бережницька, М. Д. Снігур М. Д., О. Е. Чигиринець, O. O. Роговцов
Fig. 6 SEM analysis of microphotographs of samples over time, reducing agent - chamomile extract:
a, d – 2 days after synthesis, b, e – after 25 days, c, f – after 2 months, scale mark a – 100 nm, b, c, d,e,f – 50 nm.
49https://ucj.org.ua
О.S. Berezhnytska, M.D. Snihur, O. Е. Chygyrynets, O.O. Rohovtsov UCJ № 9 / Vol. 88
ЗЕЛЕНИЙ СИНТЕЗ НАНОЧАСТИНОК СРІБЛА
ТА ЇХНІ СПЕКТРАЛЬНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ
О. C. Бережницька, М. Д. Снігур,
О. Е. Чигиринець, O. O. Роговцов
1Інститут загальної та неорганічної хімії
ім. В. І. Вернадського НАН України,
просп. Академіка Палладіна, 32/34, Київ
03142, Україна;
2Національний технічний університет Ук
раїни “Київський політехнічний інститут
імені Ігоря Сікорського”,
просп. Перемоги, 37, Київ 03056, Україна.
Email: olekberez@gmail.com
Хімічною конденсацією синтезовано
сферичні наночастинки срібла з викорис
танням екстрактів алое вера та ромашки лі
карської як відновників. Наявність у складі
екстрактів біологічно активних сполук із
високими відновними властивостями, зо
крема флаваноїдів, глюкопротеїдів, салі
цилової та аскорбінової кислот, роблять їх
перспективними при синтезі наночастинок
срібла методом хімічної конденсації. За
лежно від екстракту та його концентрації
розмір AgNpcs змінювався від 7 до 50 нм
шляхом простого регулювання співвідно
шення вихідних реагентів. Вочевидь різна
відновлювана активність екстрактів зумов
лена їхнім різним хімічним складом. Кра
щі відновні властивості має екстракт алое
вера, що, ймовірно, зумовлено наявністю в
його складі не лише аскорбінової, а й салі
цилової та ацетилсаліцилової кислот. Вже
в перші години формується монодисперс
на система з розміром наночастинок 9 нм.
Екстракт ромашки, вочевидь, містить мен
ші концентрації відновників, тому процес
трохи зміщений в часі і в перші години
після синтезу утворюється полідисперсна
система з розміром 7–10 нм, проте з часом
відбувається рекристалізація частинок і, як
наслідок, зменшується полідисперсність –
на 25 день розмір частинок стає 9 нм. Зміна
концентрацій та умов синтезу дозволяє ке
рувати розміром частинок. Зміна умов син
тезу впливає на положення смуги поверх
нево плазмонного резонансу, а отже, і на
оптичні властивості досліджуваних систем.
Форма та положення смуг в електронних
спектрах поглинання та електронні мікро
фотографії свідчать про утворення сфе
ричних AgNpcs. Доведено, що синтезовані
наночастинки срібла не вимагають додат
кової стабілізації при дотриманні зазначе
них умов. Крім цього, електронні мікрофо
тографії зразків через кілька тижнів після
синтезу свідчать про формування з часом
стійких дисперсних систем. Для уникнен
ня агломераційних процесів потрібно не
допускати потрапляння прямих сонячних
променів, які сприятимуть подальшому
фотовідновленню наночастинок та перепа
дів температур, які викликатимуть коагу
ляційні процеси. За тривалого зберігання
розчинів у дисперсних системах протікають
процеси відновлення та рекристалізації,
що зумовлює полідисперсність зазначеної
системи, проте на її стійкість не впливає,
оскільки розподіл за розмірами в межах
однієї системи не перевищує 10 нм. Вико
ристання висококонцентрованих розчинів
для синтезу викликає агломераційні про
цеси та руйнування систем. Зелений син
тез сферичних AgNpcs із використанням
екстрактів алое вера (Aloe vera) та ромашки
лікарської (Matricaria chamomilla) дозволяє
50 ISSN 2708-129X. Укр. хім. журн., 2022
GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIESGREEN CHEMISTRY
швидко, просто та ефективно синтезувати
наночастинки з регульованими оптичними
властивостями. Застосування природних
екстрактів розширює спектр практичного
застосування отриманих AgNpcs.
Ключові слова: наночастинки срібла, оп
тичні властивості, дисперсність, алое вера,
ромашка.
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Стаття надійшла 13.10.2022.
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| institution | Ukrainian Chemistry Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:08:52Z |
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| resource_txt_mv | ucjorgua/86/a5802b39e2114725847beb29261eb486.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.1444248.nisspano.web.hosting-test.net:article-4812026-07-22T08:23:50Z GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES Berezhnytska , Оleksandra Rohovtsov , Oleksandr Chyhyrynets , Olena Snihur, Denys silver nanoparticles, optical properties, dispersion, aloe vera, chamomile. Spherical silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the chemical condensation method using aloe vera or chamomile extracts as a reducing agent. Depending on the type of extracts and its concentration, the size of AgNpcs varied from 7 to 50 nm by simply adjusting the ratio of the starting reagents. These extracts show reducing properties due to the presence of carbonyl compounds in their composition, in particular organic acids. It is shown that regulation of concentrations and synthesis conditions allows control of particle size. A change in the synthesis conditions affects the position of the surface plasmon resonance band, and therefore the optical properties of the studied systems. It has been proven that the synthesized silver nanoparticles do not require additional stabilization. Agglomeration processes occur only with a significant increase in concentration and heating time. V.I.Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry 2022-10-28 Article Article Green Chemistry application/pdf https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/481 10.33609/2708-129X.88.09.2022.41-51 Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; Vol. 88 No. 9 (2022): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 41-51 Украинский химический журнал; ##issue.vol## 88 ##issue.no## 9 (2022): Ukrainian Chemistry Journal; 41-51 Український хімічний журнал; Том 88 № 9 (2022): Український хімічний журнал; 41-51 2708-129X 2708-1281 en https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/481/248 Copyright (c) 2022 Оleksandra Berezhnytska , Oleksandr Rohovtsov , Olena Chyhyrynets , Denys Snihur https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Berezhnytska , Оleksandra Rohovtsov , Oleksandr Chyhyrynets , Olena Snihur, Denys GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES |
| title | GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES |
| title_full | GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES |
| title_fullStr | GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES |
| title_full_unstemmed | GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES |
| title_short | GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR SPECTRAL PROPERTIES |
| title_sort | green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their spectral properties |
| topic_facet | silver nanoparticles optical properties dispersion aloe vera chamomile. |
| url | https://ucj.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/481 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT berezhnytskaoleksandra greensynthesisofsilvernanoparticlesandtheirspectralproperties AT rohovtsovoleksandr greensynthesisofsilvernanoparticlesandtheirspectralproperties AT chyhyrynetsolena greensynthesisofsilvernanoparticlesandtheirspectralproperties AT snihurdenys greensynthesisofsilvernanoparticlesandtheirspectralproperties |