Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження
This study aimed to determine the level of preservation of primeval forest criteria and the extent of anthropogenic transformation in the old-growth oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. This age-old oak forest of natural origin covers an area of 31.8 ha with 1413 oaks. Another 8.8 ha of the oa...
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| Date: | 2023 |
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2023
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| author | Boiko, Nataliia Dragan, Nina Doiko, Nataliia |
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| description | This study aimed to determine the level of preservation of primeval forest criteria and the extent of anthropogenic transformation in the old-growth oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. This age-old oak forest of natural origin covers an area of 31.8 ha with 1413 oaks. Another 8.8 ha of the oak plantations with 462 oaks belong to artificial landscape compositions.For over 200 years of existence since the creation of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”, the oak forest has preserved a number of criteria characteristics of virgin forests. In particular, it kept the complex mosaic-tiered forest structure. The indigenous associations of oak forests of hazel-ash (Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-aegopodiosum) and Tatar maple-stellar (Quercetа (roboris) acerioso (tatarici) stellariosum) remained. The dominant species, Quercus robur, retained the function of a unifier with a share in the first tier of 70–100 %. The floristic core of the main forest-forming species has been preserved too.The oak forest is a habitat for many woody and herbaceous plants of the local flora, including threatened species. The oak forest is characterized by high structural complexity, particularly a diverse epiphytic lichen flora, the presence of rare species, and 15 indicator species of old-growth forests and virgin forests. The oak forest is a habitat for 62 species of birds, mostly inhabitants of forests. A large part of the oak forest contains dead wood of the uniflorus species and its companions in various stages of decomposition.The anthropogenic interference in the oak forest has been long and varied. Since the foundation of the park and subsequently, the oak forest has been subjected to excessive fragmentation and introduction of introductions, creating decorative landscape compositions within the oak forest, mainly in the central part. This caused significant ecotonisation of the oak forest and displacement of Q. robur.Current research has revealed a number of criteria that classify the oak forest as a successor to the primeval forest, which gives the oak forest an exceptional value. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2023008 |
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Plant Introduction, 99/100, 51–61 (2023)
© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1. From indigenous
to anthropogenically transformed plantation
Nataliia Boiko, Nina Dragan *, Nataliia Doiko
The “Olexandria” State Dendrological Park of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine, 09113 Bila Tserkva – 13, Kyiv region, Ukraine;
* ninapark@ukr.net
Received: 09.10.2023 | Accepted: 14.12.2023 | Published online: 21.12.2023
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the level of preservation of primeval forest criteria and the extent of
anthropogenic transformation in the old-growth oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. This age-old
oak forest of natural origin covers an area of 31.8 ha with 1413 oaks. Another 8.8 ha of the oak plantations
with 462 oaks belong to artificial landscape compositions.
For over 200 years of existence since the creation of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”, the oak forest has
preserved a number of criteria characteristics of virgin forests. In particular, it kept the complex mosaic-
tiered forest structure. The indigenous associations of oak forests of hazel-ash (Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-
aegopodiosum) and Tatar maple-stellar (Quercetа (roboris) acerioso (tatarici) stellariosum) remained. The
dominant species, Quercus robur, retained the function of a unifier with a share in the first tier of 70–100 %.
The floristic core of the main forest-forming species has been preserved too.
The oak forest is a habitat for many woody and herbaceous plants of the local flora, including threatened
species. The oak forest is characterized by high structural complexity, particularly a diverse epiphytic lichen
flora, the presence of rare species, and 15 indicator species of old-growth forests and virgin forests. The
oak forest is a habitat for 62 species of birds, mostly inhabitants of forests. A large part of the oak forest
contains dead wood of the uniflorus species and its companions in various stages of decomposition.
The anthropogenic interference in the oak forest has been long and varied. Since the foundation of the
park and subsequently, the oak forest has been subjected to excessive fragmentation and introduction
of introductions, creating decorative landscape compositions within the oak forest, mainly in the central
part. This caused significant ecotonisation of the oak forest and displacement of Q. robur.
Current research has revealed a number of criteria that classify the oak forest as a successor to the
primeval forest, which gives the oak forest an exceptional value.
Keywords: Dendropark “Оlexandria”, natural oak forest, virgin forest criteria, oak forest seduction, anthropogenic transformation
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2023008
UDC 582.114 : 630 * 228 (477.41)
Authors’ contributions: Boiko N. – methodology, supervision, validation, writing – review & editing. Dragan N. – conceptualization,
formal analysis, investigation, methodology, supervision, visualization, writing – original draft, writing – review & editing; Doiko N. –
data curation, methodology, validation, writing – review & editing.
Funding: The work was carried out within the framework of the departmental topic of fundamental research: “Preservation and
enrichment of phytodiversity in the coenoses of the “Olexandria” State Dendrological Park of the National Academy of Science
of Ukraine in modern conditions of climate change” (2018–2022), which was financed under the budget program Nr 6541030
(fundamental research).
Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6286-4870
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9371-1044
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6915-3054
52 Plant Introduction • 99/100
Boiko et al.
Introduction
In recent years, there has been an acute
realization that the planet is losing unique
natural forests, the primary custodians of
biodiversity (Sabatini et al., 2020). One of the
leading international agreements to preserve
biodiversity, the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD, 2023), was signed in 1992 in Rio
de Janeiro by 160 countries, including Ukraine.
The respective Conference of the Parties (COP)
meetings occur every two years. The 15th
COP meeting, which was held in two stages in
2021 and 2022, resulted in the establishment
the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity
Framework. Twenty-three goals that
participating countries must achieve by 2030
were ascertained (CBD, 2023). The Biodiversity
Strategy 2030 emphasizes the need to identify,
map, monitor, and strictly protect all remaining
primary forests in the European Union
(Barredo et al., 2021). Complete georeferenced
maps of primeval forests for 33 European
countries were compiled (Barredo et al., 2021;
Sabatini et al., 2021). Nowadays, Europe mostly
has semi-natural forests. Only ca. 4 % of
primeval indigenous forests remained (Forest
Europe, 2015), and even this tiny share is very
fragmented (Chylarecki & Selva, 2016). That
is why one of the 23 goals of the Biodiversity
Strategy is to increase the area of protected
areas in the participating countries to 30 %
of land and water (Watson et al., 2018) and to
restore the nature that has been disturbed in
these areas.
Among Ukrainian environmental assets,
forests are one having the fundamental value
and cover ca. 9.6 million ha. Natural forests
occupy about half of this area (Gensiruk, 2002).
The most valuable are oak forests since they
are the most highly productive and floristically
prosperous forest communities. Oaks forests
are one of the main sylvatic formations in
Ukraine, accounting for about a third of all
forests. The share of natural oak forests here
is relatively small (Shelyag-Sosonko, 1974).
However, many remnants of natural oak
forests are preserved in old parks (Klymenko
et al., 1996; Oleksiychenko & Hatalska, 2012).
There are many subcategories among the
objects of the nature reserve fund of Ukraine.
Among them, the oldest plantations, including
virgin forests (primeval forests), quasi-virgin
forests, and natural forests, deserve special
attention (Law of Ukraine, 2017). According
to the Methodology (2018), virgin forests
(virgin forest ecosystems) are primordial
ancient forests (primeval forest, natural forest
ecosystems) that were formed naturally and
did not suffer direct anthropogenic impact
during development. Quasi-virgin forests are
conditionally virgin forest ecosystems that
experienced a minor temporary anthropogenic
impact that, however, did not change the
natural structure of forest stands and, upon
termination of which, the natural state of
ecosystems was fully restored within a short
period (Methodology, 2018). Natural forests
(natural forest ecosystems) are forests in which
anthropogenic impact has occurred locally
and temporarily. However, it has not changed
the coenotic structure of phytocoenoses,
and, therefore, the natural forest ecosystems
can regenerate (recover) naturally to the
conditions of primeval forest ecosystems
within a short period (Methodology, 2018).
There are some common criteria between
these three categories of forests. All of them
are formed by native (autochthonous) species
of trees and shrubs that correspond to the
forest type; they are of natural origin. In all
categories of forest, there should be individual
trees of the main tier that have reached the
age physiological limit and have exceptional
maximum diameters for this area and signs
of age-related mortality. Common to all three
categories of forest is the lack of documented
information and visible traces of litter
harvesting.
There are also differences between virgin,
quasi-virgin, and natural forests. This includes
structural features, presence and stages of
decomposition of dead wood, existence and
characteristics of infrastructure, and the
capacity and amount of dead wood removal
(Methodology, 2018).
The environmental protection categories
also include the concept of old-growth forests
(CBD, 2023). These are plantations in native
or secondary forests that have developed
structures and species, usually associated
with an older primary forest of the same
type (Bauhus et al., 2009). The concepts of
primeval and old-growth forests adopted by
international initiatives have much in common
(Buchwald, 2005; Forest Europe, 2015). In old-
growth forests, pioneer species are allowed
in small quantities. Anthropogenic impacts
Plant Introduction • 99/100 53
The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1
should be negligible. Only regulated recreation
is allowed (Shparyk et al., 2017).
In Europe, primeval forests are considered
the standard of forest vegetation. According
to Buchwald (2005), this term is generalized
to forests with different levels of naturalness:
virgin, primeval, old-growth, and long-virgin.
Primeval forests are ecosystems where signs
of past human influence are minimal or absent,
and ecological processes are dynamic, with
little anthropogenic impact (Barredo et al.,
2021). A forest qualifies as primeval if the signs
of previous anthropogenic impact, if any, are
highly eroded within decades (at least 60–80
years) after the end of forest management.
Over 230 years ago, the Nature Park
“Оlexandria” was established on the territory
of the natural oak forest, now the famous
State Dendrological Park “Оlexandria” of the
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
(Galkin, 2010). The oak trees remain the
main landscape-forming elements for the
arboretum, and the common oak has retained
the function of a dominant species (Haydamak,
2006). The unique oak forest, among other
vegetation of the park, is included in the list
of natural heritage objects of the national
heritage of Ukraine (State Register, 2022). The
oak forest is a vital biotope of the park (Dragan
et al., 2018) and a crucial botanical object of
Ukraine (Galkin, 2010).
Considering the great attention to natural,
primeval forests and even their small disturbed
fragments in Europe, the oak forest of natural
origin in the Dendropark “Оlexandria” receives
a particular value. The study of its disturbance
and preservation is of exceptional relevance.
Therefore, our study aimed to assess the
conservation status of this oak forest and
determine the level of its disturbance and
transformation.
Material and methods
When analyzing the conservation status of
the oak forest, we were guided by the fact
that primeval forests serve as a model for
understanding natural disturbances and
succession dynamics, helping to assess the
human impact on forest ecosystems and
understand the potential and limitations of
natural resource use (Bauhus et al., 2009;
Kuuluvainen & Aakala, 2011; Král et al., 2014).
Determining the conservation status of the
oak grove of the Dendropark “Olexandria”, we
applied the Methodology (2018) and the Law of
Ukraine (2017). The structure of oak stands was
studied according to the recommendations of
Mazing (1973). The sanitary condition of oak
trees was determined following the current
Sanitary Rules (1995). Disease infestation of
trees was determined visually by the presence
of fruiting bodies, canker wounds, hollows, dry
tops, etc. (Goichuk & Reshetnyk, 2010). The
current decline was calculated as a percentage
relation of the sum of dying trees (category IV
of vital status), fresh deadwood (trees that died
in the current and previous years), and fresh
windfall and windthrow to a total amount of
oaks in the stand (Sanitary Rules, 1995).
Results and discussion
The oak grove of the Dendropark “Olexandria”
was described as a compact array of mostly
high-growth oak plantations, mostly 200–
250 years old, with absolute dominance
of the main species in the first tier, with
an area of 41.5 ha, which thematically and
territorially occupies a middle position in
the overall composition of the park. It has
a peculiar compositional core, on which a
significant part of non-grove landscapes is
present (Haydamak et al., 1994; Haydamak,
2006). As part of the oak forest (Fig. 1), the
authors identified areas of forest-type oak
forest with a complex tiered and horizontal
structure with an area of 32.7 ha (78.8 % of the
total area) and areas of park-type oak forest
– pure single-tiered plantations with a well-
developed broad grass and cereal cover with
an area of 8.8 ha (21.2 %) (Haydamak, 2006).
The park-type oak forest plots, based on their
highly simplified coenotic structure, were
considered highly degraded and artificially
transformed areas of natural plantation – the
“Dancing Oaks” glade (Quarter 8) and the
“Grassy Oaks” (Quarter 12).
At the end of 2022, the total area of the
oak forest was 40.6 ha, with 1875 oaks in total.
Without artificially created park-type plots,
the area of the natural oak forest is 31.8 ha,
with 1413 oaks growing on it. The area of the
artificially created oak forest, hence, is 8.8 ha;
it has 462 oaks, which are about 180 years old.
(Haydamak, 2006).
54 Plant Introduction • 99/100
Boiko et al.
According to the criterion of species
composition, the oak forest of the Dendropark
“Oleksandria” corresponds to all three types of
forests (virgin, quasi-virgin, and natural). It is
formed by native species of trees and shrubs
typical for forest oaks of the Right-Bank
Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. The oak forest is of
natural origin, which is also characteristic of all
of the three mentioned forest types. According
to the structure criterion, the oak forest of
the Dendropark “Оlexandria”, with stands of
complex horizontal and vertical structures,
can be attributed to the type of natural forests.
The dominant species Quercus robur L. is
represented here by mature and overripe
stands. Natural regeneration of Q. robur does
not occur, although oak seedlings appear in
most landscape areas of the oak forest. Some
young sprouts are found only on the forest
edges and in light windows, mainly in the
western part of the forest. The populations of
satellites include all stages of development and
have a certain number of mature and overripe
specimens. Some specimens of the main tier
oak satellites have reached the physiological
limit and have maximum diameters for the
plots. The vast majority of Q. robur trees are
200- to 250-years old. In 2012, in the eastern
and western parts of the oak forest, we
described several specimens with trunk girths
of 798 and 880 cm. These trees are now dead.
All three described forest types are
characterized by the presence of dead wood.
For virgin forests – all stages of decomposition
should be observed; for quasi-virgin forests
– mainly all stages of decomposition should
be observed; and for natural forests – some
stages of decomposition should be present.
Figure 1. The origination structure of the age-old oak forest of the Dendropark “Olexandria” of the NAS of
Ukraine.
Plant Introduction • 99/100 55
The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1
Dead wood of the unifier species and its
companions of certain decomposition stages
is located in the western part of the oak forest
in the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. There is less
dead wood in the eastern and central parts of
the oak forest, but in recent years, its amount
has increased.
Concerning several criteria of the
anthropogenic impact, a significant difference
between the oak forest of the Dendropark
“Оlexandria” and virgin and quasi-virgin
forests was found. According to the criterion
of forest management infrastructure, the
oak forest corresponds to natural forests,
where visible traces of forest management
infrastructure, past economic activity, and
pedestrian and vehicular traffic are allowed.
Following the felling criterion for quasi-virgin
forests, no more than five main stand trees per
hectare may be removed. In addition to this
allowance, isolated cases of dead wood removal
are allowed for natural forests. Describing the
damage to the arboretum’s vegetation during
the revolution in 1917 and subsequent years, as
well as during WWII in 1941–1945, Galkin (2012)
pointed out the removal of wood of valuable
tree species. In particular, a 3 ha pine forest
in the eastern part of the park is mentioned
as being cut. Obviously, oaks and their
companions were also removed. In Europe,
when describing primeval forests, it was not
excluded that the forests had never been cut
down in the past (Buchwald, 2005). We can
cautiously assume that the western part of
the oak forest, with its complex, fragmented
mesorelief and the absence of access roads at
that time, escaped significant destruction. An
indirect confirmation of this is that the density
of oaks in the western part of the oak forest
is 51.3 specimens/ha, while in the eastern and
central parts, it is only 35–40 specimens/ha.
However, this is just an assumption because
a number of environmental factors of biotic
and abiotic origin can affect the oak growth
density.
Regarding the criterion of non-timber
forest resources, the requirements for all three
forest types are the same. There should be no
documented information or visible traces of
industrial massive harvesting of non-timber
forest products. Non-industrial collection of
non-wood forest products without visible
traces of harvesting is allowed. There should
be no industrial harvesting of non-wood forest
products in the arboretum. The principal
requirements relate to the criterion of the
forest litter – there must be no documented
information about cases of harvesting of forest
litter and their visible traces. The oak forest of
the Dendropark “Оlexandria” fully meets this
criterion.
Given the great danger to forest plantations
from livestock grazing, this criterion is
considered in all survey methodologies for
identifying primeval and old-growth forests
(Shparyk et al., 2017; Methodology, 2018).
For virgin forests, it is necessary to have
no information on livestock grazing and
their visible traces. For quasi-virgin forests,
only seasonal passage of domestic animals
is allowed. Infrequent passage of domestic
animals during the season is allowed for natural
forests. When the arboretum was managed
by the Bila Tserkva Agricultural Institute
(1930–1940s), cattle grazing took place on the
park territory (Galkin, 2012). However, it is
not specified in which areas this took place.
We can assume that there was no grazing in
the oak forest, which had dense undergrowth
and undergrowth, with sparse herbs. Glades
and, possibly, the grassy oak forest were more
attractive for this purpose.
Concerning the criterion of recreational
pressure, virgin forests are characterized by
the absence of recreational infrastructure and
signs of recreational pressure. In contrast,
quasi-virgin and natural forests are allowed
to have trails up to 1 m wide, which are
used for recreation and tourism and carry
minimal recreational pressure. Currently, no
recreational activity (tourism, excursions)
exists on the oak forest territory. The
excursion route does not pass through the
territory of the grove or its borders.
According to the area and shape criteria,
the oak tree of the arboretum meets the
requirements. The area of the oak forest of
natural origin (31.8 ha) exceeds the required
area of 20 ha according to the Methodology
(2018).
Criteria for determining forest status
include forest age and structural changes
(Law of Ukraine, 2017; Shparyk et al., 2017;
Methodology, 2018). According to silvicultural
criteria, oak forests are the typical broadleaf
forests characterized by a mosaic-tiered
structure and high species richness, ensuring
their ecosystems’ stability (Gensiruk, 2002).
56 Plant Introduction • 99/100
Boiko et al.
Natural oak forests are one of the most
complex terrestrial ecosystems capable of
surviving for centuries under unchanged
environmental conditions (Gensiruk, 2002).
Simplification of the structure of oak forests
is applied as a criterion for determining the
degree of their disturbance and anthropogenic
degradation (Franklin & Pelt, 2004).
Nowadays, the oak forest in the Dendropark
“Оlexandria” consists of areas of different
landscapes, phytocoenotic, spatial and
compositional structures, and varying
degrees of disturbance (Haydamak, 2006).
The oak forest of the arboretum is presented
as a hierarchical system, the floristic core
of which is made up of the main forest-
forming species: Q. robur, Acer platanoides L.
and A. campestre L., Fraxinus excelsior L.,
Tilia cordata Mill., Carpinus betulus L., Alnus
glutinosa (L.) Gaertn., Pyrus communis L.,
Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Ulmus laevis Pall.
and U. scabra Mill., and Cerasus avium (L.)
Moench. The role of the dominant species
(unifier species) was retained by Q. robur,
whose share in the first tree layer is 70–100 %.
Monodominant stands of Q. robur were formed
in the western, least disturbed part of the oak
forest of the arboretum (Table 1).
Extensive introductions were realized
in the central and eastern parts of the oak
forest. Decorative landscape compositions
along the boundaries of the oak forest plots
were created involving introduced and native
species. In the center of the oak forest, there
are few introducers. The creation of decorative
compositions of introduced and native species
within the oak forest led to the formation
of massive ecotones, where introducers
occasionally displaced the dominant species,
Q. robur (Dragan, 2011).
Thus, since the creation of the park, the
oak forest has been subjected to various
anthropogenic interventions, which actively
continued until the transfer of Dendropark
“Оlexandria” to the Academy of Sciences of the
UkrSSR. Gradually, these interventions were
reduced, and their influence was leveled. The
most apparent negative results of the negative
impacts that the oak forest has not been able
to overcome, the consequences of which are
only progressing in some areas of the oak
forest, are the excessive fragmentation of
the oak forest and the planting of introduced
species and ornamental compositions.
This has led to the ecotonisation of the oak
forest and the creation of places of the most
significant deterioration and the principal loss
of the dominant species, Q. robur.
The long natural existence of primeval, old-
growth forests, including natural processes of
disturbance and regeneration, contributes to
the creation of high structural complexity in
such forests. This complexity leads to a great
variety and number of forest microhabitats
(Franklin & Pelt, 2004). These include dead
wood, tree cavities, the formation of the
fruiting bodies of saproxylic fungi, and other
epiphytic and epixylic fungi. Oak forests serve
as a habitat or shelter for a range of beetles,
birds, bats, and other animals. Primary and old-
growth forests are species-rich and contain
specialized flora and fauna (Eckelt et al., 2018;
Paillet et al., 2018). Even considering that
primeval and old-growth forests are highly
fragmented, in addition to the invaluability
of their existence (Watson et al., 2018), they
are crucial for biodiversity conservation as
habitats for endangered species (Eckelt et al.,
2018; Paillet et al., 2018). The role of such forests
surrounded by anthropogenic landscapes is
particularly valuable (Vandekerkhove et al.,
2011; Di Marco et al., 2019).
The shrub layer of the oak forest in the
arboretum consists of Corylus avellana L.,
Sambucus nigra L., Euonymus europea L.,
E. verrucosa Scop., Swida sanguinea (L.) Opiz,
Rhamnus cathartica L., and Prunus padus L.
In the herbaceous layer, 150 species
of herbaceous plants were registered.
Among them, the dominant species are
Aegopodium podagraria L., Stellaria holostea L.,
Chaerophyllum temulum L., Glechoma
hederacea L., Lamium maculatum (L.) L., and
Viola odorata L. The spring ephemeroids
are represented by eight species, including
Galanthus nivalis L. (Didukh, 2009) and Scilla
bifolia L. (regionally rare in the Kyiv region)
(Peregrym & Andrienko, 2012).
Despite the increase in the number of
adventitious species in recent years (Franklin
& Pelt, 2004), including such invasive species
as Bromus carinatus Hook. & Arn., Impatiens
parviflora DC., and Geranium robertianum L.,
the herbaceous cover remains typical for oak
forests, and invasive species grow mainly along
the forest edges.
One of the most important aspects of
the value of a forest habitat, in particular
Plant Introduction • 99/100 57
The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1
an oak forest, is the presence of threatened
plant species and their habitats. Among the
threatened species, there is Fraxinus excelsior,
which has the NT category (IUCN, 2022).
Malus sуlvestris, having DD category, is also
present in the oak forest of the arboretum.
In the herbaceous layer, species included in
the list of regionally rare plants of Kyiv region
are present: Matteuccia strutiopteris (L.) Tod.,
Scilla bifolia, and Gagea pusilla (F.W. Schmidt)
Schult. & Schult. Fil. (Dragan et al., 2018).
Liubov Pleskach (Dragan et al., 2018) found
that the epiphytic lichen flora, which forms
along the trunk of Q. robur and its satellites,
includes 91 species and four forms of lichens
and five species of lichenicolous fungi.
The author found a rare species Gyalecta
truncigena (Ach.) Hepp, which is included in
the Red Book of Ukraine (Didukh, 2009). Among
the rare lichens there were found Biatoridium
monasteriense J. Lahmex Korb., Xanthoria
pollessica S.Y. Kondr. & A.P. Yatsyna, Ramalina
baltica Lettau. Among lichenicolous fungi there
were found Lichenochora obscuroides (Linds.)
Triebel & Rambold and Tremella phaeophyscia
Diederich & M.S. Christ.
The largest number of epiphytic lichen
species (48 species) was recorded on the bark
of Q. robur. From the group of bushy epiphytic
lichens, the most commonly represented
are Evernia prunastri L., Ramalina pollinaria
(Westr.) Ach., and R. subfarinacea (Cromb.) Nyl.
A group of 15 indicator species of old-
growth forests was found in the lichen flora
of the arboretum oak tree (Dragan et al., 2018):
Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach., Arthothelium
ruanum (A. Massal.) Korb., Bacidia rubella
(Hoffm.) A. Massal., Biatoridium monasteriense,
Chaenotheca chrysocephala (Ach.) Th. Fr.,
C. furfuraceae (L.) Tibell, Flavoparmelia
caperata (L.) Hale, Gyalecta truncigena
and other. Dragan et al. (2018) found that
Chaenotheca species, which are indicators of
virgin forests and show the integrity of forest
systems, are pretty widespread in old-growth
oak forests.
The arboretum’s oak forest is a habitat
for 62 species of birds, among which forest-
related predominate. The background species
are Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758, Turdus
philomelos Brehm, 1831, T. merula Linnaeus,
1758, Ficedula albicollis (Temminck, 1815),
Luscinia luscinia (Linnaeus, 1758), Parus
major Linnaeus, 1758, and Passer montanus
(Linnaeus, 1758). There also occur Sitta
europaea Linnaeus, 1758, Erithacus rubecula
Quarter
number
First tier Second tier
dominant, sudominant dominant
6 Quercus robur 100 % Acer platanoides 50 %, Acer campestre 30 %, Tilia
cordata 20 %
8 Quercus robur 90 %, Tilia cordata 10 % Acer platanoides 80 %, Tilia cordata 10 %, Acer
campestre 10 %
13 Quercus robur 90 %, Acer platanoides 10 % Acer platanoides 40 %, Acer campestre 20 %,
Fraxinus excelsior 15 %, Tilia cordata 15 %, Ulmus
scabra 10 %
14 Quercus robur 80 %, Acer platanoides 10 %, Tilia
cordata 10 %
Tilia cordata 50 %, Acer platanoides 20 %, Acer
campestre 10 %, Fraxinus excelsior 10 %, Ulmus
scabra 10 %
15 Quercus robur 70 %, Acer platanoides 10 %, Tilia
cordata 10 %, Fraxinus excelsior 10 %
Carpinus betulus 30 %, Fraxinus excelsior 20 %,
Acer campestre 20 %, Tilia cordata 15 %, Acer
platanoides 15 %
19 Quercus robur 100 % Tilia cordata 60 %, Acer platanoides 20 %, Acer
campestre 20 %
25 Quercus robur 100 % Acer campestre 50 %, Acer platanoides 30 %, Ulmus
scabra 20 %
27 Quercus robur 100 % Acer platanoides 70 %, Tilia cordata 10 %, Acer
campestre 10 %, Fraxinus excelsior 10 %
Table 1. Structure of oak forest phytocoenoses in different landscape areas of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”.
58 Plant Introduction • 99/100
Boiko et al.
(Linnaeus, 1758), Alcedo atthis (Linnaeus, 1758),
Muscicapa striata (Pallas, 1764), and Chloris
chloris Linnaeus, 1758 (Galkin, 2012).
The oak forest of the Dendropark
“Оlexandria” lies at the junction of different
associations. The residue of Corylus avellana L.
and Acer tataricum L. in the undergrowth
is evidence of this. Taking into account the
confounders of the grass layer, the following
indigenous associations are distinguished
– Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-aegopodiosum
and Quercetа (roboris) aceriosо (tatarici)
stellariosum (Haydamak et al., 1994).
Thus, the oak forest of the Dendropark
“Оlexandria” has undergone significant
changes over more than 200 years of
anthropogenic intervention, mainly
concerning its integrity, structure, felling,
removal of dead wood, and possible grazing.
These interventions were mostly related to
the central and eastern parts of the oak forest,
and were not mentioned for the western part.
On the contrary, it was emphasized that the
western part of the park and, accordingly,
the oak forest, was left untouched by the
founders of the park for hunting purposes in
the natural forest. In the 1960s, it experienced
timber cuttings, including those that
happened in the oak forest. Despite significant
anthropogenic interference in the oak forest
of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”, it has retained
many features typical for primeval forests and
virgin forests. In particular, a complex vertical
and horizontal structure, high mosaicism and
species richness with the dominance of the
floristic core, and a decisive identifying role
of the common oak are still observed there.
Nowadays, the oak forest is characterized by
high biodiversity.
However, today, the oak forest is highly
fragmented and has a different degree of
preservation. With some conventions, a
part of the oak forest of the Dendropark
“Oleksandria” (10 ha or 30.6 % of the total
area of the oak forest of natural origin) can
be classified as a natural old forest according
to the Methodology (2018). Due to significant
anthropogenic interference in the past, a
significant part of the oak forest has lost
most of the criteria that would allow it to be
classified as a certain environmental category,
even natural or old-growth forest.
Given the value of the oak grove of the
Dendropark “Оlexandria”, and the significant
preservation of the criteria of primeval and
old-growth forests in some of its parts, it
requires strict protection and promotion.
Such a program should include a range of
measures. This should involve restricting
recreational and economic activities on the
grove’s territory and removing some plants,
especially invasive ones and those that have
been introduced. The issue of preserving dead
wood on the territory of the grove is more
complicated. Since the 1960s, the arboretum
has been functioning as a landscape park with
highly decorative positions. In the central
part of the park, the oak forest is small,
fragmented, and surrounded by landscape
compositions. The prominent decline of the
number of oak trees occurs here in ecotones
located near the alleys. Often, dry oaks fall and
block the alleys. Leaving dead wood here will
create the appearance of neglect rather than
an old forest. However, there are few such
areas. In most of the natural oak forest, leaving
dead wood of both the unifier species and its
satellites is advisable and necessary. This will
help to preserve the biodiversity characteristic
of oak forests and restore the criteria for oak
forests to be classified as old-growth forests.
Our research has shown that the causes
of the degradation of oak forests and their
consequences differ in forest plantations
and fragments of natural plantations located
in ancient parks and, currently, in botanical
institutions. In the first case, the leading
cause is deforestation and cattle grazing.
In the second case, it is the fragmentation
of the territory of natural plantations, the
introduction of non-native plant species,
and the creation of decorative compositions
involving them.
For a complete picture of the oak
grove and an analysis of its viability, it is
necessary to survey the health state of oak
phytocoenoses. This should include the study
of phytosanitary conditions for the unifier
species and its satellites; the analysis of the
consequences of long-term oak dieback; the
state and prospects of natural recovery of
oak populations and its satellites; and the
possibility, ways, and expediency of restoring
the oak grove of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”.
These issues will be addressed in the following
article of the series.
Plant Introduction • 99/100 59
The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1
Conclusions
Based on comprehensive investigations,
the size of the old-growth oak forest of the
Dendropark “Оlexandria” was established,
its characteristics were ascertained, and the
main causes and direction of anthropogenic
transformations of the oak forest were
identified. From the total 40.6 ha of the
arboretum old-growth oak forest (1875 old oak
trees), the natural oak forest covers 31.8 ha
(1413 oaks).
The oak forest of the Dendropark
“Oleksandria” has preserved many
characteristics of natural forests and virgin
forests: it has a natural origin, a complex
vertical and horizontal structure, high
mosaicism and species richness with the
dominance of the floristic core, a strong
unifying role of the common oak, high
biodiversity; high species richness of lichen
flora, including 15 indicator species of old
forests and virgin forests.
The oak forest of the Dendropark
“Oleksandria” has a large number of forest
microhabitats (dead wood, tree cavities,
fruiting bodies of saproxylic fungi, etc. In the
studied oak forest, there were delimited two
indigenous associations – hazel-ash oak forest
(Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-aegopodiosum
and Tatar maple-stellar oak forest (Quercetа
(roboris) acerioso (tatarici) stellariosum).
Nowadays, the integrity of the oak forest
has been lost. In a certain part of the oak
forest, the species composition has changed,
and the ecotonization of the oak forest has
occurred with an increased loss of oaks
and their companions and a deterioration
in their phytosanitary condition. Areas
of oak woodland with preserved certain
criteria of virgin forests and natural forests
located in the western part of the park, while
anthropogenically transformed – in the central
and eastern parts of the park.
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Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно
трансформованого насадження
Наталія Бойко, Ніна Драган *, Наталія Дойко
Державний дендрологічний парк “Олександрія” НАН України, Біла Церква – 13, Київська область,
09113, Україна; * ninapark@ukr.net
Метою даної праці було визначення рівня збереження критеріїв первісних лісів та міри антропогенної
трансформації в віковій діброві дендропарку “Олександрія”. Вікове дубове насадження природного
походження займає площу 31,8 га на якій зростає 1413 дубів. Ще 8,8 га діброви з 462 дубами є
штучними ландшафтними композиціями.
За більш як 200 річне існування з часу створення парку “Олександрія” в діброві збереглося цілий ряд
критеріїв, характерних для пралісів. Зокрема, збереглися складна мозаїчно-ярусна структура. Також
збереглися корінні асоціації – дубові ліси ліщиново-яглицеві (Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-aegopodiosum) і
татарськокленово-зірочникові (Quercetа (roboris) aceriosо (tatarici) stellariosum). Домінуючий вид, Quercus
robur, зберіг функцію едифікатора з долею в першому ярусі 70–100 %. Збережене флористичне ядро
із головних лісотвірних видів.
Діброва є оселищем для цілого ряду деревних і трав’яних рослин місцевої флори, в тому числі і
зникаючих видів. Для діброви характерна висока структурна складність, зокрема виявлено
різноманітну епіфітну ліхенофлору, рідкісні види, 15 індикаторних видів старих лісів і пралісів.
Діброва є оселищем для 62 видів птахів, переважно жителів лісових біотопів. На значній частині
діброви знаходиться мертва деревина виду едифікатора і його супутників різних стадій розкладу.
Антропогенне втручання в діброву було тривалим і різноманітним. З часів заснування парку і після
цього діброва зазнала надмірної фрагментації і введення до її складу інтродуцентів, створення в
межах діброви декоративних ландшафтних композицій, головним чином в центральній частині
діброви. Це викликало значну екотонізацію діброви і витіснення Q. robur.
Це дослідження дозволили виявити цілий ряд критеріїв, що відносять діброву як до спадкоємця
первісного лісу, що надає діброві особливої цінності.
Ключові слова: дендропарк “Олександрія”, природна діброва, критерії пралісів, спокушеність діброви, антропогенна
трансформація
https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24096.69127
https://registry.nauka.gov.ua/registry/natcnadbania/
https://registry.nauka.gov.ua/registry/natcnadbania/
https://doi.org/10.14214/sf.78
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0490-x
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1632 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:18Z |
| publishDate | 2023 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/f9/a23f0283c5dfac25da521ae032f0b0f9.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16322024-04-07T19:57:15Z The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1. From indigenous to anthropogenically transformed plantation Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження Boiko, Nataliia Dragan, Nina Doiko, Nataliia This study aimed to determine the level of preservation of primeval forest criteria and the extent of anthropogenic transformation in the old-growth oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. This age-old oak forest of natural origin covers an area of 31.8 ha with 1413 oaks. Another 8.8 ha of the oak plantations with 462 oaks belong to artificial landscape compositions.For over 200 years of existence since the creation of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”, the oak forest has preserved a number of criteria characteristics of virgin forests. In particular, it kept the complex mosaic-tiered forest structure. The indigenous associations of oak forests of hazel-ash (Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-aegopodiosum) and Tatar maple-stellar (Quercetа (roboris) acerioso (tatarici) stellariosum) remained. The dominant species, Quercus robur, retained the function of a unifier with a share in the first tier of 70–100 %. The floristic core of the main forest-forming species has been preserved too.The oak forest is a habitat for many woody and herbaceous plants of the local flora, including threatened species. The oak forest is characterized by high structural complexity, particularly a diverse epiphytic lichen flora, the presence of rare species, and 15 indicator species of old-growth forests and virgin forests. The oak forest is a habitat for 62 species of birds, mostly inhabitants of forests. A large part of the oak forest contains dead wood of the uniflorus species and its companions in various stages of decomposition.The anthropogenic interference in the oak forest has been long and varied. Since the foundation of the park and subsequently, the oak forest has been subjected to excessive fragmentation and introduction of introductions, creating decorative landscape compositions within the oak forest, mainly in the central part. This caused significant ecotonisation of the oak forest and displacement of Q. robur.Current research has revealed a number of criteria that classify the oak forest as a successor to the primeval forest, which gives the oak forest an exceptional value. Метою даної праці було визначення рівня збереження критеріїв первісних лісів та міри антропогенної трансформації в віковій діброві дендропарку “Олександрія”. Вікове дубове насадження природного походження займає площу 31,8 га на якій зростає 1413 дубів. Ще 8,8 га діброви з 462 дубами є штучними ландшафтними композиціями.За більш як 200 річне існування з часу створення парку “Олександрія” в діброві збереглося цілий ряд критеріїв, характерних для пралісів. Зокрема, збереглися складна мозаїчно-ярусна структура. Також збереглися корінні асоціації – дубові ліси ліщиново-яглицеві (Quercetа (roboris) coryloso-aegopodiosum) і татарськокленово-зірочникові (Quercetа (roboris) aceriosо (tatarici) stellariosum). Домінуючий вид, Quercus robur, зберіг функцію едифікатора з долею в першому ярусі 70–100 %. Збережене флористичне ядро із головних лісотвірних видів.Діброва є оселищем для цілого ряду деревних і трав’яних рослин місцевої флори, в тому числі і зникаючих видів. Для діброви характерна висока структурна складність, зокрема виявлено різноманітну епіфітну ліхенофлору, рідкісні види, 15 індикаторних видів старих лісів і пралісів. Діброва є оселищем для 62 видів птахів, переважно жителів лісових біотопів. На значній частині діброви знаходиться мертва деревина виду едифікатора і його супутників різних стадій розкладу.Антропогенне втручання в діброву було тривалим і різноманітним. З часів заснування парку і після цього діброва зазнала надмірної фрагментації і введення до її складу інтродуцентів, створення в межах діброви декоративних ландшафтних композицій, головним чином в центральній частині діброви. Це викликало значну екотонізацію діброви і витіснення Q. robur.Це дослідження дозволили виявити цілий ряд критеріїв, що відносять діброву як до спадкоємця первісного лісу, що надає діброві особливої цінності. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2023-12-21 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1632 10.46341/PI2023008 Plant Introduction; No 99/100 (2023); 51-61 Інтродукція Рослин; № 99/100 (2023); 51-61 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI99-100 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1632/1548 Copyright (c) 2023 Nataliia Boiko, Nina Dragan, Nataliia Doiko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Boiko, Nataliia Dragan, Nina Doiko, Nataliia Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| title | Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| title_alt | The oak forest of the Dendropark “Оlexandria”. Part 1. From indigenous to anthropogenically transformed plantation |
| title_full | Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| title_fullStr | Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| title_full_unstemmed | Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| title_short | Діброва Дендропарку “Олександрія”. Частина 1. Від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| title_sort | діброва дендропарку “олександрія”. частина 1. від корінного до антропогенно трансформованого насадження |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1632 |
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