BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні
Phenology has not lost its relevance, especially now, when the global warming is making itself known more and more clearly. Phenological data obtained according to the BBCH system have a wide range of application: from the biological identification of global and regional weather and climate changes...
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M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine
2024
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Plant Introduction| _version_ | 1860145153810890752 |
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| author | Ilyinska, Antonina Klymenko, Svitlana |
| author_facet | Ilyinska, Antonina Klymenko, Svitlana |
| author_sort | Ilyinska, Antonina |
| baseUrl_str | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2025-03-30T18:43:39Z |
| description | Phenology has not lost its relevance, especially now, when the global warming is making itself known more and more clearly. Phenological data obtained according to the BBCH system have a wide range of application: from the biological identification of global and regional weather and climate changes to the use in the selection of new cultivars of plants adapted to modern living conditions. We found out the BBCH model of phenological growth of 19 cultivars of Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) of the collection of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). In the climatic conditions of Ukraine, quince goes through an entire cycle of seasonal growth. Codification of the phenological phases of growth according to the BBCH system showed that for quince, as for other fruit plants of the Rosaceae family, is characterized by eight of the ten principal stages of seasonal growth, in particular: the development of buds (principal growth stage 0: bud development), leaves (principal growth stage 1: leaf development), shoots (principal growth stage 3: shoot development), inflorescence (principal growth stage 5: inflorescence emergence), flowering (principal growth stage 6: flowering), fruit development and ripening (principal growth stage 7: fruit development; principal growth stage 8: maturity of fruit) and senescence and onset of dormancy (principal growth stage 9: senescence, beginning of dormancy). Cydonia oblonga has vegetative and vegetative-generative buds. It differs from some other fruit plants of the Rosaceae family by the specific course of the principal growth stage 5. Quince flowers are initiated from the apical meristem of one-year shoots, therefore they do not have phenophase 51, and at the stage of development 53 they are visually invisible due to the fact that they are tightly wrapped by leaves. The studied quince cultivars of the NBG collection are similar to each other in the course of most phenophases of seasonal development. The BBCH model of the seasonal growth of quince in Ukraine corresponds to two other comparable models that record the seasonal growth of this species in Spain (Murcia region) in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate with very mild winters and hot summers and Brazil (Pelotas region) in a warm tropical climate. These facts confirm the ecological plasticity of the species and its high adaptive and reproductive capacity, which can be the key to the expansion of the region of quince cultivation in Ukraine, including through the creation of industrial plantations. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.46341/PI2024008 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:22Z |
| format | Article |
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© The Authors. This content is provided under CC BY 4.0 license.
Plant Introduction, 103/104, 14–30 (2024)
RESEARCH ARTICLE
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
Svitlana Klymenko, Antonina Ilyinska *
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Sadovo-Botanichna str. 1, 01014 Kyiv, Ukraine;
* ilynska@ukr.net
Received: 24.09.2024 | Accepted: 02.11.2024 | Published online: 01.12.2024
Abstract
Phenology has not lost its relevance, especially now, when the global warming is making itself known
more and more clearly. Phenological data obtained according to the BBCH system have a wide range
of application: from the biological identification of global and regional weather and climate changes to
the use in the selection of new cultivars of plants adapted to modern living conditions. We found out the
BBCH model of phenological growth of 19 cultivars of Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) of the collection
of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). In the
climatic conditions of Ukraine, quince goes through an entire cycle of seasonal growth. Codification of the
phenological phases of growth according to the BBCH system showed that for quince, as for other fruit
plants of the Rosaceae family, is characterized by eight of the ten principal stages of seasonal growth,
in particular: the development of buds (principal growth stage 0: bud development), leaves (principal
growth stage 1: leaf development), shoots (principal growth stage 3: shoot development), inflorescence
(principal growth stage 5: inflorescence emergence), flowering (principal growth stage 6: flowering), fruit
development and ripening (principal growth stage 7: fruit development; principal growth stage 8: maturity
of fruit) and senescence and onset of dormancy (principal growth stage 9: senescence, beginning of
dormancy). Cydonia oblonga has vegetative and vegetative-generative buds. It differs from some other
fruit plants of the Rosaceae family by the specific course of the principal growth stage 5. Quince flowers
are initiated from the apical meristem of one-year shoots, therefore they do not have phenophase 51, and
at the stage of development 53 they are visually invisible due to the fact that they are tightly wrapped by
leaves. The studied quince cultivars of the NBG collection are similar to each other in the course of most
phenophases of seasonal development. The BBCH model of the seasonal growth of quince in Ukraine
corresponds to two other comparable models that record the seasonal growth of this species in Spain
(Murcia region) in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate with very mild winters and hot summers and Brazil
(Pelotas region) in a warm tropical climate. These facts confirm the ecological plasticity of the species and
its high adaptive and reproductive capacity, which can be the key to the expansion of the region of quince
cultivation in Ukraine, including through the creation of industrial plantations.
Keywords: quince, seasonal growth, BBCH system, Ukraine
https://doi.org/10.46341/PI2024008
UDC 581.14+581(477).54: 582.711.714
Authors’ contributions: Svitlana Klymenko – conceptualization of the study, conducting experiments, writing and editing the
manuscript. Antonina Ilyinska – conducting observations, analyzing the obtained data and literary sources, photographing
phenophases, creating figures and table, and writing the manuscript.
Funding: The study was carried out within the framework of the scientific research topic “Strategy of adaptation and reproductive
capacity of new and non-traditional fruit plants under climatic transformation of the environment”.
Competing Interests: Authors declared that they have no conflict of interest.
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9110-0466
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-8097
Plant Introduction • 103/104 15
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
Introduction
Phenological data have a wide range of uses.
They serve as a biological indicator of global
and regional weather and climate changes
(Woodcock, 1992; Menzel et al., 2020;
Gallinat et al., 2021; Inouye, 2022), reflect the
response of plants to abiotic stress (Denisow &
Malinowski, 2016; Iler et al., 2021; Baidya et al.,
2022), make it possible to assess the adaptive
properties of introducers (Chmielewski et al.,
2004), important and widely in demand in
agriculture and horticulture (Ruml & Vulić,
2005; Chmielewski, 2013; Yang et al., 2020).
Phenological observations are relevant even
now, when climatic changes, in particular,
temperature stresses, are becoming more and
more pronounced.
Phenology has a very ancient history.
Different approaches and methods have been
used to characterize the seasonal growth of
plants at various times (Meier et al., 2009). In
Europe, for example, until 1994, Fleckinger’s
classification of phenophases was widely used,
which the author developed initially for seeded
fruits (Martínez‐Valero et al., 2001; Meier et al.,
2009). The creation of a new codification of
plant phenological phases, BBCH (Biologische
Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft,
Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie),
started from the numerical decimal scale of
Zadoks et al. (1974). The expanded BBCH scale
is the result of the joint work of scientists
from several institutions: the German Federal
Biological Research Center for Agriculture
and Forestry (BBA), the German Federal
Office of Plant Cultivars (BSA), the German
Agrochemical Association (IVA) and the
Institute for Vegetables and Ornamentals
(Meier et al., 2009). The modern BBCH
system is a classification for unified coding
of phenologically similar growth stages of
all monocots and dicots (Hack et al., 1992;
Meier, 1997, 2003). Applying this scale, the
phenological stages of development of an
increasing number of species are described,
including fruit from the genera Malus Mill.,
Pyrus L., Prunus L. s.l., Crataegus L. s.l., etc.
(Meier et al., 1994; Atay, 2013; Maghlakelidze
et al., 2017; Sakar et al., 2019; Martínez et al.,
2019; Drepper et al., 2020; Srivastava et al.,
2020; Perju et al., 2022; Salmasi et al., 2023).
Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae), the
quince, belongs to the oldest fruit crops and
has been widely known for its nutritional
and healing properties since ancient
times (Abdollahi, 2019; Hussain et al., 2021;
Mirabdulbaghi et al., 2023; Najman et al.,
2023; Kostecka-Gugała, 2024).
The genus name originated from the
name of a Greek city on the island of Crete,
Cydonea (Kydonia; ancient Greek Κῠδωνία),
now Canea (Kafkas et al., 2018). The primary
natural range of C. oblonga is located in
Transcaucasia (from Dagestan to Talysh and
Turkestan) and in the north regions of Iran
(Abdollahi, 2019).
Quince was first cultivated about 4000
years ago in the Caucasus and in the Middle
East in Mesopotamia between 5000 and
4000 years ago (Khoshbakht & Hammer,
2006). About 2500 years ago, the species was
first introduced from Persia to the Chinese
province of Xinjiang (Xie et al., 2023). The
authors believe that quince has become
naturalized on the slopes of Mount Baozhong
(Hunan Province, China), as indicated by the
structure and dynamics of its populations.
Quince first came to Europe, in particular
to the Mediterranean basin (Greece, Rome),
from the centers of its diversity in Persia in the
period from the sixth to the second century
B.C. (Zohary & Hopf, 2000; Khoshbakht &
Hammer, 2006; Abdollahi, 2019). Later, there
were other ways of introducing quince to
Europe. The germplasm of quince cultivars of
Eastern Europe, including Ukraine (Crimea),
probably originates from introduction of this
species from Western Asia (Abdollahi, 2019).
Now quince is cultivated in many countries
in Western and Eastern Europe, Middle
and Central Asia, North, Central and South
America, Africa, Australia, New Zealand,
etc. (Kafkas et al., 2018; Hussain et al., 2021;
POWO, 2024; Xie et al., 2023). Turkey is the
world leader in quince production (Kafkas
et al., 2018; Abdollahi, 2019).
The range of the species is characterized
by long, hot summers with maximum
temperatures of +30 °C to +40 °C and harsh
winters. Therefore, wild quince genotypes are
adapted to high summer and minus (−26 °C)
winter temperatures and acidic soils but are
less tolerant to low temperatures, especially to
sharp changes in night and day temperatures
(Hunter & Dunster, 2014; Abdollahi, 2021).
Although quince does not require intensive
care in the culture, it belongs to underutilized
16 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Klymenko & Ilyinska
crops, which are regularly used only as
rootstock for pears (Klymenko, 2011).
Quince has been known in Ukraine for over
200 years. For the Crimea, it was suggested
by Pallas (1792) and Marschall von Bieberstein
(1808). Marschall von Bieberstein (1808, p. 391)
believed that quince is a wild plant not only
in the South Caucasus but also in the Crimea:
“Spontanea nascitur in Tauriae meridionalis
et Caucasi australiorus sylvius (It grows
spontaneously in the forests of South Tauria
and the South Caucasus)”. In 1809, botanist-
acclimatizer Karazin described a 60-year-
old quince grown in his garden, and in 1900,
he showed quince fruits on a branch from
his acclimatization garden (Klymenko, 1993).
In 1912, Kashchenko started the introduction
of quince in the acclimatization garden of
Kyiv. After transferring the collection to the
M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden,
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
(NBG) in 1975, selection work was continued by
Klymenko (1993, 2009, 2011). Now in Ukraine,
cultivars of C. oblonga are zoned in eight
regions of Ukraine – Zakarpattia, Chernivtsi,
Odesa, Kherson, Khmelnytskyi, Vinnytsia,
and Chernihiv, as well as in the Crimea, and
small plantations exist practically throughout
the country (Volkodav et al., 2004; Klymenko,
2009, 2011).
The collection of C. oblonga in NBG includes
over 20 cultivars of different origins, including
14 cultivars of NBG selection, three cultivars of
Nikita Botanical Garden selection, two Middle
Asian cultivars, etc.
The beneficial properties of the fruits have
stimulated extensive comprehensive research
on C. oblonga, in particular, the biochemical
composition and medicinal uses of the fruits,
flowers and leaves (Al-Snafi, 2016; Blanda
et al., 2020; Hanan et al., 2020; Abed et al.,
2022; Baroni et al., 2023; Kostecka-Gugała,
2024), of the morphological and anatomical
structure of the fruit, leaf and pollen (Ganeva,
2009; Koçyiğit et al., 2015; Radovic et al., 2016;
Pinar et al., 2016; Klymenko & Ilyinska, 2019;
Kokaj, 2021; Hussain et al., 2021), molecular
and biological aspects (Yüksel et al., 2013;
Pinar et al., 2016; Abdollahi, 2019; Kokaj, 2021;
Soyturk et al., 2021); dynamics of species
populations (Xie et al., 2023), reactions of
the species to water stress (Griñán et al.,
2019), features of selection, domestication
and productivity of cultivars under different
ecological growing conditions (Hussain et al.,
2021; Ozturk et al., 2022), as well as the use of
molecular markers to analyze the genetic basis
of important traits and carry out selection
using genomics, etc. (Pinar et al., 2016; Kafkas
et al., 2018; Abdollahi, 2019; Soyturk et al.,
2021; Sadeghnejad et al., 2024). The rhythm of
seasonal development of quince cultivars was
also studied using different methods and under
various environmental conditions, but such
studies are still insufficient for widespread
use in agricultural practice (Klymenko, 1993,
2011; Gordo & Sanz, 2005; Ozturk et al.,
2022). In Spain, Martínez‐Valero et al. (2001)
compared the phenological growth stages
of quince according to the BBCH scale with
the Fleckinger phenological code based on
the study of two cultivars, and Manica-Berto
(2009) described, according to the BBCH scale,
the phenological growth phases of 21 Brazilian
cultivars of quince.
We found out the BBCH model of seasonal
development of quince cultivars of the NBG
collection (Kyiv, Ukraine).
Material and methods
Research region, weather, and climatic
conditions
The research was conducted in 2021–2023 in
the NBG, which is located on the right bank
of the Dnipro River in the southeastern part
of Kyiv on the low Pechersky slopes of the
Kyiv Highlands (197 m above sea level) in the
Zvirynets tract (50°27’ N, 30°31’ E). The climate
is moderately continental; the winter is mild,
the summer is warm. The average monthly
temperature in January is −3.8 °C, and in July
it is +21.5 °C. The average annual temperature
is +7.7 °C. Average annual precipitation is about
640 mm; fall throughout the year (https://
en.climate-data.org/ , accessed June 17, 2024).
Research objects
Cydonia oblonga cultivars of the NBG selection
(‘Akademichna’, ‘Hrushovydna Shaidarovoi’,
‘Hrushovydna Shums’koho’, ‘Hrushka’, ‘Darunok
doli’, ‘Darunok onuku’, ‘Dyvyna Svitlany’, ‘No.
8 Kashchenka’, ‘No. 18 Kashchenka’, ‘Mariya’,
‘Melodia dlya mene’, ‘Novynka’, ‘Orange’,
‘Studentka’), selection of the Nikita Botanical
garden (‘Kryms’ka aromatna’, ‘Uspikh’, ‘Myr’)
and Middle Asian selection (‘Seredn’oaziys’ka’
https://en.climate-data.org/
https://en.climate-data.org/
Plant Introduction • 103/104 17
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
and ‘Uzbets’ka aromatna’). The plants were
planted at the collection site on April 14–16,
1986. To describe the morphological profile
of C. oblonga, the structural morphological
descriptors of the cultivars of the NBG
collection and literature data were used (Gu
& Spongberg, 2003; Catling & Mitrow, 2015;
Abdollahi, 2021; etc.).
Phenological monitoring
Observation started on 01.03.2021. Two to
three times a week, the state of the plants
was recorded by means of textual and
photo documentation from the beginning of
vegetation to December and the beginning
of winter dormancy. The course of seasonal
development was codified according to the
expanded BBCH scale (Hack et al., 1992; Meier
et al., 1994, 2009) with particular attention to
sympodially growing shoots.
Results and discussion
Morphological profile of the species
Cydonia oblonga can be a small deciduous
tree up to 8 m tall or a bush. Young twigs are
purple-red, old purple-brown, round, with
lenticels. Juvenile stems, leaves, stipules,
buds, ovaries, peduncles, and unripe fruits
are densely pubescent, but ripe ones easily
lose their pubescence. The leaves are simple,
with petioles up to 2.0 cm long. Leaf blades are
about 10 cm long, obtuse or leathery, broadly
ovate or oblong, and entire, with a rounded
or barely heart-shaped base and a pointed
or blunt apex. Stipules are rounded or ovate,
glandular-serrate on the edge, deciduous.
Flowers develop on the tops of annual shoots.
Pedicels are almost absent or about 5 mm
long. Hypanthium is bell-shaped. Sepals are
ovate or broadly lanceolate, green, glandular-
serrate on the edge, pointed at the apex, five to
seven mm long. The petals are white or pink,
almost 20 mm long. Stamens 20; anthers are
yellow, filaments are white or purple. Carpels
five, connate with the hypanthium, ovary five-
nest, column five, almost equal to or shorter
than the stamens. The fruit is a fleshy pome,
multi-seeded pseudocarpium. Ripe fruits are
fragrant, yellow, nearly orange or greenish-
yellow, spherical, oblong or pear-shaped with a
diameter of three to seven cm or more; sepals
in fruit bent downwards; peduncles almost
absent or about five mm, thick, gradually
thickening and growing with the fruit in many
cultivars. The weight of the fruit varies widely,
depending on the cultivar. The range of fruit
weight variability in different quince cultivars
of the NBG collection is 200–800 g (Klymenko
& Ilyinska, 2019). In some cultivars of C. oblonga
of Iran, the weight of the fruit can reach 1.5 kg
(Abdollahi, 2021).
Quince is characterized by monopodial
and sympodial growth of shoots. Their ratio
in the crown of one cultivated plant depends
on a complex of factors, including the age
and features of tree pruning. Monopodial
and sympodial shoots of C. oblonga differ
morphologically: in the former, the largest
leaves develop in the lower part of the shoot
(Fig. 1 A), and in the latter, at its apex under
the flower (Fig. 1 B). Vegetative shoots actively
develop in young plants, as well as after
rejuvenating pruning of old trees (Fig. 1 C), but
in cultivars during the period of active fruiting,
they are few.
Vegetative shoots develop from May
to October. Their length varies, but they
can reach 100 cm or more under favorable
conditions. Generative shoots (sympodial
growth) significantly predominate in the
crown of trees during active fruiting. Such
shoots form a system of fruit branches and it is
on them that the main crop of fruits is formed.
Their growth continues for a short time,
before the beginning of fruit development.
The spore-like structures of the old parts of
the plant, on which the fruits also develop, are
also sympodial, which distinguishes quince
from apple and pear trees (Klymenko, 2011;
Abdollahi, 2021).
Seasonal rhythm of plant growth
The annual life cycle of C. oblonga, like other
seasonal climate species, includes a complex
of phenological stages of growth, in particular,
swelling and opening of buds, leaf development
and shoot growth, flower development,
flowering, fruiting and senescence, and a
dormant period. The codification of the
phenological phases of growth, according to
the BBCH model, showed that in the climatic
conditions of Ukraine, the quince goes through
a complete cycle of seasonal development
(Table 1; Fig. 2). The quince cultivars of the
NBG collection studied by us are similar in the
onset of most phenophases of seasonal growth.
18 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Klymenko & Ilyinska
Differences between cultivars are observed
in the beginning of fruit ripening, as well as
in their shape and biochemical composition
(Klymenko, 2011).
Principal growth stage 0: bud development.
Quince has two types of buds: vegetative and
vegetative-generative. During the rest period,
the buds are very small and it is difficult to
distinguish them visually. Later (phenophase
01), it becomes noticeable that vegetative buds
are slightly smaller compared to vegetative-
generative ones, and develop somewhat more
slowly. On adult trees in full fruiting, vegetative
buds occupy a small percentage. Therefore,
in our study, the primary attention is paid to
vegetative-generative buds.
The first stages of development of
vegetative and vegetative-generative buds
are practically the same. In the final phases
of buds of quince development, stipules are
clearly visible (phenophases 07 and 09). In
contrast to the very densely pubescent and,
therefore, whitish leaves at this stage, the
stipules are green and, hence, actively perform
the function of photosynthesis, and also serve
as additional protection of the leaves from
adverse environmental factors.
Principal growth stage 1: leaf development.
The shape and size of the leaves are variable
and determined by several factors, in
particular, the type of shoots, the age and
condition of the tree, as well as species and
cultivar characteristics of quince.
The first few leaves on monopodial and
sympodial shoots differ from others in shape
and size (very small). The following leaves
of vegetative shoots have a shape and size
typical for the species or cultivar; the largest
of them are developed at the beginning or
in the middle part of the length of the shoot
(Fig. 1 A). On generative shoots, the largest
in size are those leaves that are formed last,
that is, under the flower (Fig. 1 B). Stipules
are characteristic of young leaves of both
vegetative and generative shoots (Fig. 3). They
function near the five or six youngest leaves
and then fall off. During this development
phase, some of the leaves are unfolded, and
others are folded and tightly surround the
flower bud (phenophases 11–19, Fig. 2).
Principal growth stage 3: shoot
development. Vegetative and generative
shoots of quince differ among themselves
in the nature and duration of growth. The
first grow monopodially; their length is
determined by a complex of factors, in
particular weather conditions (temperature,
amount of precipitation), as well as the
position of the plant. Small trees (five to
eight meters tall) of wild quince genotypes
form numerous root sprouts and root
shoots that grow monopodially (Abdollahi,
2021). In cultivars, especially those actively
fruiting, the growth of vegetative shoots
is insignificant, including due to pruning.
Robust growth of monopodial vegetative
BA C
Figure 1. Shoots of Cydonia oblonga: A – vegetative (monopodial) and B – generative (sympodial) in the
period of active fruiting; C – vegetative shoots after rejuvenating tree pruning.
Plant Introduction • 103/104 19
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
Stage Characteristics
Principal growth stage 0: bud development
00 Dormant: buds closed and covered by two outer dark brown leathery scales
01 Beginning of swelling of the buds: the buds are swollen, the outer scales are noticeably enlarged, and they
begin to separate
03 The end of bud swelling: the outer scales are separated, and the inner scales are visible
07 Beginning of bud opening: all scales are rejected; the first light green stipules are visible
09 The tips of the leaves are whitish from dense pubescence, about 5 mm long
Principal growth stage 1: leaf development
10 The tips of the leaves are whitish from dense pubescence, about 10 mm long
11 The first leaves are unfolded, the following are unfolding
15 More leaves have unfolded, but have not yet reached full size
19 The first leaves are fully unfolded
Principal growth stage 3: shoot development
31 The beginning of the growth of one-year shoots: the axes of the developing shoots are visible; about 10%
of the expected length
37 One-year shoots about 70% of the final length
39 One-year shoots about 90% of the final length
Principal growth stage 5: emergent inflorescence
53 Flower buds are tightly surrounded by developing leaves
54 Emergence of flower buds: a conspicuous calyx formed by five closed sepals protecting the structural
elements of the flower
55 Opening of the buds: the sepals begin to open, and the top of the corolla becomes visible
56 Green flower bud stage: sepals slightly open, folded petals green
57 Dark pink flower bud stage: folded petals pink, sepals rejected
59 Most flowers with petals forming an ‘airy’ hollow sphere
Principal growth stage 6: flowering
60 The first flowers have opened
61 Beginning of flowering: about 10% of opened flowers
65 Full bloom: at least 50% of the flowers are open, the petals of the first flowers fall
67 Fading of most flowers: petals of most flowers fall
69 End of flowering: petals of all flowers have fallen
Principal growth stage 7: fruit development
71 Beginning of fruit set; fruits about 10 mm long; fall of ovaries after flowering
72 Fruits about 20 mm long
73 The second fall of fruits
75 Fruits have reached almost half their final size
77 Fruits about 70% of final size
79 Fruits have reached their final size, green
Principal growth stage 8: maturity of fruit
81 The beginning of ripening: the fruits begin to be colored in the characteristic color of the cultivar
85 Increase in color intensity specific to the cultivar; reduction of pubescence of fruits
87 Technical ripeness of fruits
89 Fruits are ripe for consumption: they have a typical taste and firmness
Table 1. Seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga according to the BBCH model (Kyiv, NBG).
20 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Klymenko & Ilyinska
shoots is observed after the rejuvenation
pruning of trees (Fig. 1 C).
We studied quince generative shoots
developing from vegetative-generative buds.
They are sympodial, short, about 10–15 cm
long, have five to eight nodes, and end the
primary growth after flowering (phenophase
39) (Klymenko, 2011; Abdollahi, 2021). The
next year buds are laid in late May or early
June. Fruit branches formed by a system of
sympodial generative shoots are observed on
adult trees of quince cultivars.
Principal growth stage 5: emergent
inflorescence. Cydonia oblonga has a specific
development of flower buds (Table 1; Fig. 2).
Flower buds develop on the tops of one-year
shoots, and are also formed on old parts of
the crown of the tree, different in age, which
distinguishes quince from apple and pear trees
(Klymenko, 2011; Abdollahi, 2021). According to
Esumi et al. (2007a), in Japan (Omachi, Nagano,
Japan), their differentiation begins in late
October – early November or approximately
160–180 days after full flowering. At first,
six scales are slowly formed, and eight leaf
primordia begin to develop (Esumi et al.,
2007a; Abdollahi, 2021). After that, the apical
meristem produces sepal primordia. In this
undifferentiated state, the buds remain during
the winter, and then, the following spring, the
entire apical meristem is transformed into a
single flower meristem, while in pear (Pyrus
pyrifolia (Burm.f.) Nakai ‘Housui’), it forms an
inflorescence (Esumi et al., 2007a). Therefore,
the corolla, androecium, and gynoecium of
quince flowers begin to form in the spring,
almost simultaneously with the further
development of the leaves.
Quince flower buds are not characterized
by phenophase 51, and at stage 53, flower buds
are tightly surrounded by rolled leaves that
protect them and are an advantage of quince
over other fruits.
Flower buds become visually visible (with
closed sepals; phenophase 54) when several
leaves have already unfolded (phenophase
19) and the growth of annual shoots begins
(phenophase 31). The development of buds is
accompanied by a change in the orientation
of the sepals and the color of the petals. First,
the sepals begin to deviate, and the corolla tip
becomes visible (phenophase 55). Distinctly
deviated sepals and the green color of rolled
petals are characteristic of phenophase 56.
Phenophase 57 is characterized by sepals
deviated by 45° or almost horizontally and pink
petals (pink bud stage). The last phenophase
(59) of the development of flower buds is
characterized by downward-sloping sepals
and light pink or almost white petals that form
an ‘airy’ hollow sphere.
The beginning and duration of the floral
organogenesis determine endogenous
and exogenous factors. Among the latter,
geographical, meteorological, and climatic
conditions of plant existence play an important
role. In the Republic of Moldova, for example,
quince flower differentiation begins at the end
of September – beginning of October, and in
Crimea in October – November (Klymenko,
2011). Endogenous regulation of flower bud
differentiation is studied not only in C. oblonga,
but also in other species of Rosaceae fruit
plants by molecular-biological and genetic
methods (Esumi et al., 2007b, 2008; Chen
et al., 2013; Kurokura et al., 2013; Jiang et al.,
2022, 2024). It is assumed (Esumi et al., 2007b,
2008), in particular, that TFL1 gene homologs
are involved in the formation of dome-shaped
apical meristems during the early reproductive
development of quince (C. oblonga) and
Japanese pear (P. pyrifolia).
Stage Characteristics
Principal growth stage 9: senescence, beginning of dormancy
91 The growth of the shoots is complete; the leaves are still green; the terminal bud is developed
92 Leaves begin to change color
93 The beginning of falling leaves
95 Half of the leaves have changed color or fallen
97 All the leaves have fallen
99 The beginning of the winter rest period
Table 1. Continued.
Plant Introduction • 103/104 21
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
Figure 2. Phenological phases of development of Cydonia oblonga cultivars: A – ‘Mariya’; B – ‘Studentka’;
C – ‘Akademichna’; D – ‘Novynka’; E – ‘Darunok onuku’; F – ‘Seredn’oaziys’ka’; G – ‘No. 18 Kashchenka’;
H – ‘Oranzheva’; I – ‘Hrushovydna Shums’koho’; J – ‘Uspikh’; K – ‘Uzbets’ka aromatna’.
B
07
A
03
C
09
D E B
F G H
I F B
11 19 31
19/31/54 37/59 55
56 57 57
22 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Klymenko & Ilyinska
Principal growth stage 6: flowering. In
quince, as in other fruit plants, the flowering
phenophase is important for monitoring and
evaluating the features of plant development
and is also used to predict future fruiting
productivity, determine the number of days
from full flowering to harvest, etc. (Manica-
Berto, 2009; Ozturk et al., 2022). The
advantage of this species over other fruits
is late flowering. Thanks to this, the flowers
are less damaged by late spring frosts. At
the same time, quince is a cross-pollinated,
Figure 2. Continued.
I J
JB
J E K
59 60
6765
69 72 79
Plant Introduction • 103/104 23
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
entomophilous plant. Therefore, there is
a problem of better pollination of plants,
which is solved in different ways (Benedek
et al., 2000; Halász et al., 2009; Tatari et al.,
2018; Tatari & Abdollahi, 2021; Sadeghnejad
et al., 2024). Information on quince self-
fertility is also discussed in the literature
(Abdollahi, 2021).
Principal growth stage 7: fruit development.
Quince is similar to other fruit plants in
some characteristics of fruit development.
In particular, her ovaries also fall twice
(phenophases 71 and 73). Unfertilized flowers
are known to drop first about four weeks after
flowering, and then, in June, about eight weeks
after flowering, fruits with underdeveloped
seeds drop (Abdollahi, 2021). Quince, like other
seed-bearing fruit plants, is characterized by
three stages of fruit development and ripening
(Costa & Ramina, 2014; Abdollahi, 2021). At the
first stage (S1), active cell division takes place
and fruits have very dense pubescence. In
the middle of summer, the second (S2) stage
of fruit development begins, during which
active fruit growth is observed due to an
increase in the size of cells, the thickness of
the cell membrane, the volume of vacuoles and
intercellular spaces, etc. Also, the density of
the pubescence decreases due to the death of
hairs and due to the rapid growth of the fruits,
and the first green, and then characteristic
for one or another cultivar, the color of the
fruits becomes noticeable. The third stage of
development (S3) covers the period of fruit
ripening.
A distinctive feature of quince is a long
period of fruit development. In Ukraine (NBG),
quince fruits grow from May to October,
but active fruit growth (stage S2) begins in
August (Klymenko, 2011; Klymenko & Ilyinska,
2019). In Spain, quince fruit development lasts
about 175 days (Martínez‐Valero et al., 2001;
Abdollahi, 2021).
Principal growth stage 8: maturity of the
fruit. At the fruit ripening stage (S3), the
diameter of the fruit increases slightly. The
signs of ripe fruits include skin color (from
yellowish-green to pale yellow to golden),
sepals pressed to the fruit, easy rubbing of
hairs by hand, distinct aroma, as well as brown
Figure 2. Continued.
BA A
I H H
8581 89
92 93 97
24 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Klymenko & Ilyinska
color of seeds (Klymenko, 2011; Abdollahi, 2021;
Ozturk et al., 2022). Some cultivars of quince
that we have studied differ in the color of the
fruits. The cultivar ‘Mariya’ has green fruits,
the cultivar ‘Oranzheva’ is characterized
by orange-yellow fruits, and the cultivars
‘Darunok onuku’, ‘Studentka’ and ‘Akademichna’
have a ‘red blush’ on the fruits in certain years
(Klymenko, 2011). Fruits are usually harvested
at the stage of technical (physiological)
ripeness. During storage, they turn yellow in
all cultivars. Ripe fruits of C. oblonga are rich
in biologically active substances, due to which
they are widely used in the food industry and in
pharmaceuticals (Khoubnasabjafari & Jouyban,
2011; Blanda et al., 2020; Al-Zughbi & Krayem,
2022; Najman et al., 2023; Ňorbová et al., 2024).
Ripe fruits remain hard, so they are used most
often in the culinary processing, in particular,
jam, jelly, marmalade, juice, and other sweets
are made from these fruits (Hunter & Dunster,
2014).
Principal growth stage 9: senescence,
beginning of dormancy. Autumn phenology has
a more significant influence on the duration
of the growing season than spring, but this
phase of seasonal plant development is little
studied, which is due to specific difficulties
in determining standard methods for its
identification (Gallinat et al., 2015; Estiarte &
Peñuelas, 2015; Xie et al., 2015; Liu et al., 2016;
Gao et al., 2023).
In the zone of seasonal climate, senescence
and the beginning of plant dormancy
(phenophase 9 according to the BBCH scale)
begin with a gradual inhibition of growth
processes, degradation of chlorophyll, and
later with leaf fall (Gallinat et al., 2015; Xie et al.,
2015; Dox et al., 2021). The dynamics of autumn
phenology are also influenced by various
climatic factors, including temperature,
precipitations, and wind (Dox et al., 2021; Gao
et al., 2023).
Phenophase 9 of C. oblonga has also been
studied much less compared to the flowering
and fruiting phase. Our data confirm that
the visually visible signs of plant dormancy
are determined mainly by temperature, as in
other woody plants in a temperate climate.
According to our three-year observations,
Figure 3. Stipules of Cydonia oblonga cultivars: A – ‘Akademichna’; B – ‘No. 18 Kashchenka’.
BA
Plant Introduction • 103/104 25
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
the beginning of November in quince
correlated, to some extent, with the onset
of meteorological autumn. According to the
data of the B. Sreznevsky Central Geophysical
Observatory, meteorological autumn came on
September 19, the second of September, and
the second of October (2021, 2022, and 2023,
respectively). Based on the meteorological
observations, the autumn of 2023 in Kyiv
became one of the warmest ever. In these
years, the first fallen leaves of quince were
observed on October 13, 16, and 30.
Conclusions
The BBCH model of seasonal growth of
Cydonia oblonga is described based on the
analysis of cultivars of the NBG collection (Kyiv,
Ukraine). During the three-year observation
period (2021–2023), all cultivars of C. oblonga,
went through a full cycle of seasonal
development. The codification of phenological
phases according to the expanded BBCH
system showed that C. oblonga cultivars, like
other fruit plants of the Rosaceae family, are
characterized by eight out of ten main stages
of seasonal growth, in particular: principal
growth stages 0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Quince
differs from other fruit plants of the Rosaceae
family in the specific course of the principal
growth stage 5. The flowers of C. oblonga
develop from the apical meristem of one-year
vegetative-generative shoots, so they lack
phenophase 51, and at the stage of development
53, flower buds are visually invisible because
they are tightly wrapped by leaves. The quince
cultivars of the NBG collection we studied are
similar in the course of most phenophases
of seasonal growth. Differences between
cultivars are most clearly observed in the
duration of development, the ripening period,
and the shape of the fruits. The phenological
BBCH model of the seasonal growth of quince
in Ukraine corresponds to two other similar
BBCH models that capture the seasonal
growth of this species in Spain (Murcia region;
semi-arid, Mediterranean climate with very
mild winters and hot summers – Martínez‐
Valero et al., 2001) and in Brazil (Pelotas
region; warm tropical climate – Manica-Berto,
2009). The obtained data confirm the clear
ecological plasticity of C. oblonga, and the
high adaptive and reproductive capacity of
the species, which can be a guarantee for the
expansion of the region of quince cultivation
in Ukraine, including through the creation of
industrial plantations, especially now, when
climate changes, in particular abnormally high
temperatures, are becoming increasingly more
frequent.
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Plant Introduction • 103/104 29
BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine
BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні
Світлана Клименко, Антоніна Ільїнська *
Національний ботанічний сад імені М.М. Гришка НАН України, вул. Садово-Ботанічна, 1, Київ, 01014,
Україна; * ilynska@ukr.net
Фенологія не втрачає своєї актуальності, особливо тепер, коли глобальне потепління стає
все очевиднішим. Фенологічні дані, що отримані за системою BBCH, мають широкий спектр
використання: від біологічної ідентифікації глобальних і регіональних змін погоди і клімату
до використання в селекції нових сортів рослин, адаптованих до сучасних умов існування. Ми
з’ясували BBCH модель фенологічного розвитку 19 сортів Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) колекції
НБС (Київ). У кліматичних умовах України айва проходить повний цикл сезонного росту. Кодифікація
фенологічних фаз росту за системою BBCH показала, що для айви, як і для інших плодових рослин
родини Rosaceae, характерні вісім із десяти основних фаз сезонного розвитку, зокрема: розвиток
бруньок (основна стадія росту 0: розвиток бруньок), листків (основна стадія росту 1: розвиток
листків), пагонів (основна стадія росту 3: розвиток пагонів), суцвіття (основна стадія росту 5: поява
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30 Plant Introduction • 103/104
Klymenko & Ilyinska
суцвіть), цвітіння (основна стадія росту 6: цвітіння), розвиток і достигання плодів (основна стадія
росту 7: розвиток плодів; основна стадія росту 8: достигання плодів) і старіння та початок спокою
(основна стадія росту 9: старіння, початок спокою). Cydonia oblonga має вегетативні та вегетативно-
генеративні бруньки. Від деяких інших плодових рослин родини розоцвітих айва відрізняється
специфічним перебігом основної стадії росту 5. Квітки айви ініціюються з верхівкової меристеми
однорічних пагонів, тому не мають фенофази 51, а на стадії розвитку 53 візуально непомітні
через те, що щільно оповиті листками. Досліджені сорти айви колекції НБС схожі між собою за
перебігом більшості фенофаз. BBCH модель сезонного розвитку айви в Україні відповідає двом
іншим аналогічним моделям, які фіксують сезонний розвиток цього виду в Іспанії (регіон Мурсія) у
напівпосушливому середземноморському кліматі з дуже м’якою зимою та жарким літом і в Бразилії
(регіон Пелотас) у теплому тропічному кліматі. Ці факти підтверджують екологічну пластичність
виду, його високу адаптивну та репродуктивну здатності, що може стати запорукою розширення
регіону вирощування айви в Україні, у тому числі через створення промислових насаджень.
Ключові слова: айва, сезонний розвиток, система BBCH, Україна
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| id | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-1641 |
| institution | Plant Introduction |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:54:22Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | wwwplantintroductionorg/8f/8f3ac02d36c310373e26caa2a803568f.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.plantintroduction.org:article-16412025-03-30T18:43:39Z BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні Ilyinska, Antonina Klymenko, Svitlana Phenology has not lost its relevance, especially now, when the global warming is making itself known more and more clearly. Phenological data obtained according to the BBCH system have a wide range of application: from the biological identification of global and regional weather and climate changes to the use in the selection of new cultivars of plants adapted to modern living conditions. We found out the BBCH model of phenological growth of 19 cultivars of Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) of the collection of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG). In the climatic conditions of Ukraine, quince goes through an entire cycle of seasonal growth. Codification of the phenological phases of growth according to the BBCH system showed that for quince, as for other fruit plants of the Rosaceae family, is characterized by eight of the ten principal stages of seasonal growth, in particular: the development of buds (principal growth stage 0: bud development), leaves (principal growth stage 1: leaf development), shoots (principal growth stage 3: shoot development), inflorescence (principal growth stage 5: inflorescence emergence), flowering (principal growth stage 6: flowering), fruit development and ripening (principal growth stage 7: fruit development; principal growth stage 8: maturity of fruit) and senescence and onset of dormancy (principal growth stage 9: senescence, beginning of dormancy). Cydonia oblonga has vegetative and vegetative-generative buds. It differs from some other fruit plants of the Rosaceae family by the specific course of the principal growth stage 5. Quince flowers are initiated from the apical meristem of one-year shoots, therefore they do not have phenophase 51, and at the stage of development 53 they are visually invisible due to the fact that they are tightly wrapped by leaves. The studied quince cultivars of the NBG collection are similar to each other in the course of most phenophases of seasonal development. The BBCH model of the seasonal growth of quince in Ukraine corresponds to two other comparable models that record the seasonal growth of this species in Spain (Murcia region) in a semi-arid Mediterranean climate with very mild winters and hot summers and Brazil (Pelotas region) in a warm tropical climate. These facts confirm the ecological plasticity of the species and its high adaptive and reproductive capacity, which can be the key to the expansion of the region of quince cultivation in Ukraine, including through the creation of industrial plantations. Фенологія не втрачає своєї актуальності, особливо тепер, коли глобальне потепління стає все очевиднішим. Фенологічні дані, що отримані за системою BBCH, мають широкий спектр використання: від біологічної ідентифікації глобальних і регіональних змін погоди і клімату до використання в селекції нових сортів рослин, адаптованих до сучасних умов існування. Ми з’ясували BBCH модель фенологічного розвитку 19 сортів Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) колекції НБС (Київ). У кліматичних умовах України айва проходить повний цикл сезонного росту. Кодифікація фенологічних фаз росту за системою BBCH показала, що для айви, як і для інших плодових рослин родини Rosaceae, характерні вісім із десяти основних фаз сезонного розвитку, зокрема: розвиток бруньок (основна стадія росту 0: розвиток бруньок), листків (основна стадія росту 1: розвиток листків), пагонів (основна стадія росту 3: розвиток пагонів), суцвіття (основна стадія росту 5: поява суцвіть), цвітіння (основна стадія росту 6: цвітіння), розвиток і достигання плодів (основна стадія росту 7: розвиток плодів; основна стадія росту 8: достигання плодів) і старіння та початок спокою (основна стадія росту 9: старіння, початок спокою). Cydonia oblonga має вегетативні та вегетативно-генеративні бруньки. Від деяких інших плодових рослин родини розоцвітих айва відрізняється специфічним перебігом основної стадії росту 5. Квітки айви ініціюються з верхівкової меристеми однорічних пагонів, тому не мають фенофази 51, а на стадії розвитку 53 візуально непомітні через те, що щільно оповиті листками. Досліджені сорти айви колекції НБС схожі між собою за перебігом більшості фенофаз. BBCH модель сезонного розвитку айви в Україні відповідає двом іншим аналогічним моделям, які фіксують сезонний розвиток цього виду в Іспанії (регіон Мурсія) у напівпосушливому середземноморському кліматі з дуже м’якою зимою та жарким літом і в Бразилії (регіон Пелотас) у теплому тропічному кліматі. Ці факти підтверджують екологічну пластичність виду, його високу адаптивну та репродуктивну здатності, що може стати запорукою розширення регіону вирощування айви в Україні, у тому числі через створення промислових насаджень. M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine 2024-12-01 Article Article application/pdf https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1641 10.46341/PI2024008 Plant Introduction; No 103/104 (2024); 14-30 Інтродукція Рослин; № 103/104 (2024); 14-30 2663-290X 1605-6574 10.46341/PI103-104 en https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1641/1556 Copyright (c) 2024 Antonina Ilyinska, Svitlana Klymenko http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Ilyinska, Antonina Klymenko, Svitlana BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні |
| title | BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні |
| title_alt | BBCH model of seasonal growth of Cydonia oblonga Mill. in Ukraine |
| title_full | BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні |
| title_fullStr | BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні |
| title_full_unstemmed | BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні |
| title_short | BBCH модель сезонного розвитку Cydonia oblonga Mill. в Україні |
| title_sort | bbch модель сезонного розвитку cydonia oblonga mill. в україні |
| url | https://www.plantintroduction.org/index.php/pi/article/view/1641 |
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