ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ
The paper covers the problem with phosphorus supply at crops cultivation on sod-podzolic soils of Polissya region. Issues of P2O5 renewal in the arable soil layer of sod-podzolic soils were reviewed together with the relationship between the phosphorus balance and crop rotation productivity, as well...
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Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine
2014
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| author | Гриник, І. В. Бердніков, О. М. Потапенко, Л. В. Мілютенко, Т. Б. |
| author_facet | Гриник, І. В. Бердніков, О. М. Потапенко, Л. В. Мілютенко, Т. Б. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "І. В. Гриник",
"institution": "Національна академія аграрних наук України"
},
{
"author": "О. М. Бердніков",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Л. В. Потапенко",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Т. Б. Мілютенко",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
}
] |
| author_sort | Гриник, І. В. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:44Z |
| description | The paper covers the problem with phosphorus supply at crops cultivation on sod-podzolic soils of Polissya region. Issues of P2O5 renewal in the arable soil layer of sod-podzolic soils were reviewed together with the relationship between the phosphorus balance and crop rotation productivity, as well as role of biological preparation Polymyxobacteryn at periodic and additional application of technical phosphorus. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.18.146-158 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:24:23Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
PHOSPHORUS PROBLEM IN AGRICULTURE OF POLISSYA REGION
AND WAYS OF ITS SOLUTION
1Hrynyk I. V., 2Berdnikov A. M., 2Potapenko L. V., 2Milyutenko T. B.
1National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine,
38, Vasylkivska str, Kyiv, 03022, Ukraine
2Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agroindustrial Production NAAS,
97, Shevchenko str., Chernihiv, 14027, Ukraine
E-mail: isgm@ukrpost.ua
The paper covers the problem with phosphorus supply at crops cultivation on
sod-podzolic soils of Polissya region. Issues of P2O5 renewal in the arable soil layer
of sod-podzolic soils were reviewed together with the relationship between the
phosphorus balance and crop rotation productivity, as well as role of biological
preparation Polymyxobacteryn at periodic and additional application of technical
phosphorus.
Keywords: phosphorus, biological preparation Polymyxobacteryn, fertilization
system, soil phosphorus mode, crop rotation productivity.
In 2013 the grain production in the Chernihiv region, as well as in Ukraine, had
reached its maximum, respectively, 3 and 60 mln. tons. What is important to
understand is that grain formation is accompanied by high removal rates of
phosphorus, while the realization of commodity grain – exclusion of significant
amounts of phosphorous beyond the agrocenoses. Thus, 4 t/ha of winter wheat
removes 45–50 kg of P2O5 from soil, 6 t/ha of corn – 70 kg of P2O5, 4 t/ha of barley –
55 kg, 2.5 t/ha of soybean – 40 kg, 25 t/ha of potatoes – 4 kg of P2O5.
However, the application rated of organic fertilizers in Chernihiv region and in
the Polesye nowadays is not exceeding 2 t/ha and mineral – 70–90 kg/ha of active
ingredient, despite the fact that at such system the rate of nitrogen fertilizer is about
70 – 90%. These fertilization approaches and level of crops productivity do not
comply with the requirements of the classic agricultural chemistry – the law of the
balance of nutrients, and phosphorus in particular [1, 2, 3]. Considering the fact that
today we aim to nail down crop yields and preserve soil fertility, the search for
optimization of phosphorus supply means becomes extremely important.
Through to 1990 in Chernihiv region and Polissya region in Ukraine the
application of organic fertilizer was 10-12 t/ha, thus bringing to the soils 25–30 kg/ha
of available phosphorus and 170–180 kg/ha of active NPK ingredients at 1:1:1 ratio,
which taking into the account the crop yields had ensured a positive phosphorus
balance at 30–40 kg/ha at annual basis. Calculations indicate that in the last 10 years
at the modern rate of crop productivity the phosphorus balance in Polissya region
makes minus 30 kg/ha or more each year. However, such situation with the
phosphorus balance had not resulted in negative consequences in agriculture – a sharp
decline of crops productivity. Why? It is believed that some methods of agrochemical
research of soils, including the method for Kirsanov, do not always reflect the real
content of the available phosphorus in the soil [4, 5, 6]. Undoubtedly, this is possible,
but this can not explain no reduction in crop yields. Thus, there should be other
explanations.
The performance analysis of the relationship of crop rotation and soil
cultivation (Table 1) was conducted on the basis of the research data available [9]. It
was shown that for yields up to 5 t/ha of grain units there is no direct correlation
between the chemical composition of plants, soil cultivation level and their
productivity, which indicates the presence of self-regulation mechanisms in the “soil –
plant” system. At the same time, at crop productivity on the level of 8.8 t/ha of grain
units the changes in chemical composition of plants towards the increase of the
content of basic nutrients, followed by the increase of removal rates of nitrogen – in
2.3 times, phosphorus – in 2 times, potassium – in 1.8 times.
Table 1. Relationship between the crop rotation productivity and soil cultivation
(complex of agricultural suitability) and removal of the basic nutrients per yield or
area units [9]
Complex of
agricultural
suitability
Grain yield
units, t/ha
Nutrients uptake per
grain unit, kg
Nutrients removal,
kg/ha
N Р2О5 К2О N Р2О5 К2О
Wheat / Good 8,8 2,60 1,08 2,96 230 96 262
Rye / Good 4,9 2,23 0,99 2,87 110 49 142
Rye / Weak 4,8 2,06 1,02 3,04 99 49 146
System self-regulation can work only to a certain yield level (and, in our view
for some time). Analysis of the research works of Ukrainian and foreign researchers
[2, 7, 8, 9] indicates the importance for provision of necessary quantity of plant
nutrients at their optimum ratio and in forms available to plants in any farming
system. This is one of the basics for high crop yields and product quality. Besides,
nutrients deficiency caused by their removal from with the yield, including
phosphorus, cannot be systematically planned on poor soils (non-deficit or even
negative balance of nutrients is allowed only on well-cultivated soils). In the future,
the constant monitoring of soil nutrients availability should be performed; otherwise
case a few years the negative balance of nutrients will inevitably lead to exhaustion
and, therefore, reduction of crop yields. [9]
The results of our long-term field experiments on the medium cultivated sod-
podzolic soils with high phosphorus content (by Kirsanov 160 – 180 mg / kg of soil),
performed by factorial scheme with the dose of each nutrient (N, P, K) varied from 20
to 100 kg of active ingredient had shown that high yields above 8 t/ha of grain units
can be achieved only under the positive balance of phosphorus on the level of 40 kg,
nitrogen – 30 kg, potassium – 50 kg/ha of active ingredients.
Crop productivity on the level of 6 t/ha of grain units was received under the
zero balance of phosphorus (P0), positive (+P10) and negative (-R10) balances. It
should be noted that for typical for Polissya zone crop rotation with perennial grasses
under the stated crop productivity level the negative balance for nitrogen (-N20) and
potassium (-K30) is possible.
At negative phosphorus balance (-P30) already at fifth year the productivity of
crop rotation had dropped to 4 t/ha of grain units, and was received at a higher deficit
of nitrogen (-N50) and potassium (-K60). This emphasizes the primary role of
phosphorus for plants productivity.
Taking into the account the foregoing, at modern conditions of soil fertilization
with unilateral use of nitrogen fertilizer in 3 – 4 years on medium and well-cultivated
sod-podzolic soils of Polissya region a sharp decrease in yield, including cereals is
forthcoming; on sandy and loamy sod-podzolic soils the negative results can be
expected in 2-3 years while in some areas this phenomenon can be observed
nowadays.
Getting back to the issue of relative self-regulation of "soil-plant" system it
should be noted that the reasons of stable phosphorous content in the topsoil has no
relevant explanations and are still under discussion. At our understanding the degree
of phosphorus use by plants from the soil and fertilizers usually does not exceed 18%;
"residual" phosphorus from organic and mineral fertilizers orthogrades (fixed in the
ground) and at its deficit plants are forced to use phosphorous reserves from the soil.
This is ensured by soil acidification due to the use of nitrogen fertilizers, which
without liming may cause the transition of hardly soluble phosphates in the mobile
forms. From the D.M. Pryanishnikov works [7] it is known, that in nature there is a
transformation mechanism of phosphorus from deeper layers of soil, where its
sufficient reserves can be found. Moreover, they increase with depth [10, 11]. Such
specific biological "pump", which ensures the phosphorus supply from the lower
horizons of the soil profile to the arable layer, is the root system of plants lupine
plants (perhaps not only lupine). It also can be assumed that another reason of the
increase of mobile phosphorous content in the topsoil is high excretory (soluble)
function of plant roots of modern intensive varieties. Years ago only lupine, oats,
buckwheat, rye were considered to as the intensive crops. Nowadays, soybeans, peas,
vetch, corn and sunflower can be added to this list. Nevertheless, these data is not yet
confirmed and should be studied more thoroughly.
Fertilizers application is well known replenishment of nutrients in the soil.
However, modern German researchers [11] believe that there are other solutions to
the problem, namely for vast amount of arable land the phosphorus content in the
topsoil is 1 400–10 400 kg/ha. Thus, these phosphorus can be used for decades or
centuries. Moreover, the top layer 0-20 cm can not be considered as a system that may
eventually exhaust, since it is dynamic. The availability of phosphorus to plants is
largely depends on the condition and quality of the soil. As is was shown in series of
our experiments, and other studies of phosphorous and potassium plant nutrition
performed by K. Emanuel [11] there are no significant yield increases at unbalanced
application of phosphate fertilizers and at the increase of their doses. It is noted that
application of phosphorous fertilizers improves soil quality thus enhancing the
availability of phosphorus to the plants.
So, in conventional, alternative and organic farming the optimization
phosphorus nutrition is possible at upon creation of optimal conditions for plant
growth and development – sufficient organic matter content, nitrogen, water, air and
optimum thermal conditions, that can be achieved by insertion inclusion in the crop
rotation grasses, legumes, using green manure plants.
Seeds inoculation with microbial preparations, that have phosphorous
mobilizing microorganisms as their biological agents is of particular importance in
optimization of soil nutrient mode and phosphorus in particular, especially in the
initial phases of plant growth and development [12].
The advantages of microbial preparations use was shown in our studies
conducted on middle cultivated sod-podzolic soils with a high phosphorus content
(160 mg/kg P2O5 by Kirsanov). The scheme of experiment had included different
options with a balanced phosphorus supply, decreasing doses of technical phosphorus
in the form of superphosphate at P25 under the use of microbial preparation
Polymyxobacteryn.
Soil nutritional mode at the beginning of the growing season under the
inoculation background without P25 had not changed as compared to the variants with
full dose of phosphorous (P60) (Table 2).
Table 2. Soil phosphorous mode under the corn crop, field experiment, mg/100 g
Variants Plant growth stages Average for
vegetation 6 -8 leaves Flowering Grain filling
Without fertilizers 14,8 15,6 13,0 14,5
N90P60K90 16,2 18,0 14,0 16,1
Green manure 14,8 16,0 16,0 15,6
Manure 14,8 16,0 16,0 15,6
N90P35K90 +
Polymyxobacteryn
*
16,0 16,0 13,3 15,1
LSD099 0,26 0,30 0,20
Note: * reduction of phosphorus dose on 25 kg/ha
On average, the content moving of P2O5 in soil during the vegetation period in
variants with inoculation was higher relatively to control and equal to the indices in
variants with organic fertilizer and green manure.
It should be noted, that at complete crop rotation: winter wheat-corn-oats-lupine
the slight decrease of P2O5 content – on 20–15 mg/kg soil was observed in the control
variant. Seeds inoculation with Polymyxobacteryn the increase of phosphorus content
within the arable soil layer on 25–27 mg/kg as compared to its initial state was
observed. In variants with green manure and organic fertilizer the content of mobile
phosphorus in the topsoil had not increased while in the subsoil (20 – 40 cm) its
number had increased on 22–24 mg/kg soil.
Combination of the reduced dose of phosphorous fertilizers with seeds
inoculation with Polymyxobacteryn the crop yield in rotation and the output quality
indices were equal to the variants with the complete dose of mineral fertilizers used
(Table 3).
Polymyxobacteryn improves phosphorus nutrition of plants [12] by the
intensive development of microorganisms in the root zone, while their metabolites
dissolve mineral phosphates and induce the hydrolysis of organophosphates thus
stimulate root development of plants. According to our observations, it also stimulates
the productivity of photosynthesis on 10 – 14%.
Polymyxobacteryn ensures more efficient use of phosphorous fertilizers applied
beforehand. Thus, as it was established in field and lyzimiter studies using different
fertilizer types – agrophos (P2O5 – 19%) and ammophos (P2O5 – 52%) within the
complete fertilizer application: at continuous corn growing application of
phosphorous at a dose of P150 once in three years was lower as compared to the annual
use of fertilizers in dose P50 by 9%. At seeds inoculation with Polymyxobacteryn
there were almost no differences observes between the variants (Table 4, variant 2 and
4, background I and II), indicating the prospect of inoculation use at advance
phosphorous use – once in three years when using low-cost phosphorous fertilizers in
the form of natural phosphates enriched by magnetic separation means and suitable
for organic farming.
Analysis of literature data and results of our studies had indicated the presence
of self-regulation mechanisms of "soil-plant" system in terms of phosphorus supply.
In four – five years this will ensure receipt a relatively high and stable crops,
including cereals. However, at phosphorus balance deficit in farming the possible
negative consequences of modern agricultural technologies that can occur (after the
end of stabilizing the phosphorous regime) as a sharp decrease of crops productivity,
including cereals should be prevented. Optimization of plants nutrition with
phosphorus is possible by improving the agriculture techniques and increasing the soil
fertility by growing legumes, use manure and intermediate green manure and pre-
sowing seeds inoculation with phosphorous mobilizing bacteria. On sod-podzolic
soils with a high content of available phosphorus the seeds inoculation with microbial
preparation Polymyxobacteryn is equivalent to the action of technical phosphorus at a
dose P25. In order to obtain high and stable yields of grain and productivity of crop
rotation on the level 7–8 t/ha of cereal production units in industrial scale the dose of
technical phosphorus should be around P40-50, while at seeds inoculation this dose can
be reduced by 20–30%.
Table 3. Crops yields at different fertilization systems and inoculation, t/ha
Variants Winter
wheat yield
± to
variant
w/o
inoculati
on
Corn (grain)
yield
± to
variant
w/o
inoculatio
n
Naked oat
yield
± to
variant
w/o
inoculati
on
Blue lupine
yield
± to
variant
w/o
inoculati
on
I* II** I* II** I* II** I* II**
Control 2,40 2,90 +0,50 3,40 4,00 +0,60 1,40 1,74 +0,34 1,40 1,65 +0,25
NРК 4,06 4,07 +0,01 6,61 6,60 -0,01 2,06 2,04 -0,02 1,42 1,70 +0,28
Green
manure –
blue lupine.
4,00 4,64 +0,64 5,60 6,20 +0,60 1,81 1,91 +0,01 1,60 2,00 +0,40
Green
manure +
NРК
4,72 4,96 +0,24 8,20 8,06 -0,14 3,02 3,08 +0,05 1,60 2,08 +0,48
Manure,
10 t/ha
4,14 4,50 +0,34 5,01 5,40 +0,30 2,40 2,70 +0,30 1,90 2,20 +0,30
Manure +
NРК
4,38 4,40 +0,02 7,90 8,00 +0,10 3,11 3,28 +0,17 1,92 2,20 +0,28
Green
manure +
manure +
NРК
4,98 5,04 +0,06 8,06 8,04 -0,02 3,02 3,30 +0,28 2,02 2,30 +0,28
Manure,
20 t/ha
5,11 5,40 +0,29 8,06 8,14 +0,08 3,40 3,46 +0,06 2,10 2,36 +0,26
LSD0,95 0,22 0,24 0,40 0,42 0,12 0,14 0,12 0,14
Note: I* - w/o inoculation; II** - seeds inoculation with Polymyxobacteryn of all crops in rotation at lower phosphorous
fertilizers dose (-Р25)
Table 4. Efficiency of different fertilizers types and application means at continuous corn growing for grain
(average for 3 years)
# Variant Field experiment Lyzimeter experiment
Yield, t/ha Protein content
in grain
Yield, t/ha Protein content
in grain
Р2О5 losses from
leaching, kg/ha
I* II** I II I II I II I II
1 N120Р50К90 (Р50
annually as
ammophos)
7,9 8,5 9,6 9,8 11,2 12,0 8,9 9,2 3,6 2,0
2 N120Р50К90 (Р50
as
nitroammophos)
8,2 8,6 10,2 10,2 10,2 12,2 10,0 10,2 3,6 1,2
3 N120Р50К90 (Р50
in advance for 3
yeaars as
ammophos)
6,9 8,7 9,4 9,8 10,4 12,0 10,0 10,0 4,8 2,0
4 N120Р50К90 (Р50
in advance for 3
years as
nitroammophos)
7,4 8,4 9,6 9,8 10,6 12,0 9,0 10,4 4,0 2,0
LSD0,95 0,34 0,40 0,20 0,24
Note: I* - w/o inoculation; II** - seeds inoculation with Polymyxobacteryn
|
| id | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-191 |
| institution | Agriciltural microbiology |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-23T01:06:11Z |
| publishDate | 2014 |
| publisher | Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | smicinua/07/c2e6f999d4dc7ee4a91c79c72f1bdb07.pdf |
| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-1912026-07-22T10:10:44Z PHOSPHORUS PROBLEM IN AGRICULTURE OF POLISSYA REGION AND WAYS OF ITS SOLUTION ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ Гриник, І. В. Бердніков, О. М. Потапенко, Л. В. Мілютенко, Т. Б. phosphorus, biological preparation Polymyxobacteryn, fertilization system, soil phosphorus mode, crop rotation productivity фосфор, біопрепарат Поліміксобактерин, система удобрення, фосфорний режим ґрунту, продуктивність сівозміни The paper covers the problem with phosphorus supply at crops cultivation on sod-podzolic soils of Polissya region. Issues of P2O5 renewal in the arable soil layer of sod-podzolic soils were reviewed together with the relationship between the phosphorus balance and crop rotation productivity, as well as role of biological preparation Polymyxobacteryn at periodic and additional application of technical phosphorus. Проаналізовано проблему фосфорного живлення культурних рослин за їх вирощування на дерново-підзолистих ґрунтах Полісся. Розглянуто джерела поповнення Р2О5 в орному шарі ґрунту дерново-підзолистого типу, показано взаємозв’язок між балансом фосфору і продуктивністю сівозміни, а також роль біопрепарату Поліміксобактерину за періодичного і запасного внесення технічного фосфору. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2014-03-31 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/191 10.35868/1997-3004.18.146-158 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 18 (2014): Agriciltural microbiology; 146-158 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 18 (2014): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 146-158 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.18 en uk https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/191/265 https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/191/266 Авторське право (c) 2014 I. V. Hrynyk , A. M. Berdnikov , L. V. Potapenko , T. B. Milyutenko https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | фосфор біопрепарат Поліміксобактерин система удобрення фосфорний режим ґрунту продуктивність сівозміни Гриник, І. В. Бердніков, О. М. Потапенко, Л. В. Мілютенко, Т. Б. ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ |
| title | ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ |
| title_alt | PHOSPHORUS PROBLEM IN AGRICULTURE OF POLISSYA REGION AND WAYS OF ITS SOLUTION |
| title_full | ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ |
| title_fullStr | ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ |
| title_full_unstemmed | ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ |
| title_short | ПРОБЛЕМА ФОСФОРУ У ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВІ ПОЛІССЯ І ШЛЯХИ ЇЇ ВИРІШЕННЯ |
| title_sort | проблема фосфору у землеробстві полісся і шляхи її вирішення |
| topic | фосфор біопрепарат Поліміксобактерин система удобрення фосфорний режим ґрунту продуктивність сівозміни |
| topic_facet | phosphorus biological preparation Polymyxobacteryn fertilization system soil phosphorus mode crop rotation productivity фосфор біопрепарат Поліміксобактерин система удобрення фосфорний режим ґрунту продуктивність сівозміни |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/191 |
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