БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ
Given review is briefly summarizing published data on the history and current state such phenomenon as bacterial translocation. The basic patterns of saprophytic bacteria translocation, as well as theoretical and practical importance of further study of this phenomenon are described.
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| Datum: | 2013 |
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| Sprache: | Englisch Ukrainisch |
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Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine
2013
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Agriciltural microbiology| _version_ | 1871465744385966080 |
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| author | Агеєв , В.О. Кравченко, Н.О. Божок, Л.В. Головач , О.В. |
| author_facet | Агеєв , В.О. Кравченко, Н.О. Божок, Л.В. Головач , О.В. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "В.О. Агеєв ",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Н.О. Кравченко",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": "Л.В. Божок",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
},
{
"author": " О.В. Головач ",
"institution": "Інститут сільськогосподарської мікробіології та агропромислового виробництва НААН"
}
] |
| author_sort | Агеєв , В.О. |
| baseUrl_str | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-22T10:10:44Z |
| description | Given review is briefly summarizing published data on the history and current state such phenomenon as bacterial translocation. The basic patterns of saprophytic bacteria translocation, as well as theoretical and practical importance of further study of this phenomenon are described. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.35868/1997-3004.17.185-193 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T12:24:31Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION: HISTORY, MODERN APPROACHES,
SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE
Aheyev V. O., Kravchenko N. O., Bozhok L. V., Golovach O. V.
Institute of Agricultural Microbiology and Agricultural Production NAAS
97, Shevchenko, Str., Chernihiv, 14027, Ukraine
E-mail: iggardsil@mail.ru
Given review is briefly summarizing published data on the history and current state
such phenomenon as bacterial translocation. The basic patterns of saprophytic bacteria
translocation, as well as theoretical and practical importance of further study of this
phenomenon are described.
Keywords: bacterial translocation, normal microflora, probiotics, nonspecific
resistance, treatment.
Comprehensive knowledge of all aspects and mechanisms of interaction of the
living animal organism with its own microflora is one of the most fundamental problems
of modern biological, medical and veterinary science an extensive.
Research history. Since the origins of microbiology and for a long time the
conception of interaction depth of macroorganism with its microflora was limited to the
confidence that representatives of normal microbiota in all its diversity exist exclusively
on the external surfaces of the macroorganism, mainly in the epithelium of the
gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The presence of any microorganisms in the blood or in tissues
of parenchymal organs was interpreted only as an indication of progressive pathological
condition and (or) as a result of a significant weakening of the organisms protective
capacity [1].
Only in the late twentieth century some messages have appear with the new
discovered facts and partial explanation of new aspects and relationships dependences of
macro- and microorganisms. New scientific data allowed an unconventional look both at
the problem in general and at the issue of creation and introduction of probiotic
preparations.
At the end of the XIX century renowned surgeon W. Coley paid attention to the fact
that cancer patients with opportunistic infections had partial "resorption" of malignant
tumor. Possible causes of this phenomenon by that time remained unexplained [2]. Only in
the 80-s of XX century, almost after a century later, the number of experimental data have
grown in foreign scientific literature, contradicting the traditional view of the mechanisms
of probiotics action on animals and humans. Authors from different countries have
observed cases when probiotic preparations act effectively that had no explanation in
terms of conventional point of view. Thus, many reports have presented data on the
effectiveness of bacterial preparations created based on live probiotic microorganisms –
representatives of the gastrointestinal microflora, used not only to treat infections of the
digestive tract by intestinal colonization, but also in the treatment of pathological
processes located outside the gastrointestinal tract, namely: external injuries, postoperative
suppuration, pyelonephritis, respiratory diseases etc.
Nevertheless, such effect of probiotic microorganisms was not always possible to be
explained by the action of biologically active metabolites that after getting into the
bloodstream can stimulate adaptive and protective reactions of macroorganism.
Attempting to explain such "non-standard" efficacy of probiotics, the hypothesis on
the possibility of penetration of microbial cells through mucous membranes into the
bloodstream and lymph of animals and, accordingly, into the tissues and organs including
the lesions and sites of tissue damage, where the therapeutic effect by bacterial
preparations (acceleration of clarification, regeneration and epithelialization processes of
necrotic tissues), has arisen [3, 4].
It found its experimental evidence while discovered phenomenon of bacterial
penetration through the intact wall of the gastrointestinal tract into the blood and
parenchymal organs was called "bacterial translocation" and first described by American
researcher R. D. Berg in 1985 [5].
At the beginning of the XXI century professor V.I. Nikitenko et al. (2004) using
radioactive labeled H3-leucine two hay strains have demonstrated the ability of probiotic
bacteria translocation from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood and lymph flow [6].
Modern approaches on bacterial translocation phenomenon. According to
V. I. Nikitenko (1990), V. V. Smirnov et al. (1993), V. A. Kopylov and V. V. Zakharov
(2002), translocation may be a natural defense mechanism and is conditioned by
macroorganism functions, but not the bacterial properties. Thus, there are evidences that
bacterial translocation of probiotic strains and caused by it short-term asymptomatic
bacteremia may be one of the important factors that activate and maintain on required
level nonspecific resistance of the macroorganism [7, 8].
Some dependences of bacterial translocation in animals were clarified and analyzed
in detail by scientists of the D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology NAS
Ukraine (V. V. Smirnov et al., 1993) [9].
V.I. Nikitenko first in the world has suggested using live bacteria, especially aerobic
bacilli, for prevention and treatment of surgical infections, applying them orally [7].
Nowadays there are two "camps" of scientists devided by their relation to the
bacterial translocation phenomenon. Some of them believe that any penetration of bacteria
from the digestive tract into the bloodstream is sign of acute infection, even in case of
lactic acid bacteria from dairy products [10–13]. Scientists of this group are even looking
for possible ways to inhibit these processes [14]. However, the safety of probiotic strains
was proved by a series of experiments on laboratory animals, intravenously introduced to
these bacteria, including hay bacillus, at a dose of 170 billion microbial cells causing
neither animal death nor illness. Autopsy of animals withdrawn from the experiment have
shown no inflammations of internal organs or their membranes. The matter of fact,
bacteria consider non-pathogenic with LD50 for mice over or equal to 2 billion living cells
[6].
Other researchers, which form majority today are inclined toward an alternative
point of view, which is based on the fact that bacterial translocation phenomenon is a sign
of stable symbiotic relationships of animal with its microbiota [15, 16].
This point of view was also proved by the fact that not only selected bacterial strains
with high physiological and therapeutic activity, comprising probiotic preparations, but
also bacteria that get into the upper gastrointestinal tract with water, regular meals and
partially with air capable of translocation to blood and parenchymal tissue of animals and
humans.
Until recently, in studies of comprehensive effect of normal microflora on animals,
only microorganisms isolated from the different parts of the digestive tract were studied in
detail. At this, the stimulating effect on nonspecific resistance of the macroorganism
caused by microbial communities, from the upper gastrointestinal tract that due to the
bacterial translocation phenomenon, enters the bloodstream, and correspondingly, organs
and tissues was underestimated [17–19].
As it was noted above the phenomenon of bacterial translocation was studied in the
D. K. Zabolotny Institute of Microbiology and Virology NAS of Ukraine and described in
publications of V. V. Smirnov et al. By that time basic, regularities of this phenomenon
were formulated. Other researchers have latterly confirmed and refined these results. Some
of the discovered "axioms" of bacterial translocation phenomenon can be stated here:
bacteria penetrate into the animals blood within a few minutes after introduction per os;
bacterial load (dose) depends not only on bacteria concentration in the blood and
parenchymal organs, but also on the duration of their stay in internal environment of the
body; about 1/1000 of the total number of bacterial cells entering the digestive tract can be
translocated; penetration of bacteria into the blood and animal tissues does not cause any
pathological processes that can be detected with modern clinical, laboratory,
morphological and other diagnostic methods [20, 21].
Importance of bacterial translocation. There is no doubt the importance of
studying the translocation phenomenon of probiotic strains of different taxonomic groups
(bacilli, colibacilli, bifidus bacteria, lactobacilli, etc.) that form the bases for the creation
of veterinary and medical preparations of different kinds of operations (preventive,
curative and stimulating), its dynamics, determination of certain reaction of
macroorganism by terms of morphological changes in organs and activity of its main
systems. This will significantly expand the understanding of the complex process of
interaction of probiotics with macroorganism.
Representatives of normal microflora continually upcoming to the microorganism
with food and water can have a stronger and versatile influence on animal’s body
functioning. This includes greater stimulation of nonspecific resistance than it was
previously thought, mostly due to the phenomenon of bacterial translocation as an
important step towards maintenance of the appropriate level of natural macroorganism
defenses.
However, bacteria of upper gastrointestinal tract (oropharynx and stomach) are not
the only triggers of nonspecific resistance stimulation of macroorganism at translocation.
These processes continue through the complete microorganisms’ passage in all parts of the
gastrointestinal tract. In addition, biologically active compounds secreted in blood and
lymph by the intestine cells in response to bacterial interaction and produced directly by
microorganisms [22] cause a great impact on immune system stimulating.
As for the practical importance of expanding and deepening of our understanding of
the microorganisms translocation, especially when talking about the probiotic bacteria, it
should be noted that nowadays the development of new approaches in strategy and tactics
of creation and application of biological preparations of bacterial origin is very urgent.
Thus, due to the phenomenon of bacterial translocation, it is possible to develop probiotic
veterinary and medical preparations intended for the prevention and treatment of not only
the disorders of digestive system, but also many diseases of farm animals and humans that
are located outside of the gastrointestinal tract [23]. At this, the probiotic bacteria enter the
body orally, which simplifies the technology of their application in animal husbandry [8,
24, 25].
Hence, the analysis of scientific literature shows the lack of available information
on bacterial translocation of probiotic bacteria (especially lactobacilli) in domestic and
international sources, and therefore, provides grounds for the importance of this
phenomenon study in order to increase and accumulate the existing knowledge on the
issue.
|
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| spelling | oai:ojs2.smic.in.ua:article-2132026-07-22T10:10:44Z BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION: HISTORY, MODERN APPROACHES, SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ Агеєв , В.О. Кравченко, Н.О. Божок, Л.В. Головач , О.В. bacterial translocation, normal microflora, probiotics, nonspecific resistance, treatment бактеріальна транслокація, нормальна мікрофлора тваринного організму, пробіотики, неспецифічна резистентність, лікування Given review is briefly summarizing published data on the history and current state such phenomenon as bacterial translocation. The basic patterns of saprophytic bacteria translocation, as well as theoretical and practical importance of further study of this phenomenon are described. У короткому огляді представлено узагальнення літературних даних щодо історії та сучасного стану уявлень про таке явище, як бактеріальна транслокація. Наведено основні закономірності транслокаціїсапрофітнихбактерійворганізмітварин,теоретичне та практичне значення подальшого дослідження цього явища. Institute of Agrocultural Microbiology and Agro-industrial Manufacture of NAAS of Ukraine 2013-10-01 Article Article Рецензована Стаття application/pdf application/pdf https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/213 10.35868/1997-3004.17.185-193 Agricultural microbiology; Vol. 17 (2013): Agriciltural microbiology; 185-193 Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; Том 17 (2013): Сільськогосподарська мікробіологія; 185-193 1997-3004 10.35868/1997-3004.17 en uk https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/213/308 https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/213/309 Авторське право (c) 2013 V. O. Aheyev , N. O. Kravchenko , L. V. Bozhok , O. V. Golovach https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | бактеріальна транслокація нормальна мікрофлора тваринного організму пробіотики неспецифічна резистентність лікування Агеєв , В.О. Кравченко, Н.О. Божок, Л.В. Головач , О.В. БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title | БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_alt | BACTERIAL TRANSLOCATION: HISTORY, MODERN APPROACHES, SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL IMPORTANCE |
| title_full | БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_fullStr | БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_full_unstemmed | БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_short | БАКТЕРІАЛЬНА ТРАНСЛОКАЦІЯ В ОРГАНІЗМІ ТВАРИН: ІСТОРІЯ, СУЧАСНІ ПОГЛЯДИ, НАУКОВЕ ТА ПРАКТИЧНЕ ЗНАЧЕННЯ |
| title_sort | бактеріальна транслокація в організмі тварин: історія, сучасні погляди, наукове та практичне значення |
| topic | бактеріальна транслокація нормальна мікрофлора тваринного організму пробіотики неспецифічна резистентність лікування |
| topic_facet | bacterial translocation normal microflora probiotics nonspecific resistance treatment бактеріальна транслокація нормальна мікрофлора тваринного організму пробіотики неспецифічна резистентність лікування |
| url | https://smic.in.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/213 |
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