Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine
The rapid pace of the introduction of renewable electricity generation sources (REGS) in Ukraine's Integrated Power System (IPS) has brought about a number of problems such as rapid growth in prices provoked by the introduction of REGS and inability to ensure reliable compensation for their cap...
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General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2014
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| author | Kostyukovskyi B.A. Shulzhenko S.V. |
| author_facet | Kostyukovskyi B.A. Shulzhenko S.V. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Kostyukovskyi B.A.",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Shulzhenko S.V.",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Kostyukovskyi B.A. |
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| description | The rapid pace of the introduction of renewable electricity generation sources (REGS) in Ukraine's Integrated Power System (IPS) has brought about a number of problems such as rapid growth in prices provoked by the introduction of REGS and inability to ensure reliable compensation for their capacity fluctuations due to insufficient manoeuvrability of Ukraine's IPS. These problems could be solved by substantially improving the existing public system of incentives for REGS development.Any further uncontrolled development of REGS, primarily high-capacity WFs and PVPSs as part of Ukraine's IPS will drastically reduce power supply reliability while increasing the risk of accidents. Considering the low purchasing capacity of Ukrainian consumers and highly energy intensive economy this, in its turn, may precipitate electricity non-payment crisis.Taking into account the above, the existing incentives for the development of high-capacity WFs and PVPSs based on feed-in tariff should be replaced by a mechanism that would reasonably reduce the introduction of new capacities of such REGS adjusting them to the IPS capability to ensure power supply in parallel operation with the national power grid while ruling out substantial price increase for local consumers.This incentive mechanism for the development of highcapacity WFs and PVPSs has been created based on combined advantages offered by investment grants and competitive selection of construction projects. The article also presents an algorithm to implement such mechanism, according to which electricity sector management and operating bodies will determine possible scope of introduction of new capacities at WFs and PVPSs taking into account technical and financial capabilities. |
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13ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 2 (37)
UDK 621:311;621.646:502.3 B.A. KOSTYUKOVSKYI, Candidate of Science (Eng.), S.V. SHULZHENKO, Candidate of
Science (Eng.), Institute of General Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine)
VIABLE AREAS FOR IMPROVING INCENTIVES TO INTRODUCE RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY
GENERATION SOURCES IN UKRAINE
This article discusses the issue of introducing renewable electricity generation sources in
Ukraine's integrated power system after imposing feed-in tariff with a view to promoting their
development. It points out that their further uncontrolled development may have serious neg-
ative repercussions on reliable supply of electric power to local consumers, bringing about
dramatic growth in tariffs. This makes necessary further improvement of incentives to pro-
mote the development of renewable electricity generation sources, the viable ones being
presented in this article.
K e y w o r d s: electric power, renewable energy sources, wind farm, photovoltaic power sta-
tion, state policy.
The rapid pace of the introduction of renewable
electricity generation sources (REGS) in Ukraine's
Integrated Power System (IPS) has brought about a
number of problems, which could be solved by sub-
stantially improving the incentives for REGS devel-
opment.
This work aims to study these problems and
identify viable areas for improving incentives for
REGS development in Ukraine taking into consid-
eration the specific conditions of the development
and functioning of the national economy and ener-
gy sector.
A stable development of Ukraine's economy is
impossible without the efficient operation of its
IPS, with key criteria of efficient operation being
defined as the ability to ensure:
1. Acceptable prices for electric power both
for the utilities and the consumers.
2. Normalized power quality and reliable
operation of the IPS.
These objectives will be much more difficult to
achieve if REGS, primarily wind farms (WFS) and
photovoltaic power stations (PVPSs) are integrated
to the IPS. The key factors responsible for this situ-
ation are presented below.
In general, REGS are uncompetitive compared
to conventional power plants, and with their intro-
duction electricity price for consumers will rise.
This price increase - ΔCt, could be deduced from
the following formula:
correspond in equal condi-
tions to the electricity price under the base case
optimal IPS development scenario, which excludes
the introduction of uncompetitive REGS technolo-
gies, and the price under the base case optimal IPS
development scenario when REGS are introduced
to a certain amount.
The increase in the production cost of electrici-
ty is not only caused by the higher cost of REGS-
generated electricity, but also by the rising cost of
electric power generated by conventional power
plants as a result of decreased electricity production
and the badly needed investment in the power grid
development, automation and management sys-
tems, raising thus transmission cost. On the other
hand, integrating WFs and PVPSs in the power grid
has virtually no impact on the required capacity lev-
els of the IPS’s conventional power plants, provid-
ing only some extra capacity to the IPS.
Another problem is to compensate for WFs and
PVPSs capacity fluctuations caused by objective
instability of the primary energy source, which they© B.A. KOSTYUKOVSKYI, S.V. SHULZHENKO, 2014
where and
B.A. KOSTYUKOVSKYI, S.V. SHULZHENKO
ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 2 (37)14
utilise (for instance, changes in wind velocity and
solar radiation intensity), while maintaining nor-
malized power quality (frequency, voltage, etc.).
This problem could be solved by using regulating
capacities provided by conventional power plants
and/or special controlled load consumers.
It is common knowledge that if REGS capacities
exceed IPS capability to compensate for such
capacities fluctuations, the IPS in the best case sce-
nario will not be able to maintain normalized power
quality. In the worst case scenario, this will bring
about system blackouts with serious negative and
possibly catastrophic socio-economic and environ-
mental consequences.
Presently, these problems have aggravated in the
countries that had the highest introduction rates
and the share of REGS in the structure of generat-
ing capacities. This concerns, in the first place, the
EU countries, where REGS introduction rates have
been substantially cut down, and even a moratori-
um is being imposed on their tapping into the IPS.
This is the case with Spain, where enormous subsi-
dies required for the development of solar and wind
energy have put the country in dire economic
straits. [1].
In Ukraine, a somewhat paradoxical situation
came to exist with regard to REGS development.
Ukraine's Energy Strategy until 2030, which was
approved in 2006 [2] (the 2006 Strategy) and effec-
tive until 2013, was silent about any incentives for or
any substantial development of REGS. As appears
from the studies carried out in the process of the
Strategy development, the following factors were
behind that:
1. Ukraine's IPS has low manoeuvrability and
the problems related to the power quality and secu-
rity of supply are largely resolved by its parallel
operation with Russia's electric power system.
Should some technical, economic or other factors
make the parallel operation with Russia impossible,
Ukraine will face problems ensuring a reliable
power supply and quality even without introducing
REGS. Increasing WFs and PVPSs capacities may
dramatically aggravate this problem and cause per-
manent emergency situations in Ukraine's power
system.
2. Given Ukraine's energy-intensive economy,
the impossibility of curtailing energy consumption
within a short term and the low paying capacity of
the consumers, a significant growth in cost of elec-
tric power provoked by REGS introduction will
have an extremely negative socio-economic impact,
bringing down local manufacturers' competitive-
ness and standard of living for households.
3. The high rate of obsolescence of plants and
equipment calls for heavy investments in the con-
ventional power engineering sector and existing
networks to ensure reliable power supply. Shorter
payback periods and lower investment risks in case
some preferences are provided for renewable elec-
tricity-generation technologies will increase invest-
ments in their development, limiting the possibility
of addressing much more acute problems in the
national power industry than REGS introduction.
4. Most parts of REGS equipment are not
manufactured in Ukraine and their imports will
make worse the country's already negative trade bal-
ance and pressure on national currency.
However, contrary to the 2006 Strategy, the Law
of Ukraine "On the Power Industry" [3] incorporat-
ed changes [4] creating most favourable conditions
for investing in local REGS. Except for some refer-
ence to world trends, no in-depth feasibility study
substantiating such decision was presented, no con-
sideration was given to the above problems con-
cerning REGS introduction, to Ukraine's specifics
and possible consequences for the economy and
reliable operation of the IPS.
These changes imposed an encouraging, very
high basic feed-in tariff, whereas the State guaran-
teed purchasing feed-in electricity that was not sold
under contracts with consumers or electric utilities.
This minimum tariff was set as a retail price for the
second class voltage consumers in January 2009
multiplied by the feed-in tariff ratio for the electric-
ity produced by each type of REGS. In case of
PVPSs, the derived value is additionally increased
by the tariff rate applied for the peak hours (for
three-zone tariff classification). At the same time, it
guaranteed no-charge connection of REGS to elec-
tricity mains and, which may have no precedents in
the world, minimization of currency risks by peg-
ging the minimum feed-in tariff to the current euro
exchange rate set by the National Bank of Ukraine
for the respective period of time. If the euro rate is
higher than it was in January 2009, the feed-in tar-
iff is increased proportionally. The National
Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC)
reviews it therefore on a monthly basis.
In this context, the fast growth of the REGS
capacity in this country was only a matter of time,
Viable areas for improving incentives to introduce renewable electricity generation sources in Ukraine
ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 2 (37) 15
while some possible negative consequences of
introducing the above incentives were pointed at
virtually immediately after these changes took
effect. [5-6].
This also enabled using the Joint implementa-
tion mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol to the
United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, which made renewable power
generation even more attractive.
Against this background, an investment boom
started in Ukraine's REGS sector as experts had
predicted. The declared capacity of projected
REGS reached around 17 GW as soon as in 2010-
2011, where wind and solar energy projects had the
lion's share. The projects were launched rather fast,
and the installed capacity of the renewable energy
facilities operating under the feed-in tariff totalled
1.216 GW as of 1 January 2014, growing more than
12-fold against 2009. In 2013 alone, PVPSs operat-
ing under the feed-in tariff doubled their capacity,
increasing it from 371.6 MW to 746.9 MW, wind
power capacity rose from 275.7 MW to 370.7 MW
or by almost 34.5%, small hydropower plants
showed a modest growth from 73.5 MW to 75.3
MW, and electricity produced from biomass
jumped more than 4-fold, from 4.2 MW to 17.2
MW. Power output rose from 638.6 million kWh in
2012 to 1,247 million kWh in 2013, showing a near-
ly double increase. However, fast growth of REGS
capacity and electricity output are rapidly building
up their pressure on the price of electricity to con-
sumers (Table).
As appears from the above Table, while not
reaching 1% of the output, cost of electricity pro-
duced by REGS accounted for almost 5% of the
total cost of power supplied to the market. It is clear
that further growth in REGS output and declining
hryvnia/euro exchange rate, providing a substantial
compensation for lowering feed-in tariffs over the
long term as foreseen in legislation, will result in
further increase in REGS influence on the price of
electricity to ultimate consumers that are actually
subsidizing REGS development. In this context,
the price will be growing uncontrollably and fast.
The studies carried out by the National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine Institute of General Energy [5-
7] show that subject to specific conditions of the
development of the national power engineering sec
value will be 1.5 to 2 times higher than
by around 2030. On the other hand, even with
the existing wind and solar capacities and the paral-
lel operation with Russia's electric power system,
serious problems have already occurred in ensuring
reliable operation of Ukraine's IPS.
In view of the customary cross-subsidization this
burden falls chiefly on economic entities, above all
industry, thus exacerbating its already poor ability to
compete.
It was not until possible catastrophic conse-
quences of any further uncontrolled growth of
wind and solar energy in Ukraine became clear to
almost everyone, not only to experts, that efforts
were made to restrict the development of renew-
ables by substantially increasing the so-called
"local" component (a certain share in the equip-
ment/construction and installation services manu-
factured/provided by companies operating in
Ukraine) in REGS construction projects [8].
Starting from 1 July 2014 this component is sup-
posed to make up at least 50%.
REGS share in power supply to Wholesale Electricity Market and in total cost
of electricity, in %*
tor, the
However, the capability of this mechanism to
substantially restrict the introduction of wind and
solar energy capacities is raising serious doubts for
the following reasons:
1. Our Energy Community and European
Union partners, international financing institutions
consider such measures as discrimination against
foreign investors, and make strenuous efforts to
remove the "local" component; its virtual elimina-
tion is one of the requirements for Ukraine in the
framework of its Association Agreement with and
membership in the EU.
2. The production localisation process got off to
a flying start, in particular, the Wind Farms of Ukraine
Group has already been licensed to manufacture
2.05 MW, 2.5 MW and 3 MW wind power turbines,
and representatives of the company have published its
capacity to produce up to 100 turbines a year.
The "local" component may therefore only
slightly slow down the REGS development in
Ukraine and decrease imports of technologies for
REGS introduction. Ukrainian economy and
power engineering sector will, however, have to
cope with uncontrolled development of WFs and
PVPSs in the longer term.
In view of this, it is necessary to refashion the
incentive system for REGS development, which in
the first place concerns WFs and PVPSs.
It would be reasonable to continue stimulating
the development of small hydro power plants and
biomass-fuelled thermal power facilities, especially,
if the issues related to flood protection and disposal
of agricultural, forestry and solid household waste
are resolved at the same time, taking into consider-
ation the general scarcity of the feasible potential of
such sources. The existing potential should also be
preserved for low-capacity (up to 5 kW) WFs and
PVPSs; however, tight control should be exercised
over feed-in volumes.
With regard to WFS and PVPSs, the new stimu-
lation system should primarily limit bringing into
operation of new capacities at such REGS accord-
ing adjusting them to Ukraine's IPS capability to
provide a reliable supply of electric power to its con-
sumers when REGS operate parallel with the
national power grid. On the other hand, the new
system must not lead to a dramatic price increase
for Ukrainian consumers.
It is reasonable that these two prerequisites, as
shown in analysis [9-10], should be met by intro-
ducing a mechanism stimulating the development
of high-power wind farms and photovoltaic power
stations using the combination of advantages
offered by investment grants and competitive selec-
tion of construction projects.
This mechanism will provide investment grants
to wind and solar construction project owners on
competitive basis when their electricity is purchased
at average conventional sector prices formed at the
Wholesale Electricity Market, or at such market
prices one day in advance when a new electricity
market model is introduced based on bilateral
agreements and a balancing market. The funding
source is provided by the investment surcharge to
tariff for generated electricity at the rate of 1%.
New capacities are introduced at WFs and
PVPSs according to the following algorithm:
1. A State Fund for Support of Wind and Solar
Energy Development (WSEF) is set up.
2. The system operator, whose functions are
presently performed by Ukrenergo, determines on
an annual basis the possible scope of introduction of
wind and solar capacities ensuring stability of the
national IPS, taking into account conventional
generating capacities and REGS development
plans, as well as electricity mains, power system
manoeuvrability, expected electric power use levels
and conditions, etc., as well as risks related to
incomplete performance of the planned activities.
3. The WSEF invites tenders and selects pro-
posals for the construction of WFs and PVPSs with-
in the scope determined in step 2. A list of projects
potentially eligible for investment support from the
WSEF is prepared and the amount of funds
required for their implementation is identified tak-
ing into account connections.
4. NERC identifies financial capacities to
support WF and PVPS development with a 1%
investment surcharge to tariffs (prices) for electric-
ity for the next year and relays them to the WSEF.
5. The WSEF, taking into consideration finan-
cial restrictions, prepares the final list of WFs and
PVPSs that will receive investment grants, and
makes contracts with the owners of such projects.
Such mechanism would minimize risks associat-
ed with price shocks and system blackouts, which
will be steadily increasing if the uncontrolled devel-
opment of WFs and PVPSs continues.
Of course, the investors that have already man-
aged to register their WFs and PVPSs construction
projects, our Energy Community and EU partners,
international financing institutions will hardly be in
raptures over the introduction of such system, but
Ukraine has virtually no other way out considering
16 ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 2 (37)
B.A. KOSTYUKOVSKYI, S.V. SHULZHENKO
its current financial situation, paying capacity of the
consumers, which may drop dramatically given
extremely complicated relations with Russia, and
the technical condition of Ukraine's ISP.
Conclusions
1. The established system for subsidizing the
development of high-power WFS and PVPSs is
posing grave threats as their unpredictable develop-
ment supported by substantial preferences, which
provide gradual growth of their capacities, may stir
up a new non-payment crisis, reduce home manu-
facturers' ability to compete and trigger system
blackouts in Ukraine's IPS. We have already had
such experiences.
2. It is reasonable to encourage the develop-
ment of high-power WFs and PVPSs based on inte-
grating investment grants with competitive selec-
tion of projects. Such mechanism could be imple-
mented by establishing a State Fund for Support of
Wind and Solar Energy Development (WSEF).
Based on proposals put forward by Ukrenergo and
NERC, the WSEF will make a list of investment
projects which will not cause any problems for the
country while ensuring reliable operation of
Ukraine's IPS and not placing crushing burden on
power consumers.
3. It is necessary for the government to come
up with a clear public explanation for such steps as
the response of all stakeholders will be extremely
negative if the existing situation continues.
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Надійшла до редколегії 28.03.2014
Рецензент
Зав. відділу прогнозування розвитку
та управління функціонуванням
електроенергетики ІЗЕ НАН України,
д-р техн. наук, ст. наук. співр.
С.В. Дубовський
17ISSN 1562-8965. Проблеми загальної енергетики, 2014, вип. 2 (37)
Viable areas for improving incentives to introduce renewable electricity generation sources in Ukraine
|
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| institution | System Research in Energy |
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| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:16:39Z |
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| spelling | systemreorg-article-5172026-07-18T12:57:41Z Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine Доцільні напрями удосконалення системи стимулювання впровадження відновлюваних джерел виробництва електроенергії в умовах України Kostyukovskyi B.A. Shulzhenko S.V. electric power, renewable energy sources, wind farm, photovoltaic power station, state policy. електроенергія, відновлювані джерела енергії, вітрова електрична станція, сонячна електрична станція, державна політика. The rapid pace of the introduction of renewable electricity generation sources (REGS) in Ukraine's Integrated Power System (IPS) has brought about a number of problems such as rapid growth in prices provoked by the introduction of REGS and inability to ensure reliable compensation for their capacity fluctuations due to insufficient manoeuvrability of Ukraine's IPS. These problems could be solved by substantially improving the existing public system of incentives for REGS development.Any further uncontrolled development of REGS, primarily high-capacity WFs and PVPSs as part of Ukraine's IPS will drastically reduce power supply reliability while increasing the risk of accidents. Considering the low purchasing capacity of Ukrainian consumers and highly energy intensive economy this, in its turn, may precipitate electricity non-payment crisis.Taking into account the above, the existing incentives for the development of high-capacity WFs and PVPSs based on feed-in tariff should be replaced by a mechanism that would reasonably reduce the introduction of new capacities of such REGS adjusting them to the IPS capability to ensure power supply in parallel operation with the national power grid while ruling out substantial price increase for local consumers.This incentive mechanism for the development of highcapacity WFs and PVPSs has been created based on combined advantages offered by investment grants and competitive selection of construction projects. The article also presents an algorithm to implement such mechanism, according to which electricity sector management and operating bodies will determine possible scope of introduction of new capacities at WFs and PVPSs taking into account technical and financial capabilities. Швидкі темпи впровадження відновлювальних джерел виробництва електричної енергії (ВДВЕ) до Об’єднаної електроенергетичної системи (ОЕС) України зумовило виникнення низки проблем, вирішення яких потребує удосконалення існуючої державної системи стимулювання їх розвитку. Зокрема це стосується швидкого зростання цін за рахунок впровадження ВДВЕ та неможливості забезпечити надійну компенсацію коливань їх потужності через недостатні маневрові можливості ОЕС України.Подальший неконтрольований розвиток ВДВЕ, що, у першу чергу, стосується потужних ВЕС та СЕС в складі ОЕС України приведе до різкого зниження надійності електропостачання та зростання ймовірності виникнення аварій, може викликати кризу платежів за електроенергію з огляду на низьку платоспроможність споживачів України та значну електроємність вітчизняної економіки.З урахуванням означеного, запропонована заміна існуючого механізму стимулювання розвитку потужних ВЕС та СЕС на базі «зеленого» тарифу, на механізм, що дозволяє раціонально обмежувати впровадження нових потужностей на цих типах ВДВЕ відповідно до можливостей ОЕС України надійно забезпечувати електропостачання споживачів при їх паралельній роботі з енергосистемою країни та не веде до значного зростання цін для споживачів України.Цей механізм стимулювання розвитку потужних ВЕС та СЕС розроблено на основі об’єднання переваг механізму інвестиційних субсидій та відбору проектів їх будівництва на тендерних засадах. В статті наведено алгоритм його реалізації, за якого органи управління розвитком та функціонування електроенергетики країни визначають можливі обсяги впровадження нових потужностей на ВЕС та СЕС на основі технічних та фінансових можливостей. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2014-04-29 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/517 System Research in Energy; No. 2 (37) (2014): The Problems of General Energy; 13-17 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 2 (37) (2014): Проблеми загальної енергетики; 13-17 2786-7102 2786-7633 uk https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/517/452 Copyright (c) 2014 Kostyukovskyi B.A., Shulzhenko S.V. https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | electric power renewable energy sources wind farm photovoltaic power station state policy. Kostyukovskyi B.A. Shulzhenko S.V. Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine |
| title | Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine |
| title_alt | Доцільні напрями удосконалення системи стимулювання впровадження відновлюваних джерел виробництва електроенергії в умовах України |
| title_full | Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine |
| title_fullStr | Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine |
| title_full_unstemmed | Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine |
| title_short | Viable Areas for Improving Incentives to Introduce Renewable Electricity Generation Sources in Ukraine |
| title_sort | viable areas for improving incentives to introduce renewable electricity generation sources in ukraine |
| topic | electric power renewable energy sources wind farm photovoltaic power station state policy. |
| topic_facet | electric power renewable energy sources wind farm photovoltaic power station state policy. електроенергія відновлювані джерела енергії вітрова електрична станція сонячна електрична станція державна політика. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/517 |
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