WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR
Understanding and incorporating global regulatory experiences and standards related to battery management is of greatest importance, particularly when considering the rapid evolution of the electric vehicle (EV) market and its implications for energy storage and sustainability. This is especially re...
Saved in:
| Date: | 2024 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2024
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/836 |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Journal Title: | System Research in Energy |
| Download file: |  |
Institution
System Research in Energy| _version_ | 1871104348374695936 |
|---|---|
| author | Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur |
| author_facet | Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "Ganna Kostenko",
"institution": null
},
{
"author": "Artur Zaporozhets",
"institution": null
}
] |
| author_sort | Kostenko, Ganna |
| baseUrl_str | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T12:57:48Z |
| description | Understanding and incorporating global regulatory experiences and standards related to battery management is of greatest importance, particularly when considering the rapid evolution of the electric vehicle (EV) market and its implications for energy storage and sustainability. This is especially relevant for Ukraine, where the burgeoning secondary market for EVs and a keen interest in renewable energy sources underscore the need for proactive policy-making and standardization to address the challenges of battery second life and recycling. This article delves into the role of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion batteries within the ambit of the circular economy, underscoring the significance of legislative frameworks across the globe with a particular focus on European initiatives in light of Ukraine's EU integration ambitions. This encompasses extending battery life through recycling and repurposing, thereby ensuring both economic viability and minimal environmental footprint. The narrative outlines the varied legislative landscapes internationally, noting the differences in strategies from Asia's technological and safety emphasis to Europe's robust regulatory directives aimed at battery lifecycle management. In Europe, the drive towards sustainable battery utilization is marked by comprehensive policies like the EU Battery Directive and the emerging Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries, which set forth ambitious recycling targets and introduce innovative concepts like the battery passport. Drawing from this global overview, the article posits a set of recommendations for Ukraine, suggesting the development of extensive battery management legislation, adoption of European standards to smooth the path towards EU membership, investment in recycling infrastructures, fostering of public-private partnerships, and public awareness initiatives. These recommendations are designed to elevate Ukraine's position in the sustainability, promoting environmental stewardship and economic competitiveness. The growing importance of secondary lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in supporting and harmonizing renewable energy sources is emphasized, and accordingly, the need for adequate legislation and standardization to support a closed-loop economy.
  |
| doi_str_mv | 10.15407/srenergy2024.02.097 |
| first_indexed | 2026-03-24T02:03:18Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 97
ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ, ЕКОНОМІЧНІ ТА ПРАВОВІ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ В
ЕНЕРГЕТИЦІ, ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИЙ МЕНЕДЖМЕНТ
_____________________________________________________________________________
ISSN 2786-7102 (Online), ISSN 2786-7633 (Print)
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2024.02.097
UDC 621.311:621.33
Ganna Kostenko1*, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-7633
Artur Zaporozhets1,2, Dr. Sci. (Engin.), Senior Researcher, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-4116
1General Energy Institute of NAS of Ukraine, 172, Antonovycha St., Kyiv, 03150, Ukraine;
2State Institution “Center for evaluation of activity of research institutions and scientific support of
regional development of Ukraine of NAS of Ukraine”, 54, Volodymyrska St., Kyiv, 01030, Ukraine
*Corresponding author: Kostenko_HP@nas.gov.ua
_______________________________________________________________________________________
WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR
LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR
SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR
Abstract. Understanding and incorporating global regulatory experiences and standards related to battery
management is of greatest importance, particularly when considering the rapid evolution of the electric
vehicle (EV) market and its implications for energy storage and sustainability. This is especially relevant
for Ukraine, where the burgeoning secondary market for EVs and a keen interest in renewable energy
sources underscore the need for proactive policy-making and standardization to address the challenges of
battery second life and recycling. This article delves into the role of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion batteries
within the ambit of the circular economy, underscoring the significance of legislative frameworks across
the globe with a particular focus on European initiatives in light of Ukraine's EU integration ambitions.
This encompasses extending battery life through recycling and repurposing, thereby ensuring both
economic viability and minimal environmental footprint. The narrative outlines the varied legislative
landscapes internationally, noting the differences in strategies from Asia's technological and safety
emphasis to Europe's robust regulatory directives aimed at battery lifecycle management. In Europe, the
drive towards sustainable battery utilization is marked by comprehensive policies like the EU Battery
Directive and the emerging Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries, which set forth ambitious
recycling targets and introduce innovative concepts like the battery passport. Drawing from this global
overview, the article posits a set of recommendations for Ukraine, suggesting the development of extensive
battery management legislation, adoption of European standards to smooth the path towards EU
membership, investment in recycling infrastructures, fostering of public-private partnerships, and public
awareness initiatives. These recommendations are designed to elevate Ukraine's position in the
sustainability, promoting environmental stewardship and economic competitiveness. The growing
importance of secondary lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in supporting and harmonizing
renewable energy sources is emphasized, and accordingly, the need for adequate legislation and
standardization to support a closed-loop economy.
Keywords: Lithium-Ion Batteries, Second-Life Application, EV Battery Life Cycle, Circular Economy,
Repurpose, Reuse, Recycling, Standards, Regulation, Legislation.
1. Introduction
The transition towards sustainable energy systems is a global priority, driven by the urgent need to
address environmental challenges, mitigate climate change, and ensure energy security. In this context, the
role of electric vehicles (EVs) and, more specifically, the potential of second-life EV batteries (SLBs), has
gained significant attention [1, 2]. The global surge in EV adoption, fueled by a combination of regulatory
pressure, tax incentives, direct consumer subsidies, and private-sector dynamics, underscores a shift towards
sustainable transportation [3]. This transition is supported by improvements in EV range, reductions in price
premiums, and the anticipated price/performance parity with Internal Combustion Engine vehicles within five
to seven years [4]. This evolving landscape signifies the potential for a sharp increase in consumer demand for
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 98
battery electric vehicles (BEVs), propelled by both supply-side beliefs in the inevitability of BEVs overtaking
internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and demand-side factors like high oil prices and environmental
concerns.
Electric vehicles have emerged as a one of key factors of the global strategy to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and decrease reliance on fossil fuels [5]. However, the environmental impact of EVs is not confined
to their operation but extends to the lifecycle of their batteries. EV batteries, typically based on lithium-ion
technology, offer high energy density and long service life but also pose challenges in terms of resource
extraction, manufacturing emissions, and end-of-life management. As these batteries reach the end of their
automotive life, typically when their capacity falls below 80 % of the original, they still possess substantial
residual capacity that can be harnessed in secondary applications, particularly in the power sector [6].
The integration of second-life EV batteries into the power sector presents a compelling proposition to
enhance the flexibility and resilience of energy systems, facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources,
and contribute to circular economy principles [7–9]. This potential is grounded in several key motivations:
Environmental Considerations: The repurposing of EV batteries supports waste reduction and resource
efficiency by extending the useful life of valuable materials and components [10]. This approach not only
diminishes the demand for raw materials, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which have significant
environmental and social footprints associated with their extraction but also reduces battery disposal
challenges. Furthermore, by providing energy storage solutions, second-life batteries can enable a higher
penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, thereby contributing to the
decarbonization of the power sector.
Economic Aspects: The use of second-life batteries in stationary storage applications offers an
economically attractive proposition [11]. These batteries can be acquired at a lower cost compared to new
batteries, making energy storage projects more financially viable and accelerating the return on investment.
Additionally, the deployment of second-life batteries can contribute to energy cost savings and grid
stabilization, offering economic benefits not only to energy providers but also to consumers and the broader
economy.
Technological Features: The technological advancements in battery diagnostics, refurbishment, and
management systems are pivotal to unlocking the potential of second-life batteries [12]. Innovations in
assessing battery health and performance, ensuring safety, and optimizing integration with energy systems are
crucial for the effective and reliable use of repurposed batteries. Moreover, the development of smart grid
technologies and demand response strategies further enhances the value proposition of second-life batteries by
facilitating their integration into an increasingly digital and decentralized energy landscape.
In delving these dimensions, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the
opportunities and challenges associated with the secondary use of EV batteries in the power sector. The
analysis will encompass a review of current practices, regulatory frameworks, and market developments
globally, with a particular focus on deriving insights and recommendations relevant to the Ukrainian context.
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Lithium EV Batteries in Circular Economy
The evolution of sustainable transportation is intricately linked to the proliferation of EVs, a critical
component in the global shift towards environmental sustainability. The transport sector, recognized as a
significant contributor to global pollution levels, faces stringent CO2 emission reduction targets set by the
European Union (EU), aiming for a reduction of up to 37.5 % by the year 2030 [13]. The last decade has
witnessed a remarkable surge in EV sales, fueled by a combination of supportive government policies, financial
incentives such as consumer subsidies and emissions-linked vehicle taxation, alongside advancements in
emission standards. This uptick in EV adoption has consequentially spurred an increased demand for
electricity, potentially introducing new peak demand patterns that could challenge existing distribution
networks. Conversely, EVs present a unique opportunity to serve as energy storage assets in the future through
Vehicle to Grid (V2G) technologies [14, 15].
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 99
This growing fleet of EVs has precipitated a parallel increase in the volume of discarded EV batteries,
necessitating effective recycling strategies. Typically retired after a 20 % decrease from their nominal capacity,
these batteries still retain significant residual capacity that can be repurposed for secondary applications, such
as stationary storage, underpinning the concept of second-life batteries (SLB). By 2030, as it is shown in Fig.1,
it is anticipated that approximately 3.4 million end-of-life EV batteries will be available, collectively
representing a staggering 953 GWh of battery capacity [16, 17]. Repurposing these batteries for stationary
storage not only exemplifies efficient resource utilization by diminishing the materials required for new
Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery production but also mitigates environmental degradation, thereby fostering the
principles of a circular economy.
Figure 1. Forecasted global second-life battery capacity from 2023 to 2030 [17]
Furthermore, battery storage solutions have demonstrated their viability as short-term storage solutions,
playing a pivotal role in grid stabilization amid fluctuating demand. EV fleets, when intelligently managed,
can transform into dynamic storage systems, unlocking potential economic and energy savings and generating
new revenue opportunities. Efficient energy management within these systems can facilitate various
applications, including V2G, vehicle to building (V2B), or vehicle to home (V2H) scenarios. However,
transitioning to SLB usage raises concerns about battery health and longevity [18].
Discarded batteries may experience capacity reduction or power degradation due to factors like cathode
and anode degradation, high cycling rates, and inappropriate charging practices. These batteries undergo
comprehensive health assessments, including screening, sorting, and testing, to determine their suitability for
various applications, as shown in Fig. 2. SLBs could serve multiple purposes, from storing renewable energy
for residential or commercial use to peak shaving in industrial settings, enhancing grid flexibility, stability,
and facilitating the integration of renewable energy sources [19]. Additionally, these batteries could be
aggregated into battery farms for electricity market trading or repurposed for vehicle propulsion, such as in
forklifts and ferries, further promoting material resource efficiency and supporting the growth of a circular
economy.
Figure 2. Circular Economy Framework for EV Batteries; 2a) EV Battery Life Range as a Function of Battery
Capacity: 2b) EV Battery Life Cycle [19]
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 100
The integration of SLBs into the energy network represents a significant shift in the supply chain, with
profound implications for the circular economy. This necessitates a broad expansion of SLB applications,
beginning with the EV owner who transitions from a passive role to an active prosumer, thus contributing
significantly to the sustainable development of energy consumption. Depending on their application, second-
life batteries have the potential to last up to 30 years, further reinforcing the circular economy. The EU’s
Circular Economy Action Plan focuses on minimizing material wastage and promoting the longevity of
resources within the economy, with particular attention to batteries and vehicles [20].
2.2. Terminology Uncertainties
The current body of legislation and technical standards reveals a significant lack of clarity and consensus
on defining "second use." This ambiguity extends to several related terms, which remain vaguely interpreted
within the scope of existing Battery Directives. Such terminological uncertainties, encompassing "second use,"
"reuse," "remanufacturing," "refurbishing," and "recycling," present substantial challenges for stakeholders in
the industry, potentially complicating the management of EV batteries at their end of life [21–25].
The differentiation between "second use" and "reuse" warrants particular attention. "Reuse" often refers
to employing EV batteries or their non-waste components for their originally intended purpose—mainly,
powering EVs [21–23]. Another perspective on "reuse" considers it the straightforward application of a product
without modifications [24], although this view does not account for the eventual application for which the
battery is reused. This oversight is a departure from interpretations offered in Battery Directives, which suggest
"reuse" implies employment for the original purpose.
Conversely, the Battery Directive provides a broader explanation, indicating "reuse" happens when a
product is used for its initial intended function [24]. However, the clarity and consistency of definitions in
battery directives are lacking, leading to confusion among sectors of industry and academia. To resolve these
conflicts and promote a sustainable future for EV batteries, the Battery Directives should strive for legislative
harmonization, adopting a uniform set of standards for end-of-life EV battery management.
"Remanufacturing" is described as a process primarily focused on cosmetic enhancements of a product,
potentially with minimal functionality improvements [24]. The ambiguity surrounding what constitutes
significant aesthetic improvement underscores the need for clear legislative guidance and standardization. In
the context of EV batteries, remanufacturing's viability remains debatable, partly due to perceptions that
remanufactured batteries may not meet the strict capacity specifications of new batteries.
The terms "repair" and "reconditioning" also exhibit a lack of clear distinction in the industry. "Repair"
typically denotes the correction of specific malfunctions, whereas "reconditioning" involves modifying or
replacing battery components to restore operational capacity [24, 25]. The absence of warranties common to
new batteries in these processes highlights the necessity for legislative clarification. Defining these terms
within Battery Directives, specifying the procedures that qualify as "repairing" or "reconditioning," and
associating appropriate warranty levels could enhance standardization and consumer protection [21, 24].
"Remodeling" is defined as altering a battery's aesthetic aspects without enhancing its technical
performance [24, 25]. Meanwhile, "recycling" involves extracting the battery's chemical components for use
in new batteries or other products [25]. To clarify these processes, it's proposed to refine the definitions of
"repair," "refurbishment," and "reconditioning," considering the product's warranty period and lifecycle to
ensure legal framework alignment and maintain product safety and quality standards.
2.3. Legislative and Standards Framework for Second-Life EV Batteries
The rapid increase in EV adoption marks a crucial step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions,
aligning with global environmental preservation efforts. This trend elevates Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) to
the forefront as the preferred energy storage solution for EVs, thanks to their high energy density, durability,
and low self-discharge rates. However, this surge in LIB usage also presents a significant environmental
challenge at the end of their life cycle in EVs, necessitating effective end-of-life (EOL) management strategies.
To address these challenges, the concept of repurposing spent EV batteries for secondary applications offers a
promising solution. Such applications, requiring less stringent performance criteria compared to their initial
use in EVs, not only extend the utility of these batteries but also contribute to environmental sustainability by
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 101
minimizing waste. However, transitioning to this model requires overcoming several hurdles, including the
higher likelihood of gas evolution in second-life batteries, which mandates rigorous testing and modifications
to ensure safety in their new roles.
The legislative and technical framework for second-life batteries remains underdeveloped, lacking clear
norms and guidelines for the safe and effective repurposing of EV batteries. The absence of well-defined
standards, including terms like "second use," "reuse," "remanufacturing," "refurbishing," and "recycling,"
creates confusion and poses risks for the management of EV batteries at their EOL. Distinctions between these
terms are crucial, with "reuse" typically referring to the employment of EV batteries or components for their
original intended purpose without significant modifications.
US Regulatory Framework
The Inflation Reduction Act, made a significant pivot towards electric vehicle (EV) adoption through a
federal tax incentive, underscoring a concerted move to solidify the domestic supply chain for lithium-ion EV
batteries [26]. This legislative action, setting stringent conditions for the sourcing of critical minerals and
battery components, marks a decisive step towards self-reliance, steering away from the existing dependency
on international sources like China for battery materials. From a foreign perspective, the act's provisions for
clean vehicle credits spotlight a proactive strategy to invigorate the U.S. automotive industry while addressing
environmental concerns. The stipulation that by 2027, a substantial portion of the EV battery's critical minerals
must be locally sourced or recycled within North America, escalates into a comprehensive requirement by
2029 for all battery components to be manufactured within the region [26]. This ambitious mandate not only
challenges the current global distribution of mineral resources but also propels the U.S. towards a sustainable
automotive future, potentially setting a global benchmark for environmental and economic policy in the EV
sector.
Observations on the burgeoning infrastructure of recycling plants, particularly their strategic
establishment in proximity to existing EV and battery production facilities, suggest a coherent ecosystem
conducive to the circular economy. The projected capacity of these recycling plants (Fig. 3), significantly
augmented by the announced expansions, indicates a robust readiness to address the recycling demands of the
near future, reflecting a well-orchestrated response to the act’s provisions.
Figure 3. US Forecast of end-of-life BEV and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) battery materials towards 2050
In 1996, the United States implemented the 'Battery Act,' formally known as the Law for the
Management of Rechargeable Batteries and Mercury-Containing Batteries [21]. This act delineates
responsibilities for the disposal management of Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) and Small Sealed Lead Acid (SSLA)
batteries, introducing specific requirements for labeling and recycling. However, it notably excludes Lithium-
Ion Batteries (LIBs) and Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries from its regulatory purview, except in cases
where these batteries contain hazardous heavy metals. This distinction underlines the need for ongoing
legislative refinement to adequately address the diverse spectrum of battery technologies and their
environmental and health ramifications, ensuring regulations keep pace with technological innovations.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 102
LIBs, recognized for containing toxic components, fall under the Universal Waste Law's classification
as hazardous waste. This classification obligates adherence to established protocols for their collection,
treatment, and recycling to prevent improper disposal.
The regulatory landscape for second-life battery applications is complex and differs in local states
(Table 1).
Table 1. Some policies and measures for batteries in USA [27]
Year Regulation document Outline
2006 California Cell Recycling Act Establishing a system for collecting, recycling and
proper legal disposal [28]
2010 New York rechargeable cell law Providing free rechargeable batteries by
manufacturer [29]
2014 Vermont main single-use cell law
(Act 139)
Landfill of Ni-Cd and lead-acid batteries prohibition
Subsidy collection and recycling of waste cells [30]
2018/2019 California AB-2832 Recycling:
Lithium-Ion Assembly Bill 2832
Cost-efficient recycle or recovery of 100% waste
LIBs
Convening the Lithium-Ion Car Battery Recycling
Advisory Group [31]
2022 The American Battery Materials
Initiative Battery Safety Initiative for
Electric Vehicles
First lithium-ion US battery recycling regulation
Accelerating the development of the full end-to end
battery supply chain
2023 Battery Safety Initiative for Electric
Vehicles
Collecting and analyzing data related to EV batteries
Investigating safety-related battery defects [32]
In 2019, the U.S. government initiated Recell, the country's first LIB recycling laboratory, led by
Argonne National Laboratory [21]. This endeavor aims to bolster the recycling industry, enhance global
competitiveness, and reduce reliance on imported raw materials for LIBs. Recell focuses on several key areas:
Innovating recycling processes that permit the direct recycling of cathodes, enabling the reuse of
recovered materials in batteries without costly reprocessing.
Developing technologies to augment recycling profitability.
Creating battery designs optimized for easier recycling and reuse.
Employing computational tools for the modeling and validation of recycled batteries.
This legislative and developmental framework underscores a comprehensive approach to managing
battery lifecycles, promoting environmental sustainability, and advancing the energy sector's infrastructure.
Asian Region: Policies of China, South Korea, and Japan
South Korea is distinguished by its stringent safety and recycling efficiency standards, highlighting
innovative recycling methods. The country has implemented comprehensive safety protocols and cutting-edge
technologies to ensure that battery recycling not only adheres to high safety standards but also achieves
maximum efficiency. This approach reflects South Korea's commitment to sustainability and technological
innovation in the battery recycling sector. South Korea stands out as an active participant in the second-life
battery market, initiating a program in 2015 to support pilot projects using these batteries for stationary energy
storage with backup capabilities [21, 33]. Alongside China, South Korea is a leading destination for recycling
used batteries. In 2018, it was estimated that 69 % of the world’s recycled LIBs were processed in China, with
South Korea accounting for 18.55 %. Contrary to the European model of producer responsibility, South Korean
legislation under the Clean Air Law assigns the government the responsibility for battery recycling or reuse.
The country is home to several enterprises, like Jeju Techno Park, which are engaged in pilot projects
employing second-life batteries.
Japan concentrates on the legislative regulation of the collection and recycling of secondary batteries,
promoting technologies that reduce environmental impact [21]. By implementing strict laws and regulations,
Japan ensures that battery recycling processes are conducted responsibly and efficiently. The emphasis is on
reducing the ecological footprint of battery disposal and recycling, thereby contributing to environmental
conservation and sustainable development.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 103
China has initiated strategic programs aimed at advancing battery recycling technologies and
establishing guidelines for their utilization in secondary applications [21, 33, 34]. These initiatives are designed
to streamline the recycling process, ensuring that batteries are reused in an environmentally sustainable and
economically viable manner. The focus is on creating a circular economy for batteries, minimizing waste, and
maximizing resource efficiency.
In China, the government is committed to overseeing the entire lifecycle of batteries, from production
through to their eventual disposal, due to increasing amount of waste EV LIBs and new increment of EVs per
year (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. Increasing amount of waste EV LIBs and new increment of EVs in China [34]
In 2008, China introduced the Administrative Measures for the Prevention of Pollution (MAPP) [35] of
electronic waste, implementing the producer responsibility principles to govern the disassembly, recycling,
and disposal of electronic waste. Under MAPP, recycling operations require a government-issued operating
license and must disclose information about hazardous components within batteries, including their
composition, expected lifespan, and related environmental protection measures.
The Ministry of Industry in China has set forth regulations applying the Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR) concept to ensure electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers bear the responsibility for the
collection, treatment, and disposal of batteries [21, 33]. EV manufacturers are required to set up service stations
for the collection of used batteries, facilitating their storage and transfer to recycling facilities.
Battery manufacturers are tasked with automating and standardizing products to simplify disassembly
and recycling processes [34]. Moreover, the government mandates battery manufacturers to equip EV
producers with the necessary technical support for efficient battery storage and disposal. Research has explored
various scenarios for the recycling process within the industry, analyzing the impact of government subsidies,
the absence of subsidies, and the introduction of a reward and penalty system. The investigation categorizes
policies into subsidies, punitive measures, and traceability, with subsidies promoting the shift from
conventional to new energy vehicles, such as EVs, through financial incentives for buyers.
Punitive measures are designed to penalize battery or automobile manufacturers that fail to meet
recycling and reuse targets or adhere to governmental policies [21, 34]. An example of this approach is the
"Pilot Scheme for EV Battery Recycling System in Shenzhen," which sanctions companies that engage in
fraudulent practices, withhold information, or neglect recycling duties. Traceability policies aim to monitor
batteries throughout their lifecycle, ensuring accountability and supervision from production to disposal. Main
policies and measures for batteries in China presented in Table 2.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 104
Table 2. Some policies and measures for batteries in China [21]
Year Regulation document Outline
1957
(upd.in 1975,
1985, 2011
and 2015)
International transport of dangerous
goods by road
Establishes requirements for the transportation of
hazardous materials, including classification,
packaging, labeling, and certification to minimize
transport-related accidents.
1995
(upd. in 2015
and in 2016)
Law on the Prevention and Control of
Environmental Pollution by Solid
Wastes [36]
Enacted to mitigate pollution from solid waste, this
law prohibits importing, dumping, and disposing of
solid waste without a government-issued license.
2002
(updated in
2012)
Law on Clean Production Promotion Focused on enhancing clean production, it provides
financial incentives and possibly tax exemptions for
small and medium-sized enterprises to adopt cleaner
production methods.
2008
Waste Electrical and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) Pollution Prevention
Administrative Measures (SEPA No. 40)
Aim to prevent pollution and health hazards from the
disassembly, recycling, and disposal of electronic
waste, demanding licensed operations for recycling
activities.
2014 Interim Measures to Encourage the
Purchase and Use of New Energy
Vehicles in Shanghai
Offers financial incentives for recycling each EV
battery, promoting the recycling industry.
2016 EV Battery Recycling Technology
Policy [37]
Provides financial incentives to companies for second-
use applications and material extraction, encouraging
the development of recycling technologies.
2018 Circular Economy Promotion Law [38] Aims to promote sustainable development by
implementing a circular economy in companies,
encouraging waste reduction, and efficient resource
use, supported by fiscal and tax controls.
2018 Pilot Scheme for EV Battery Recycling
System in Shenzhen
Introduces punitive measures for companies that fail to
meet recycling obligations, aiming to enhance the
recycling ecosystem's integrity.
This comprehensive legislative and regulatory framework in China underscores the nation's
commitment to sustainable battery usage, recycling, and the broader objectives of environmental conservation
and pollution prevention. Through these measures, China seeks to enhance the reuse of EV batteries,
contributing to a more sustainable and responsible approach to electronic waste management.
European Union: From Battery Directive to Battery Passport
In the European Union (EU), concerted efforts are underway to streamline battery regulations and
mitigate the environmental and societal impacts of batteries, culminating in the establishment of the Battery
Directives. These directives mandate producers to oversee the collection and recycling of batteries, setting
ambitious targets for collection rates and recycling efficiency across all battery types throughout Europe.
Specifically, the European Battery Directives differentiate among portable, automotive, and industrial
batteries, categorizing electric vehicle (EV) batteries as industrial, which diverges from the designation of
"automotive" batteries as solely 12V lead-acid batteries used in EVs. This classification exempts EV
manufacturers from the obligations of battery collection and recycling targets [21, 27, 33].
The directives necessitate battery manufacturers to retrieve and recycle used batteries, ensuring that EU
Member States enforce measures allowing for the easy removal of batteries from EVs. Additionally, they
require EV manufacturers to provide comprehensive information to EV owners regarding battery type,
maintenance, safe removal, and disposal practices to prevent environmental and societal harm. While the
directives permit batteries to be affixed permanently to EVs under specific conditions, such as product
protection or when detachable batteries could compromise data integrity, performance, or safety, the
overarching goal remains the conservation of resources and the reduction of waste.
EU Battery Regulation [39], entering into force in August 2023 and making the battery passport
mandatory from February 2027, aims to enhance the sustainability, circularity, safety, and transparency of
batteries across their entire lifecycle. This regulation, a component of the EU Green Deal [40], underscores the
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 105
EU's commitment to a sustainable circular economy and strategic action on batteries, marking a pivotal reform
in the internal market by introducing the first digital product passport for batteries.
The Battery Passport serves as a linchpin in the EU Green Deal, harmonizing with both the Circular
Economy [41] and Strategic Action Plans on Batteries [42] (Fig. 5).
This regulation, emerging as a groundbreaking reform within the EU's internal market, addresses the
entire lifecycle of batteries and institutes the first digital product passport. The regulation, while broadly
welcomed by stakeholders, has highlighted the necessity for addressing remaining challenges. It envisions the
battery passport not only as a tool for regulatory compliance but as a potential harbinger of added value,
contingent upon conditions beyond mere regulatory stipulations. The Battery Passport, as envisioned, aims to
usher in an era of transparency and awareness, facilitating a pivot towards a circular economy and establishing
a competitive and level playing field. It promises significant value across the entire value chain, from mining
to end-users, by ensuring that all stakeholders are informed and can make decisions based on comprehensive
data. The electronic record that the battery passport represents will encapsulate a detailed dossier of
information gathered throughout the battery's lifecycle, with specifications laid out in Article 77 of the EU
Battery Regulation [40]. Main policies and measures for batteries in EU presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Policies an measures for batteries in EU [27, 40, 43]
Year Regulation document Outline
2000 Instruction 2000/53/EC Dismantling, recycling vehicles
2006 Directive 2006/66/EC [44] Definition minimum collection objective, recycling
objective and recycling rate
Outspreading producer duty for cell producers and importers
2012 Instruction 2012/19/EC on
WEEE [45]
WEEE action according to the rule of prevention, restoring
and safety disposal
2013 Instruction 2013/56/EU Limit the usage of Cd and Hg in portable cells
2016 Instruction (06/66/EC) [46] Recycling rate of spent cells from 25 % up to 45 %
2018 Instruction 2018/851 [47] Recommendation circular economy
Achieving collection efficiency and recovery rate
2021 Fit for 55 [48] Net reduction in greenhouse gas emissions surpassing the
intermediate target of 55 % by 2030
2022 Batteries: deal on new EU rules
for design, production [49]
Collection targets are set at 45 % by 2023, 63 % by 2027
and 73 % by 2030 for portable batteries, and at 51 % by
2028 and 61 % by 2031 for LMT
2023 Battery Regulation [39] Provides a legal framework aiming to promote
sustainability,
circularity, ensure safety and improve transparency
Following the Battery Directive 2006/66/EC, the recycling process must achieve a minimum efficiency
of 50 % for the materials used in LIBs and nickel-metal hydride batteries, with higher thresholds set for nickel-
cadmium (75 %) and lead-acid (65 %) batteries [44]. To further advance the sustainability and circularity of
battery usage, the European Commission introduced a new regulation in December 2020, known as the
"Proposal for a Regulation on Batteries (PRB)," integrated into the Battery Directive [33]. This groundbreaking
regulation establishes comprehensive collection and recycling targets, labeling requirements, and directives
for the removal of batteries from vehicles. It notably prohibits the sale of batteries containing hazardous
substances and encompasses all battery types, irrespective of their chemical composition, size, or design.
The PRB mandates the declaration of the recycled content of certain chemicals in batteries by January
2027, setting ambitious recycling targets for cobalt, lead, lithium, and nickel to increase significantly by 2035
[21, 33]. This initiative represents a significant step in promoting battery sustainability, safety, transparency,
and the transition to a circular economy, ensuring that batteries entering the European market meet stringent
safety and environmental standards.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 106
Figure 5. The 2023 Battery Regulation as a part of the EU Green Deal: complementing both the Circular
Economy and Strategic Action Plans on Batteries [50]
EU Battery Regulation mandates a comprehensive data attribute set for the battery passport, as detailed
in various articles and annexes, and groups these data attributes into seven clusters for a structured approach
[39]. The guidance on content requirements aims not just at compliance but at promoting sustainability and
circularity, addressing the entire battery value chain and suggesting a framework for the systematic collection
and management of battery data. It outlines specific responsibilities for economic operators and delineates a
framework for access and data management, underscoring the regulation's role in promoting a sustainable,
circular, and low-carbon future.
This regulation was met with broad support from various stakeholders, although it was recognized that
further challenges need to be addressed. The battery passport, as a novel digital product passport (DPP) in the
EU, exemplifies a significant instrument for advancing the European Twin Transition by providing
transparency, facilitating the shift to a circular economy, and establishing a level playing field across the
battery value chain. This innovative approach aims to unlock significant value, offering comprehensive
lifecycle information to ensure regulatory compliance, and foster sustainability and circularity in the rapidly
evolving battery industry.
Initiatives in Other Regions
India
India is at a critical juncture in its journey toward sustainable energy, focusing on integrating second-
life lithium batteries for energy storage. This aligns with the ambitious goal of a 4 GWh Battery Energy Storage
Systems (BESS) project by 2030, highlighting the benefits of sustainable resource management and a circular
economy [51]. The government's commitment is evident in the National Framework 2023, promoting
advanced energy storage, including second-life batteries, with substantial financial backing. This approach
supports India's renewable energy targets and offers economic growth opportunities through investment in the
second-life battery sector.
Africa
Africa, with many regions facing extreme poverty, views electricity as a key driver for economic
development. The continent's frequent power outages highlight the potential benefits of integrating second-
life batteries into systems to enhance energy reliability and availability. Initiatives such as the Faraday Battery
Challenge project assess the economic feasibility of using second-life batteries in energy storage systems
combined with photovoltaic setups for households in Kenya, aiming to bolster local energy infrastructure and
support regional development [33].
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 107
Australia
The regulation of lithium battery installation in Australian and New Zealand RVs is detailed in the
AS/NZS3001.2:2022 standard, effective from November 2023 [52]. It encompasses lithium battery minimum
specifications, safety approvals, monitoring, and installation requirements like exclusion zones and venting.
Specifically, it mandates a battery management safety system for each lithium-ion battery, adhering to AS IEC
62619, to safeguard against damage and ensure safe operation under normal and misuse conditions,
emphasizing the importance of comprehensive certification for both battery cells and the battery management
system.
Latin America
Latin American countries possess a detailed framework for solid waste management, yet face challenges
in collecting and recycling EV batteries, leading to approximately 55 % of battery waste ending up in landfills.
While nations like Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Paraguay, and Peru have established regulations for recycling lead-
acid batteries, the recycling of LIBs remains a significant hurdle due to the absence of appropriate industrial
facilities [21, 33]. Consequently, EV batteries are often exported to Europe and the USA for processing.
Despite these obstacles, there is a keen interest across the region to adopt principles of producer responsibility
and to establish e-waste collection and recycling programs. Given the vast territories and favorable conditions
for alternative energy sources like photovoltaics and wind power in countries like Brazil, business models that
combine second-life batteries with renewable energy systems present promising and economically viable
opportunities for the region.
3. Results and Discussions
Battery Regulation in Ukraine: Main Aspects and Future Tasks
In Ukraine, the development of energy storage system regulations is encapsulated in Law 2046-IX,
effective from February 15, 2022 [53]. It focuses on fostering energy storage technologies, defining "energy
storage" as the capture of electrical energy for deferred use, its conversion into other forms for storage, and its
re-conversion into electrical energy for output into the grid. The law aims to enhance grid reliability, enable
economic benefits through strategic energy purchasing and selling, and provide balancing services in the
electricity market. It also addresses environmental concerns by minimizing imbalances for renewable energy
producers. Amendments to the "Electricity Market Law" regulate energy storage activities, including licensing
requirements.
Furthermore, Ukrainian legislation mandates the safe disposal and recycling of batteries and
accumulators due to their hazardous waste classification, containing toxic elements like cadmium, mercury,
lead, and dangerous electrolytes. The "Waste Law" [54] governs waste formation, collection, sorting, transport,
storage, treatment, recycling, and disposal, ensuring environmental safety and human health protection. The
"Chemical Power Sources" specifically regulates the disposal and recycling of batteries over 7 Ah, detailing
responsibilities for usage, collection, and utilization, including an ecological tax on users of chemical power
sources.
Despite these regulations, there's a noticeable gap in comprehensive policies for the recycling and
second-life application of batteries, highlighting a need for detailed guidelines on recycling standards, second-
life usage certifications, and incentives for recycling industries to align with global practices and further
promote a circular economy.
How European Battery Regulation impacts Ukraine
The European Union's regulatory framework on batteries and the introduction of a battery passport
represent significant strides toward ensuring that batteries are sustainable, safe, and circular throughout their
life cycle. For Ukraine, a country with a rapidly growing secondary market for EVs and an increasing focus
on renewable energy sources, these developments have far-reaching implications. This analysis explores how
the European battery regulation and battery passport system might impact Ukraine, outlining potential
consequences and necessary actions.
1) Adoption of Best Practices in Battery Lifecycle Management: With the EU setting stringent standards
for battery production, use, recycling, and second-life applications, Ukrainian businesses and regulators might
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 108
be prompted to adopt similar best practices to align with European norms. Ukraine could proactively adopt
parts of the EU's battery regulation framework, especially concerning sustainability and recycling standards,
to facilitate smoother trade relations and technological transfers with the EU.
2) Enhanced Focus on Sustainability and Circular Economy: The EU's focus on circular economy
practices in battery management underscores the need for Ukraine to consider environmental impacts across
the battery lifecycle. Development of national regulations and incentives for the adoption of circular economy
principles in battery use, including measures to encourage battery reuse and recycling.
3) Consequences and Actions Related to the Battery Passport System: The battery passport system will
enhance traceability and transparency for batteries in the EU market. Implementing systems to track and report
on battery health, usage, and recycling history, aligning with the battery passport requirements.
4) Need for Technical and Regulatory Infrastructure: The successful implementation of a battery
passport system in Ukraine will require significant investments in technical and regulatory infrastructure.
Investing in technology and training for monitoring and certifying battery life cycles, as well as developing
legal and regulatory frameworks that support the system's requirements.
5) Broader Implications for Ukraine: To maintain and enhance its trade relations with the EU, Ukraine
may need to align its battery production and recycling standards with those of the EU, which could involve
substantial regulatory and industry shifts. The EU's regulation encourages the development of battery recycling
facilities and second-life applications. Ukraine could seize this as an opportunity to invest in these sectors,
promoting environmental sustainability and creating new business models. For Ukrainian businesses operating
in or with the EU, understanding and complying with the new regulations will be crucial. This may require
closer collaboration between Ukrainian authorities, businesses, and European partners to ensure seamless
integration of the standards.
Thus, the European Battery Regulation and the introduction of the battery passport system present both
challenges and opportunities for Ukraine. Proactive engagement, investment in necessary infrastructure, and
alignment with EU standards will be key for Ukraine to leverage these developments, promoting sustainable
energy and circular economy practices within its borders.
Challenges and tasks in the legislative framework for repurposing EV batteries in Ukraine
In Ukraine, the burgeoning secondary market for EVs is a testament to the country's growing
commitment to sustainable transportation as well as development of Microgrids [55, 56], RES [57–61],
distributed generation [62–64], Smart Grids [65‒68] and Circular Economy principles [69, 70]. However, this
rapid adoption also brings to the forefront the imminent challenges associated with the second life and
recycling of EV batteries. Given the pace at which the EV market is expanding, Ukraine is likely to face these
challenges sooner than some other nations, emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive legislative support
and standardization.
The development of a robust legislative framework is crucial to address the complexities surrounding
the reuse and recycling of EV batteries. This framework should encompass challenges and tasks as shown in
Fig. 6.
Ownership and Liability: Clear definitions around the ownership of EV batteries at the end of their first
life, including liability for recycling and repurposing.
Health and Safety Standards: Regulations ensuring that second-life battery applications meet strict
safety and performance criteria to protect consumers and the environment.
Recycling Protocols: Guidelines for the efficient and environmentally friendly recycling of batteries,
minimizing waste and promoting the recovery of valuable materials.
Standardization in Battery Assessment: Creating unified methods for evaluating the state of health of
used EV batteries, facilitating their safe and effective repurposing.
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 109
Figure 6. Main challenges and tasks for future battery regulation in Ukraine
Interoperability: Ensuring that repurposed batteries can be easily integrated into various energy storage
systems, enhancing their utility and market value.
Quality Assurance: Implementing standards for the performance and longevity of second-life batteries,
fostering trust and reliability among consumers and investors.
Ukraine's well-developed secondary EV market accelerates the urgency to address these legislative and
standardization needs. Without prompt action, the country risks encountering significant obstacles in managing
the lifecycle of EV batteries, potentially hindering its progress towards sustainable energy goals. Therefore,
it's imperative for stakeholders across the industry, including policymakers, manufacturers, and recycling
entities, to collaborate on developing a cohesive strategy. This approach will not only solve the immediate
challenges of battery second life and recycling but also position Ukraine as a leader in sustainable
transportation and energy storage solutions on the global stage.
The integration of SLBs into the power sector offers a multifaceted solution to environmental, economic,
and technological challenges in achieving sustainable power systems. However, realizing their full potential
necessitates comprehensive legal and regulatory support tailored to the unique aspects of SLBs. Legislation
should address the entire lifecycle of EV batteries, from initial use through to repurposing and recycling,
promoting practices that ensure environmental safety, economic viability, and technological efficiency.
For effective integration, laws and standards must encourage the repurposing of EV batteries through
incentives and subsidies for projects utilizing SLBs, define clear standards for the assessment, refurbishment,
and certification of SLBs to ensure their safety and reliability, foster innovation and investment in SLB
technologies and business models through supportive policies and funding mechanisms.
By addressing these legal and regulatory needs, governments can facilitate the sustainable integration
of SLBs into the energy ecosystem, enhancing the resilience and sustainability of power systems worldwide.
For Ukraine, aligning with such standards, especially those emerging within the EU, could significantly bolster
its aspirations for energy sustainability and European integration, setting a precedent for environmental
stewardship and technological innovation.
4. Conclusions
This article has delved the evolving landscape of EV Li-ion batteries within the circular economy,
highlighting the significant legislative initiatives across different countries and drawing special attention to the
developments within Europe, given Ukraine's aspirations towards European Union (EU) membership. Based
on these discussions, recommendations for Ukraine are outlined, considering the key challenges and standards
identified.
EV Li-ion batteries represent a pivotal component of the circular economy, serving as a crucial link
between renewable energy utilization and sustainable transportation. The transition towards a circular model
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 110
for EV batteries involves not only extending their lifecycle through repurposing and recycling but also ensuring
that such processes are economically viable and environmentally sound. This shift is essential for mitigating
the environmental impact associated with battery production and disposal, fostering a sustainable automotive
industry.
Globally, legislative initiatives addressing the recycling and second-life applications of EV batteries
vary significantly. While countries like China, South Korea, and Japan have introduced comprehensive
programs focusing on recycling technologies, safety standards, and environmental protection, the approaches
differ in scope and emphasis. China's strategic programs for battery technology development, South Korea's
focus on safety and recycling efficiency, and Japan's regulatory framework for collection and recycling
demonstrate diverse strategies to manage battery lifecycle and environmental impact.
In Europe, the push towards sustainable battery management is characterized by robust regulatory
frameworks such as the EU Battery Directive and the proposed Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries.
These initiatives aim to establish stringent collection targets, enhance recycling efficiencies, and promote the
safe disposal of batteries. The introduction of the battery passport under the new EU Battery Regulation
exemplifies Europe's commitment to transparency, sustainability, and the circular economy. For Ukraine,
aligning with these European standards presents an opportunity to integrate into a broader sustainable
framework, enhancing environmental stewardship and economic competitiveness. Considering the global and
European legislative landscape, the list of recommendations are proposed for Ukraine, such as to develop
comprehensive legislation, to adopt European Standards, to invest in recycling infrastructure as well as to
promote public-private partnerships.
In conclusion, as the global shift towards electrified transportation accelerates, adopting a circular
economy model for EV Li-ion batteries becomes imperative. For Ukraine, leveraging legislative examples
from around the world, especially Europe, and implementing tailored recommendations can foster
environmental sustainability, economic growth, and closer alignment with EU standards and practices.
References
1. Trends and projections in Europe 2023. (2023). EEA, European Environment Agency (83 p.).
https://doi.org/10.2800/595102
2. Abo-Khalil, A. G., Abdelkareem, M. A., Sayed, E. T., Maghrabie, H. M., Radwan, A., Rezk, H., & Olabi, A. G.
(2022). Electric vehicle impact on energy industry, policy, technical barriers, and power systems. International
Journal of Thermofluids, 13, 100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100134
3. Kostenko, G. (2022). Overview of european trends in electric vehicle implementation and the influence on the power
system. System Research in Energy, 1(70), 62–71. https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.01.062
4. Faria, R., Marques, P., Moura, P., Freire, F., Delgado, J., & De Almeida, A. T. (2013). Impact of the electricity mix
and use profile in the life-cycle assessment of electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24,
271–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.063
5. Ma, H., Balthasar, F., Tait, N., Riera-Palou, X., & Harrison, A. (2012). A new comparison between the life cycle
greenhouse gas emissions of battery electric vehicles and internal combustion vehicles. Energy Policy, 44, 160–173.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.034
6. Kostenko, G.P. (2023, November 22–24). Management of the life cycle of electric transport batteries taking into
account their use in the power sector. Collection of materials of the International scientific and technical conference
Energy management: state and prospects of development. PEMS'2023. Kyiv, NTUU "KPI named after Igor
Sikorsky" (226 p.). URL: http://pems.kpi.ua/proc/article/view/298526 (Last accessed: 16.03.2024) [in Ukrainian].
7. Argyrou, M. C., Christodoulides, P., & Kalogirou, S. A. (2018). Energy storage for electricity generation and related
processes: Technologies appraisal and grid scale applications. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, 804–
821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.044
8. Zaporozhets, A., Kostenko, G., Zgurovets, O., & Deriy, V. (2024). Analysis of Global Trends in the Development
of Energy Storage Systems and Prospects for Their Implementation in Ukraine. In O. Kyrylenko, S. Denysiuk,
R. Strzelecki, I. Blinov, I. Zaitsev, & A. Zaporozhets (Eds.), Power Systems Research and Operation. Studies in
Systems, Decision and Control, 512 (pp. 69–87). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44772-3_4
9. Pagliaro, M., & Meneguzzo, F. (2019). Lithium Battery Reusing and Recycling: A Circular Economy Insight.
Heliyon, 5(6), e01866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01866
10. Wang, X., Gaustad, G., Babbitt, C. W., Bailey, C., Ganter, M. J., & Landi, B. J. (2014). Economic and environmental
characterization of an evolving Li-ion battery waste stream. Journal of Environmental Management, 135, 126–134.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.021
https://doi.org/10.2800/595102
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2022.100134
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.01.062
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.063
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.01.034
http://pems.kpi.ua/proc/article/view/298526
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.06.044
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-44772-3_4
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01866
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.021
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 111
11. Assunçao, A., Moura, P. S., & de Almeida, A. T. (2016). Technical and economic assessment of the secondary use
of repurposed electric vehicle batteries in the residential sector to support solar energy. Applied Energy, 181, 120–
131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.056
12. Pesaran, A., Roman, L., & Kincaide, J. (2023). Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Battery Life Cycle Management.
Golden, CO: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. NREL/TP-5700-84520. URL:
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/84520.pdf (Last accessed: 09.03.2024).
13. European Commission, 2021a. CO2 Emission Performance Standards for Cars and Vans [WWW Document]. URL:
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/transport-emissions/road-transport-reducing-co2-emissions-vehicles/co2-
emission-performance-standar ds-cars-and-vans_en (Last accessed: 12.03.2024).
14. Kostenko, G.P., Zgurovets, O.V., & Tovstenko, M.M. (2023). SWOT analysis of electric transport and V2G
implementation for power system sustainable development in the terms of Ukraine. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and
Environmental Science, 1254, 012030. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012030
15. Sierzchula, W., Bakker, S., Maat, K., & van Wee, B. (2014). The influence of financial incentives and other socio-
economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy, 68, 183–194.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.043
16. Desarnaud, G. (2019). Second life batteries: a sustainable business opportunity, not a conundrum. Capgemini
Worldwide. URL: https://www.capgemini.com/2019/04/second-life-batteries-a-sustainable-business-opportunity-
not-a-conundrum/ (Last accessed: 12.03.2024).
17. Second Life Battery Capacity – Globally 2030. (2019). [WWW Document]. Statista. URL:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/876624/global-second-life-battery-capacity/ (Last accessed: 04.03.2024).
18. Casals, L. C., García, B. A., & Canal, C. (2019). Second life batteries lifespan: Rest of useful life and environmental
analysis. Journal of Environmental Management, 232, 354–363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.046
19. Elis, S. (2023). Second Life Applications for Degraded EV Batteries: Evaluating Benefits Basedon Remaining
Useful Life and Battery Configurations [Dissertation]. URL: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-
196013 (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
20. A new circular economy action plan for a cleaner and more competitive Europe. (2020). Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the
Committee of the Regions. An official website of the European Union. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN (Last accessed: 09.03.2024).
21. Rufino Júnior, C. A., Sanseverino, E. R., Gallo, P., Koch, D., Kotak, Y., Schweiger, H., & Zanin, H. (2023).
Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries. Preprints, 2023060711.
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0711.v1
22. Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on Waste and Repealing
Certain Directives. (2008). Official Journal of the European Union. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0098 (Last accessed: 09.03.2024).
23. Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE) (recast). (2012). Official Journal of the European Union. URL: https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0019 (Last accessed: 09.03.2024).
24. Hartwell, I., & Marco, J. (2016). Management of Intellectual Property Uncertainty in a Remanufacturing Strategy
for Automotive Energy Storage Systems. Journal of Remanufacturing, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13243-016-
0025-z
25. Spelman, C., & Sheerman, B. (2014). Triple Win: The Economic, Social and Environmental Case for
Remanufacturing. URL: https://www.policyconnect.org.uk/research/report-triple-win-social-economic-and-
environmental-case-remanufacturing (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
26. The Inflation Reduction Act. (2022). URL: https://www.energy.gov/lpo/inflation-reduction-act-2022 (Last
accessed: 12.03.2024).
27. Kang, Z., Huang, Z., Peng, Q., Shi, Z., Xiao, H., Yin, R., Fu, G., & Zhao, J. (2023). Recycling technologies, policies,
prospects, and challenges for spent batteries. iScience, 26(11), 108072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108072
28. Guyen, N. California's Existing E-Waste Recycling Laws. URL: https://www.cawrecycles.org/californias-existing-
e-waste-recycling-laws (Last accessed: 04.03.2024).
29. Rechargeable Battery Recycling: Laws of New York. (2010). S.o.N. York. URL: https://www.call2recycle.org/wp-
content/uploads/Chaptered-New-York-State-Law.pdf (Last accessed: 12.03.2024).
30. First-in-nation single-use battery recycling mandate signed into law in Vermont. (2014, June 5). VermontBiz. URL:
https://vermontbiz.com/news/2014/june/05/first-nation-single-use-battery-recycling-mandate-signed-law-vermont
(Last accessed: 15.03.2024).
31. AB 2832 ‒ Recycling: Lithium-Ion Vehicle Batteries: Advisory Group. (2018). S.o. California. URL:
https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB2832/id/1821569 (Last accessed: 15.03.2024).
32. Battery Safety Initiative. U.S.D.o. Transportation. URL: https://www.nhtsa.gov/battery-safety-initiative (Last
accessed: 15.03.2024).
33. Fleischmann, J., Schaufuss, P., Linder, M., Hanicke, M., Horetsky, E., Ibrahim, D., Jautelat, S., Torscht, L., & van
de Rijt, A. (2023). Battery 2030: Resilient, sustainable, and circular. McKinsey & Company. URL:
.%20https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.056
https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy23osti/84520.pdf%20(Last%20accessed:%2009.03.2024)
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/transport-emissions/road-transport-reducing-co2-emissions-vehicles/co2-emission-performance-standar%20ds-cars-and-vans_en
https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/transport-emissions/road-transport-reducing-co2-emissions-vehicles/co2-emission-performance-standar%20ds-cars-and-vans_en
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1254/1/012030
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.01.043
https://www.capgemini.com/2019/04/second-life-batteries-a-sustainable-business-opportunity-not-a-conundrum/
https://www.capgemini.com/2019/04/second-life-batteries-a-sustainable-business-opportunity-not-a-conundrum/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/876624/global-second-life-battery-capacity/
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.046
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196013
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-196013
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2020%3A98%3AFIN
https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202306.0711.v1
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0098%20
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32008L0098%20
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0019
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32012L0019
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13243-016-0025-z
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13243-016-0025-z
https://www.policyconnect.org.uk/research/report-triple-win-social-economic-and-environmental-case-remanufacturing
https://www.policyconnect.org.uk/research/report-triple-win-social-economic-and-environmental-case-remanufacturing
https://www.energy.gov/lpo/inflation-reduction-act-2022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.108072
https://www.cawrecycles.org/californias-existing-e-waste-recycling-laws
https://www.cawrecycles.org/californias-existing-e-waste-recycling-laws
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref50
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref50
https://www.call2recycle.org/wp-content/uploads/Chaptered-New-York-State-Law.pdf
https://www.call2recycle.org/wp-content/uploads/Chaptered-New-York-State-Law.pdf
https://vermontbiz.com/news/2014/june/05/first-nation-single-use-battery-recycling-mandate-signed-law-vermont
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref52
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref52
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref52
https://legiscan.com/CA/text/AB2832/id/1821569
https://www.nhtsa.gov/battery-safety-initiative
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 112
https://www.globalbattery.org/media/publications/battery-2030-resilient-sustainable-and-circular.pdf (Last
accessed: 16.03.2024).
34. Xu, C., Zhang, W., He, W., Li, G., Huang, J., & Zhu, H. (2017). Generation and management of waste electric
vehicle batteries in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(26), 20825–20830.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9890-8
35. Zhou, L., & Xu, Z. (2012). Response to Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipments in China: Legislation, Recycling
System, and Advanced Integrated Process. Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 4713–4724.
https://doi.org/10.1021/es203771m
36. Law of the People's Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste
(Online). URL: http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/12/content_1383723.htm (Last accessed:
08.03.2024).
37. Electric Vehicle Battery Recycling Technology Policy (Online). URL:
https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/3575 (Last accessed: 08.03.2024).
38. Circular Economy Promotion Law (Online). URL:
https://www.greenpolicyplatform.org/sites/default/files/downloads/policy-
database/CHINA)%20Circular%20Economy%20Promotion%20Law%20(2008).pdf (Last accessed: 08.03.2024).
39. Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 concerning batteries and
waste batteries, amending Directive 2008/98/EC and Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 and repealing Directive
2006/66/EC. (2023). Official Journal of the European Union, L 191/1. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023R1542 (Last accessed: 20.03.2024).
40. The European Green Deal. Communication from the European Commission. European Commission. Brussels.
11.12.2019. COM (2019) 640 final. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX-
:52019DC0640 (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
41. A new Circular Economy Action Plan For a cleaner and more competitive Europe COM/2020/98 final (Online).
URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN (Last
accessed: 10.03.2024).
42. Strategic Action Plan on Batteries: Building a Strategic Battery Value Chain in Europe COM/2019/176 final. URL:
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52019DC0176 (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
43. Green, M. (2017). Aspects of Battery Legislation in Recycling and Re-Use: Perspectives from the UK and EU
Regulatory Environment. Johnson Matthey Technology Review, 61(2), 87–92.
https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X694894
44. Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and
accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators and repealing Directive 91/157/EEC. (2006). Official Journal of
the European Union, L 266, 1–14. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/66/oj (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
45. Directive 2012/19/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on waste electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE). (2012). Official Journal of the European Union, L 197/38, 38–71. URL: https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32012L0019 (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
46. Directive (EU) 2018/849 of the European Parliament and Council of 30 May 2018 amending Directives 2000/53/EC
on end-of-life vehicles, 2006/66/EC on batteries and accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators, and
2012/19/ EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment. (2018). Official Journal of the European Union, L 150,
93–99. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0849 (Last accessed:
10.03.2024).
47. Directive (EU) 2018/ 851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 amending directive
2008/98/EC on waste. (2018). Official Journal of the European Union, L 150, 109–140. URL: https://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851 (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
48. European Parliament. (2021). Legislative Train Schedule States Navigation Menu Fit for 55 Package under the
European Green Deal [EB/OL]. URL: https://www.europarl.europa. eu/Legislative-train/theme-a-european- green-
deal/package-fit-for-55 (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
49. European Parliament. (2022, September 12). Batteries: deal on new EU rules for design, production and waste
treatment [Press release]. URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221205IPR60614/batteries-
deal-on-new-eu-rules-for-design-production-and-waste-treatment (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
50. Battery Passport Content Guidance. Executive Summary. URL: https://thebatterypass.eu/assets/images/content-
guidance/pdf/2023_Battery_Passport_Content_Guidance_Executive_Summary.pdf (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
51. Hussain, Z. A. (2023, November 6). Can India sustainably manufacture and recycle EV batteries? Mongabay. URL:
https://india.mongabay.com/2023/11/explainer-can-india-sustainably-manufacture-and-recycle-ev-batteries/ (Last
accessed: 10.03.2024).
52. Tran, N. (2023, October 18). Lithium battery guidelines to AS/NZ3001.2:2002. URL:
https://teambmpro.com/lithium-battery-guidelines-to-as-nz3001-22002/ (Last accessed: 10.03.2024).
53. On Amendments to Certain Laws of Ukraine on the Development of Energy Storage Systems (N 2046-IX): Law of
Ukraine on Electricity Storage and Storage Systems adopted 15.02.2022, valid 16.06.2022. URL:
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2046-20?lang=en#Text (Last accessed: 09.03.2024) [in Ukrainian].
https://www.globalbattery.org/media/publications/battery-2030-resilient-sustainable-and-circular.pdf
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9890-8
https://doi.org/10.1021/es203771m
http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/12/content_1383723.htm
https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/node/3575
https://www.greenpolicyplatform.org/sites/default/files/downloads/policy-database/CHINA)%20Circular%20Economy%20Promotion%20Law%20(2008).pdf
https://www.greenpolicyplatform.org/sites/default/files/downloads/policy-database/CHINA)%20Circular%20Economy%20Promotion%20Law%20(2008).pdf
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023R1542
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32023R1542
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX-%20:52019DC0640
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX-%20:52019DC0640
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1583933814386&uri=COM:2020:98:FIN
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52019DC0176
https://doi.org/10.1595/205651317X694894
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
http://refhub.elsevier.com/S2589-0042(23)02149-1/sref44
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2006/66/oj
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32012L0019
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32012L0019
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0849%20
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018L0851
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/Legislative-train/theme-a-european-green-deal/package-fit-for-55
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/Legislative-train/theme-a-european-green-deal/package-fit-for-55
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221205IPR60614/batteries-deal-on-new-eu-rules-for-design-production-and-waste-treatment
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/press-room/20221205IPR60614/batteries-deal-on-new-eu-rules-for-design-production-and-waste-treatment
https://thebatterypass.eu/assets/images/content-guidance/pdf/2023_Battery_Passport_Content_Guidance_Executive_Summary.pdf
https://thebatterypass.eu/assets/images/content-guidance/pdf/2023_Battery_Passport_Content_Guidance_Executive_Summary.pdf
https://india.mongabay.com/by/zoya-ada-hussain/
https://india.mongabay.com/2023/11/explainer-can-india-sustainably-manufacture-and-recycle-ev-batteries/
https://teambmpro.com/lithium-battery-guidelines-to-as-nz3001-22002/
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2046-20?lang=en%23Text
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 113
54. Law of Ukraine on Waste management (N 2320-IX). URL: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2320-20#Text
(Last accessed: 26.02.2024) [in Ukrainian].
55. Kostenko, G., & Zaporozhets, A. (2023). Enhancing of the Power System Resilience Through the Application of
Micro Power Systems (microgrid) with Renewable Distributed Generation. System Research in Energy, 3(74), 25–
38. https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.025
56. Kaplun, V. (2023). Principles of resource-process modeling of territorial communities combined energy supply in
the climate change prevention context. System Research in Energy, 4(75), 54–64.
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.055
57. Denysov, V. (2023). Efficiency of the renewable energy sources application for an autonomous heat supply system.
System Research in Energy, 1(72), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.01.080
58. Sverdlova, A. (2022). Review of the current state and development perspectives of the solar energy in Ukraine.
System Research in Energy, 1(70), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.01.019
59. Stanytsina, V., Nechaieva, T., Trokhaniak, V., Horskyi, V., & Teslenko, O. (2023). Electricity and heat supply
technologies for increasing the energy independence of certain territorial communities. System Research in Energy,
4(75), 32–44 [in Ukrainian]. https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.032
60. Denysov, V., Kostenko, G., Babak, V., Shulzhenko, S., & Zaporozhets, A. (2023). Accounting the Forecasting
Stochasticity at the Power System Modes Optimization. In A. Zaporozhets (Ed.), Systems, Decision and Control in
Energy V. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 481 (pp. 43–55). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
3-031-35088-7_3
61. Babak, V., & Kulyk, M. (2023). Development of the New Electro-thermal Energy System Structure for Providing
of Ukraine’s Energy Market Profitability. In A. Zaporozhets (Ed.), Systems, Decision and Control in Energy V.
Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 481 (pp. 3–21). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-
35088-7_1
62. Kostenko, G., & Zgurovets, O. (2023). Current State and Prospects for Development of Renewable Distributed
Generation in Ukraine. System Research in Energy, 2(73), 4–17 [in Ukrainian].
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.02.004
63. Kyrylenko, O.V., & Trach, I.V. (2009). Tekhnichni osoblyvosti funktsionuvannya enerhosystem pry intehratsiyi
dzherel rozpodilenoyi heneratsiyi. Pratsi Instytutu elektrodynamiky NAN Ukrayiny, 24, 3–7 [in Ukrainian].
64. Kostenko, G.P. (2023). Situation analysis of the prospects for the development of electric transport and its integration
into the energy system of Ukraine. Energy: Economics, Technology, Ecology, 1, 117–124. [in Ukrainian].
https://doi.org/10.20535/1813-5420.1.2023.276185
65. Babak, V.P., & Kulyk, M.M. (2023). Possibilities and Perspectives of the Consumers-Regulators Application in
Systems of Frequency and Power Automatic Regulation. Technical Electrodynamics, 4, 72–80.
https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2023.04.072
66. Kostenko, G., & Zgurovets, O. (2023). Review on Possible Impact of Mass EVs Charging on the Power System and
Ways to Mitigate It. In A. Zaporozhets (Ed.), Systems, Decision and Control in Energy V. Studies in Systems,
Decision and Control, 481 (pp. 631–625). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_34
67. Kovtun, S., Ponomarenko, O., & Nazarenko, O. (2023). Quality of the Information Flow Management at Stochastic
Energy Consumption Conditions. System Research in Energy, 3(74), 78–84.
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.078
68. Zaporozhets, A., Kostenko, G., & Zgurovets, O. (2023). Preconditions and Main Features of Electric Vehicles
Application for Frequency Regulation in the Power System. 3rd International Workshop on Information
Technologies: Theoretical and Applied Problems (ITTAP 2023). CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3628, 43–54. URL:
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3628/paper4.pdf; Available at SSRN: URL: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4709501 (Last
accessed: 18.03.2024).
69. Bielokha, H., Chupryna, L., Denisyuk, S., Eutukhova, T., & Novoseltsev, O. (2023). Hybrid Energy Systems and
the Logic of Their Service-Dominant Implementation: Screening the Pathway to Improve Results. Energy
Engineering, 120(6), 1307–1323. https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2023.025863
70. Novoseltsev, O., Kovalko, O., Eutukhova, T., & Yevtukhova, M. (2022, October 12–14). Service-Oriented Logic
of Using Information Technologies in the Circular Economy. 2022 IEEE 8th International Conference on Energy
Smart Systems (ESS) (pp. 400–403). Kyiv, Ukraine. https://doi.org/10.1109/ESS57819.2022.9969328
https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2320-20%23Text
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.025
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.055
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.01.080
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.01.019
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.04.032
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_3
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_3
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_1
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_1
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.02.004
Energy:%20Economics,%20Technology,%20Ecology,%20
https://doi.org/10.20535/1813-5420.1.2023.276185
https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2023.04.072
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-35088-7_34
https://doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2023.03.078
https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3628/paper4.pdf
https://ssrn.com/abstract=4709501
https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2023.025863
https://doi.org/10.1109/ESS57819.2022.9969328
Системні дослідження в енергетиці. 2024. 2(77) 114
СВІТОВИЙ ДОСВІД ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ
ЩОДО ЛІТІЙ-ІОННИХ БАТАРЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОМОБІЛІВ З
УРАХУВАННЯМ ЇХ ВТОРИННОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОМУ СЕКТОРІ
Ганна Костенко1*, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-7633
Артур Запорожець1,2, д-р техн. наук, ст. досл., https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-4116
1Інститут загальної енергетики НАН України, вул. Антоновича, 172, м. Київ, 03150,
Україна;
2ДУ «Центр оцінювання діяльності наукових установ та наукового забезпечення розвитку
регіонів України Національної академії наук України», вул. Володимирська, 54, м. Київ,
01030, Україна
*Автор-кореспондент: Kostenko_HP@nas.gov.ua
Анотація. Розуміння та врахування глобального регуляторного досвіду та стандартів, пов’язаних
з управлінням акумуляторами, має першорядне значення, особливо при розгляді швидкої еволюції
ринку електромобілів (EV) та її наслідків для зберігання енергії та сталого розвитку. Це особливо
актуально для України, де зростаючий вторинний ринок електромобілів та жвавий інтерес до
відновлюваних джерел енергії підкреслюють необхідність проактивного формування політики та
стандартизації для вирішення проблем, пов’язаних із вторинним терміном служби акумуляторів
та їх переробкою. У цій статті розглянуто роль літій-іонних акумуляторів для електромобілів у
контексті економіки замкненого циклу, підкреслено важливість законодавчої бази в усьому світі з
особливим акцентом на європейських ініціативах у світлі інтеграційних амбіцій України до ЄС. Це
включає в себе продовження терміну служби акумуляторів за рахунок переробки та повторного
використання, тим самим забезпечуючи як економічну життєздатність, так і мінімальний вплив
на навколишнє середовище. Оглянуто різноманітні законодавчі підходи на міжнародному рівні,
відзначено відмінності в стратегіях від акценту на технологіях і безпеці в Азії до надійних
регуляторних директив Європи, спрямованих на управління життєвим циклом акумуляторів. У
Європі прагнення до сталого використання акумуляторів відзначається всеосяжною політикою,
такою як Директива ЄС про акумулятори та новий Регламент про батареї та відпрацьовані
батареї, які встановлюють амбітні цілі переробки та впроваджують інноваційні концепції, такі
як паспорт акумулятора. На основі даного огляду представлено низку рекомендацій для України,
які пропонують розробити широке законодавство про управління акумуляторами, прийняти
європейські стандарти для спрощення шляху до членства в ЄС, інвестувати в інфраструктуру
переробки, сприяти державно-приватному партнерству та ініціативам з підвищення обізнаності
громадськості. Ці рекомендації покликані підвищити позиції України в секторі сталого розвитку,
сприяючи дотриманню екологічних принципів та економічній конкурентоспроможності.
Підкреслено зростаюче значення вторинних літій-іонних акумуляторів електромобілів у підтримці
та гармонізації відновлюваних джерел енергії та, відповідно, необхідність адекватного
законодавства та стандартизації для підтримки економіки замкненого циклу.
Ключові слова: літій-іонні батареї, вторинне застосування, життєвий цикл акумуляторів
електромобілів, циркулярна економіка, перепрофілювання, повторне використання, переробка,
стандарти, регулювання, законодавство.
Надійшла до редколегії: 01.04.2024
|
| id | systemreorg-article-836 |
| institution | System Research in Energy |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:22:40Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | systemreorg/f8/4a68713ef24fe6c9f1806ec6e317faf8.pdf |
| spelling | systemreorg-article-8362026-07-18T12:57:48Z WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR СВІТОВИЙ ДОСВІД ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЩОДО ЛІТІЙ-ІОННИХ БАТАРЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОМОБІЛІВ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ЇХ ВТОРИННОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОМУ СЕКТОРІ Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur Lithium-Ion Batteries, Second-Life Application, EV Battery Life Cycle, Circular Economy, Repurpose, Reuse, Recycling, Standards, Regulation, Legislation. літій-іонні батареї, вторинне застосування, життєвий цикл акумуляторів електромобілів, циркулярна економіка, перепрофілювання, повторне використання, переробка, стандарти, регулювання, законодавство. Understanding and incorporating global regulatory experiences and standards related to battery management is of greatest importance, particularly when considering the rapid evolution of the electric vehicle (EV) market and its implications for energy storage and sustainability. This is especially relevant for Ukraine, where the burgeoning secondary market for EVs and a keen interest in renewable energy sources underscore the need for proactive policy-making and standardization to address the challenges of battery second life and recycling. This article delves into the role of Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion batteries within the ambit of the circular economy, underscoring the significance of legislative frameworks across the globe with a particular focus on European initiatives in light of Ukraine's EU integration ambitions. This encompasses extending battery life through recycling and repurposing, thereby ensuring both economic viability and minimal environmental footprint. The narrative outlines the varied legislative landscapes internationally, noting the differences in strategies from Asia's technological and safety emphasis to Europe's robust regulatory directives aimed at battery lifecycle management. In Europe, the drive towards sustainable battery utilization is marked by comprehensive policies like the EU Battery Directive and the emerging Regulation on Batteries and Waste Batteries, which set forth ambitious recycling targets and introduce innovative concepts like the battery passport. Drawing from this global overview, the article posits a set of recommendations for Ukraine, suggesting the development of extensive battery management legislation, adoption of European standards to smooth the path towards EU membership, investment in recycling infrastructures, fostering of public-private partnerships, and public awareness initiatives. These recommendations are designed to elevate Ukraine's position in the sustainability, promoting environmental stewardship and economic competitiveness. The growing importance of secondary lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles in supporting and harmonizing renewable energy sources is emphasized, and accordingly, the need for adequate legislation and standardization to support a closed-loop economy.   Розуміння та врахування глобального регуляторного досвіду та стандартів, пов’язаних з управлінням акумуляторами, має першорядне значення, особливо при розгляді швидкої еволюції ринку електромобілів (EV) та її наслідків для зберігання енергії та сталого розвитку. Це особливо актуально для України, де зростаючий вторинний ринок електромобілів та жвавий інтерес до відновлюваних джерел енергії підкреслюють необхідність проактивного формування політики та стандартизації для вирішення проблем, пов’язаних із вторинним терміном служби акумуляторів та їх переробкою. У цій статті розглянуто роль літій-іонних акумуляторів для електромобілів у контексті економіки замкненого циклу, підкреслено важливість законодавчої бази в усьому світі з особливим акцентом на європейських ініціативах у світлі інтеграційних амбіцій України до ЄС. Це включає в себе продовження терміну служби акумуляторів за рахунок переробки та повторного використання, тим самим забезпечуючи як економічну життєздатність, так і мінімальний вплив на навколишнє середовище. Оглянуто різноманітні законодавчі підходи на міжнародному рівні, відзначено відмінності в стратегіях від акценту на технологіях і безпеці в Азії до надійних регуляторних директив Європи, спрямованих на управління життєвим циклом акумуляторів. У Європі прагнення до сталого використання акумуляторів відзначається всеосяжною політикою, такою як Директива ЄС про акумулятори та новий Регламент про батареї та відпрацьовані батареї, які встановлюють амбітні цілі переробки та впроваджують інноваційні концепції, такі як паспорт акумулятора. На основі даного огляду представлено низку рекомендацій для України, які пропонують розробити широке законодавство про управління акумуляторами, прийняти європейські стандарти для спрощення шляху до членства в ЄС, інвестувати в інфраструктуру переробки, сприяти державно-приватному партнерству та ініціативам з підвищення обізнаності громадськості. Ці рекомендації покликані підвищити позиції України в секторі сталого розвитку, сприяючи дотриманню екологічних принципів та економічній конкурентоспроможності. Підкреслено зростаюче значення вторинних літій-іонних акумуляторів електромобілів у підтримці та гармонізації відновлюваних джерел енергії та, відповідно, необхідність адекватного законодавства та стандартизації для підтримки економіки замкненого циклу. General Energy Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-05-06 Article Article application/pdf https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/836 10.15407/srenergy2024.02.097 System Research in Energy; No. 2 (77) (2024): System Research in Energy; 97-114 Системні дослідження в енергетиці; № 2 (77) (2024): Системні дослідження в енергетиці; 97-114 2786-7102 2786-7633 en https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/836/745 Copyright (c) 2024 Ganna Kostenko, Artur Zaporozhets https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0 |
| spellingShingle | Lithium-Ion Batteries Second-Life Application EV Battery Life Cycle Circular Economy Repurpose Reuse Recycling Standards Regulation Legislation. Kostenko, Ganna Zaporozhets, Artur WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR |
| title | WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR |
| title_alt | СВІТОВИЙ ДОСВІД ЗАКОНОДАВЧОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЩОДО ЛІТІЙ-ІОННИХ БАТАРЕЙ ЕЛЕКТРОМОБІЛІВ З УРАХУВАННЯМ ЇХ ВТОРИННОГО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ В ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОМУ СЕКТОРІ |
| title_full | WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR |
| title_fullStr | WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR |
| title_full_unstemmed | WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR |
| title_short | WORLD EXPERIENCE OF LEGISLATIVE REGULATION FOR LITHIUM-ION ELECTRIC VEHICLE BATTERIES CONSIDERING THEIR SECOND-LIFE APPLICATION IN POWER SECTOR |
| title_sort | world experience of legislative regulation for lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries considering their second-life application in power sector |
| topic | Lithium-Ion Batteries Second-Life Application EV Battery Life Cycle Circular Economy Repurpose Reuse Recycling Standards Regulation Legislation. |
| topic_facet | Lithium-Ion Batteries Second-Life Application EV Battery Life Cycle Circular Economy Repurpose Reuse Recycling Standards Regulation Legislation. літій-іонні батареї вторинне застосування життєвий цикл акумуляторів електромобілів циркулярна економіка перепрофілювання повторне використання переробка стандарти регулювання законодавство. |
| url | https://systemre.org/index.php/journal/article/view/836 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kostenkoganna worldexperienceoflegislativeregulationforlithiumionelectricvehiclebatteriesconsideringtheirsecondlifeapplicationinpowersector AT zaporozhetsartur worldexperienceoflegislativeregulationforlithiumionelectricvehiclebatteriesconsideringtheirsecondlifeapplicationinpowersector AT kostenkoganna svítovijdosvídzakonodavčogoregulûvannâŝodolítíjíonnihbatarejelektromobílívzurahuvannâmíhvtorinnogozastosuvannâvenergetičnomusektorí AT zaporozhetsartur svítovijdosvídzakonodavčogoregulûvannâŝodolítíjíonnihbatarejelektromobílívzurahuvannâmíhvtorinnogozastosuvannâvenergetičnomusektorí |