THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL
This study looks at how a Prosopis Juliflora methyl ester-powered one-cylinder direct injection diesel engine burns, works, and gives off emissions when titanium nanoadditives are added at two different concentrations: 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The test engine should be run at 1500 rpm continuously with 17...
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| author | Arunachalam, V. Naveenchandran , P. Balu , P. |
| author_facet | Arunachalam, V. Naveenchandran , P. Balu , P. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": " V. Arunachalam",
"institution": "Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India "
},
{
"author": "P. Naveenchandran ",
"institution": "Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India "
},
{
"author": "P. Balu ",
"institution": "Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India "
}
] |
| author_sort | Arunachalam, V. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:21Z |
| description | This study looks at how a Prosopis Juliflora methyl ester-powered one-cylinder direct injection diesel engine burns, works, and gives off emissions when titanium nanoadditives are added at two different concentrations: 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The test engine should be run at 1500 rpm continuously with 17.5 compression and 23-degree BTDC timing. A magnetic agitator and an ultrasonic converter are used to mix aluminium nano-additive materials. Due to the high surface-to-area-volume ratio of alumina particles with smaller-scale alumina nanometrics, combustion is boosted and emissions are minimised, according to experimental studies. Furthermore, the alumina blend greatly improved brake thermal efficiency, lowering fuel consumption by 6.56 percent initially and 7.37 percent thereafter. In terms of combustion efficiency, this leads to a modest reduction in NOx, CO, HC, and smoke emissions. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.4(79).135-139 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T11:39:46Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
135
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2024 | Біоенергетика
UDK 621 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2024.4(79)135-139
THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS
JULIFLORA BIODIESEL
Received Aug. 29, 2024; accepted Nov. 27, 2024
Available online Dec. 11, 2024
Arunachalam V.1, Naveenchandran P.2, Balu P.3
Author for correspondence: Arunachalam V.,
e-mail: arunachalamautophd@gmail.com
Abstract. This study looks at how a Prosopis Juliflora methyl ester-
powered one-cylinder direct injection diesel engine burns, works,
and gives off emissions when titanium nanoadditives are added at
two different concentrations: 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The test engine
should be run at 1500 rpm continuously with 17.5 compression
and 23-degree BTDC timing. A magnetic agitator and an ultrasonic converter are used to mix aluminium
nano-additive materials. Due to the high surface-to-area-volume ratio of alumina particles with smaller-scale
alumina nanometrics, combustion is boosted and emissions are minimised, according to experimental stud-
ies. Furthermore, the alumina blend greatly improved brake thermal efficiency, lowering fuel consumption
by 6.56 percent initially and 7.37 percent thereafter. In terms of combustion efficiency, this leads to a modest
reduction in NOx, CO, HC, and smoke emissions.
Keywords: Prosopis Juliflora; Diesel engine, Nanoadditives, Efficiency; Emissions, Performance.
1. Introduction of research work
There has been a significant increase in fossil-fuel depend-
ence and pollution levels over the last few years, prompting
researchers to look for a new, environmentally friendly fuel
alternative to complement the renewable source from sin-
gle-cylinder diesel injection systems used in agricultural,
manufacturing, and industrial engines. This significant reli-
ance on fossil fuels is linked to an increase in the number of
cars on the road worldwide [1]. Compression ignition en-
gines, in comparison to gasoline engines, produce a wide
range of emissions, including HC, CO2, NOx, and particulate
matter, as well as greenhouse gas emissions. Since 1970,
the Earth's temperature has risen by nearly 2°C, and green-
house gas emissions have increased at a rate of roughly 1.9
percent per year until only 2012. Alternative fuels are also
in demand in the agricultural, industrial, mining, and con-
struction industries. This prompted larger researchers
around the world to discover a new, potentially viable al-
ternative fuel source, hence increasing reliance on fossil
fuels [2], imposing stricter pollution rules, increasing fuel
consumption, and so on [3]. However, it should be noted
that at least every component listed above substitutes re-
newable oil for biodiesel or fossil fuels, boosting environ-
mental stability. [4] [5].
Sustainable development, biodegradation, and increased
conservation can all benefit from alternative natural fuel
sources. Biodiesel is the key component of various alterna-
tive fuel sources available to replace current mineral diesel
in terms of flash and lubricity, in part because it resembles
fossils. Despite the benefits, there were some downsides,
such as poor atomisation, increased fuel viscosity, piston
ring scuffing, and a longer inflammation time, all of which
contribute to higher NOx emissions and reduced thermal
efficiency. Using a single-cylinder compression lightning en-
gine, many studies tested combustion, performance, and
emission characteristics using various biodiesel sources [6].
However, increasing nitrogen oxide emissions are a com-
mon occurrence. Metal oxides have been studied as a fuel
addition in recent years, and it has been discovered that
combustion efficiency has increased significantly while the
spectrum has deteriorated.
Nano-scale additives (10–9 m) are important for improving
combustion and performance when combined with regu-
lated concentrations of 25–100 ppm. The influence of na-
noscale alumina particles was demonstrated in a three-fuel
blend consisting of diesel, biodiesel, and ethanol with var-
ied injection times [7]. The combustion of the alumina so-
lution was found to be significantly better at a later injec-
tion time than at a later injection time. Furthermore, the
application of aluminium nanoparticles significantly re-
duced HC, CO, smoke, and NOx emissions. In terms of en-
hanced combustion and power, the metal oxide-containing
compounds vastly outperformed those based on oxygen-
ated additives, according to [8] (diethyl ether, dimethyl
ether, etc.).
Several researchers have employed the methyl ester of
Prosopis Juliflora to partially replace mineral diesel as an
alternative fuel. An analysis of combustion, performance,
and emission spectrum was undertaken on the impact of
Al2O3 nanoadditives at 25 ppm and 50 ppm in this strategic
proposal.
1 Research Scholar
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8295-1211
2 PhD (Mechanical Engineering), Professor
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-6444
3 Researcher
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8253-6444
1, 2, 3 Bharath Institute of Higher Education
and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
136
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2024 | Біоенергетика
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Nanoadditives – synthesis process
The nanoparticles were made using a solvent gel combus-
tion process, which involved mixing a small amount of alu-
minium nitrate solution (0.5 mL) in distilled water (50 mL)
and mixing it in a magnet stirrer at first. For around 30
minutes, mix urea (0.05 M) with the aluminium nitrate so-
lution. The technique continues until pH 2 is achieved. The
pH of 6 was obtained using distilled water and sodium hy-
droxide (25 ml and 0.1 M, respectively). When the pH of 8
is reached, the clad gel formation will be extinguished. The
samples were now dried for 12 hours at 150°C in the tubing
oven, then stepped to 300°C for 2 hours, resulting in the
existence of nanoparticles.
2.2 Biodiesel and its fuel blends preparation
Batch transesterification is used to make Prosopis Juliflora
methyl ester, which contains raw polanga biodiesel oil and
catalysts for methanol treatment. To avoid moisture con-
tent, the procedure begins with a first heat treatment at 80
°C. Additional H2SO4 reactions diminish free fatty acids and
acid pre-treatment. For this, 0.6 percent H2SO4 (v/v) is
blended in at a speed of approximately 400 rpm for 2 hours
at 65 °C with 1.5 M of raw oil methanol. After settling for
24 hours in a conical flask, biodiesel and glyceryl are pro-
duced. To mix the nanoparticles, a 20-minute magnetic
pumping agitator is employed, followed by a 5-minute ul-
trasonic treatment (60 kHz/440 kW). Following the manu-
facture of the blend, test fuel attributes were assessed to
see if they met the American Society for Material Testing's
requirements (ASTM).
Table 1. Summarises the test engine's technical specs
Property Diesel
Prosopis
Juliflora
Molecular weight
(gm/mol)
160 918.54
Stoichiometric air
fuel ratio
33.5 N/A
Flame velocity (cm/s) 27 34
Auto-ignition
temperature (K)
534 700-830
Heat of combustion
(kJ/kg)
40.3 64
Density of gas at NTP
(g/cm3)
0.85 0.74
Octane number - 55
Cetane number 45-55 45
Boiling point (K) 550-630 340 - 405
3. Experimental diesel engine setup and its discussion
A single injection diesel engine is now being explored, which
is now widely used in a variety of industries, including agri-
culture and mining. A five-gas analyser is installed on the test
motor to detect HC, CO, NOx, smoke, and oxygen (AVL-437
C). Data gathering system for cylinder pressure and heat re-
lease rate research. The tests were carried out at five differ-
ent load intervals of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Mineral
diesel fuel is generated, it is concluded, to ensure homoge-
neity in the operation of two test fuels. The test engine's
schematics and configuration are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. The schematics and configuration of the test engine
137
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2024 | Біоенергетика
3.1 Uncertainty analysis
During the analysis, the experimental uncertainty, instru-
mental error, ambient condition, and parallax error were all
taken into account. Uncertainty analysis was used to esti-
mate the experimental accuracy. The percentage uncer-
tainty of the separate instruments was used to determine
other characteristics such as specific fuel consumption,
braking thermal efficiency, carbon monoxide, and smoke
opacity. The following equation was used to determine the
experiment's overall uncertainty analysis. [(BP)2 + (BTHE)2
+ (CO)2 + (CO)2 + (CO)2 + (CO)2 + (CO)2 + (CO)2 + (CO)2 +
(CO)2 + ( (HC) 2 + 2 (O2) +2 (NOx) 2 + 2 (smoke opacity) 2 +
2 (crank angle encoder) 2+(load)2+(pressure sen-
sor)2+(speed)2+(BSFC)] 1/2. To show the accuracy of the
experimental inquiry, uncertainty analyses are required.
Table 3 shows the uncertainty analysis of several instru-
ments.
Table 3. Uncertainty Analysis
PARAMETER
PERCENT
UNCERTAINTY
Pressure 1.0%
Speed 1.0%
Load 0.5%
Brake power 0.4%
Brake specific fuel consumption 0.8%
Brake thermal efficiency 0.5%
Hydro Carbon 0.3%
Carbon Monoxide 0.3%
Oxides of Nitrogen 0.2%
Smoke 0.8%
4. Results and discussions
4.1 Cylinder pressure
Figure 2. Display the variation of the in-cylinder pressure
Figure 2 depicts the in-cylinder pressure fluctuation at 100
percent engine load. The figure depicts the entire test fuel
mixture, displaying an analogue pressure spectrum nearby.
However, the maximum cylinder pressure is indicated for
Blend L (81.23 bar) and diesel (79.56 bar). Mineral diesel
has a lower pressure range due to the cut-off period, which
results in a stable combustion pressure followed by a re-
duced inclination to pressure [11]. Furthermore, the results
of Table 2 show that diesel fuel has a higher heat range,
which openly indicates the better fuel economy achieved
by diesel fuel, as well as indirectly representing the lower
peak pressure curve [12]. However, mixing nanoparticles at
concentrations of 25 ppm and 50 ppm increased thermal
conductivity in nanomixture-based fuel, potentially in-
creasing the peak pressure of mixed nanofuel [13]. In-
creased thermal mixture fuels may have resulted in a much
earlier start to fuel combustion, resulting in a higher in-cyl-
inder pressure. It's also worth noting that the nanoparticle
concentration in Blend L fuels rises from 25 to 50 ppm, and
the quick spike in maximum pulsation starts a little earlier.
The increased conductivity of test fuel paired with nanopar-
ticles can be attributed to an increase in the inflammatory
quality of the fuel. Several investigations with numerous
nanoparticles combining basic fuels [14] corroborated
these findings.
4.2 Brake Thermal Efficiency
Figure 3. The fluctuation of the brake thermal
efficiency
Figure 3 depicts the variation of BTE in diesel, Blend L, 25
ppm mixed Blend L, and 50 ppm mixed in all loading fuels.
100 percent engine capacity is recorded as a maximum BTE
of 32.19 percent for diesel, followed by 30,63 percent BTE
in Blend L+50 ppmAl2O3, 29,94 percent BTE in ppmAl2O3,
and 28,74 percent BTE in a clean Blend L mix. The lower fuel
viscosity and greater heat efficiency of blends compared to
other biodiesel blends are the main reasons for the display
of high-BTE diesel fuel. Furthermore, the 25 ppm Al2O3
mixture outperforms the BTE by 4.21 percent under high
loads, but the Al2O3 mixture outperforms the Blend L+50
ppm by 6.58 percent. This could be due to the use of nano-
138
Відновлювана енергетика. №4/2024 | Біоенергетика
additives, which increase gout atomisation and vaporisa-
tion, resulting in a higher BTE [15]. Furthermore, it's worth
noting that adding 50 ppm of nanoart to Blend L would re-
sult in a higher BTE, followed by 25 ppm of nanoart. The
addition of aluminium nanoparticles results in an oxygen
buffer [15], [16], and a strong catalyst with a typical con-
centration of 25 ppm and 50 ppm. . Researchers [9] did an
experiment on one-cylinder direct injection diesel engines
using Prosopis Juliflora biodiesel. They discovered that the
specific fuel consumption of Prosopis Juliflora biodiesel
brakes is 11% higher than that of good diesel fuel. Although
the HC and CO rates of Prosopis Juliflora methyl ester emis-
sions have decreased, NOx emissions have grown by about
33%. [10] experimented with a one-cylinder diesel engine
and found that 100 percent biodiesel is a preferable re-
placement for a diesel engine that is already in use. Almost
one thing to consider is the combined impacts of Al2O3 and
calophylluminophyllummethyll ester, despite the fact that
many studies have focused on Al2O3 as nano-additives and
biodiesel individually.
4.3 Oxides of nitrogen emissions
Figure 4. The fluctuation of NOx
Figure 4 depicts NOx emissions variation for nanoparticles
mixed with diesel, Blend L, and Blend L for all engine loads.
Because high temperatures are achieved at high loads, the
rise in load also resulted in an increase in NOx emissions.
Mineral diesel has lower NOx emissions than Blend Ls, 25
ppm mixed Blend Ls, and 50 ppm mixed Blend Ls, which can
be validated in its chemical structures [17]. This is owing to
the lack of oxygenators in diesel [18–19].
4.4 Smoke emissions
Figure 5 depicts the variation in smoke emission from 0 to
100% in all combinations during loading. With increasing
loads, smoke emissions increase significantly due to the es-
tablishment of several rich mixing zones in the combustion
chamber [1], resulting in less combustion and higher smoke
opacity [20] and [21]. Blend L creates 7.39 percent less
smoke than mineral diesel fuel, whereas the Al2O3 mix-
tures of 25 ppm and 50 ppm reduce smoke by 30.62 per-
cent and 41.97 percent, respectively, when compared to
mineral diesel fuel.
Figure 5. The fluctuation of smoke
Conclusion
Because of the high surface area-to-volume ratio in alumina
nanoparticles, 25 ppm and 50 ppm nanoadditions were
combed into Blend L during burning, resulting in higher
thermal conductivity and improved combustion efficiency.
When it comes to performance, the BTE pure Blend L blend
outperforms mineral diesel at first.
Because of the built-in oxygen, the emissions of the Blend
L combination were higher than those of mineral diesel.
Smoke emissions, which are solely due to the presence of
O2-puffer nanoparticles during combustion, now reduce
the risk of fuel-rich patches forming by 37.34 percent, along
with a narrower emission spectrum.
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| id | veorgua-article-496 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:14:43Z |
| publishDate | 2024 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/65/f8b2c76f819bfa0d35f4df0ec83a0f65.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-4962026-07-18T06:32:21Z THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL ВПЛИВ НАНОДОБАВОК НА ОДНОЦИЛІНДРОВИЙ ДИЗЕЛЬНИЙ ДВИГУН З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ БІОДИЗЕЛЯ PROSOPIS JULIFLORA Arunachalam, V. Naveenchandran , P. Balu , P. Prosopis Juliflora; Diesel engine, Nanoadditives, Efficiency; Emissions, Performance. Prosopis Juliflora; Дизельний двигун, Нанодобавки, Ефективність; Викиди, Продуктивність. This study looks at how a Prosopis Juliflora methyl ester-powered one-cylinder direct injection diesel engine burns, works, and gives off emissions when titanium nanoadditives are added at two different concentrations: 25 ppm and 50 ppm. The test engine should be run at 1500 rpm continuously with 17.5 compression and 23-degree BTDC timing. A magnetic agitator and an ultrasonic converter are used to mix aluminium nano-additive materials. Due to the high surface-to-area-volume ratio of alumina particles with smaller-scale alumina nanometrics, combustion is boosted and emissions are minimised, according to experimental studies. Furthermore, the alumina blend greatly improved brake thermal efficiency, lowering fuel consumption by 6.56 percent initially and 7.37 percent thereafter. In terms of combustion efficiency, this leads to a modest reduction in NOx, CO, HC, and smoke emissions. Це дослідження розглядає, як згорає, працює і які викиди має одноциліндровий дизельний двигун із прямим впорскуванням, що працює на метиловому естері Prosopis Juliflora, при додаванні нанодобавок титану в двох різних концентраціях: 25 ppm і 50 ppm. Тестовий двигун має працювати на постійних 1500 об/хв з коефіцієнтом стиснення 17,5 і кутом випередження вприскування 23 градуси BTDC (до верхньої мертвої точки). Для змішування матеріалів із нанодобавками алюмінію використовуються магнітний мішалка і ультразвуковий перетворювач. Згідно з експериментальними дослідженнями, завдяки високому співвідношенню поверхні до об’єму частинок алюмінієвих наноматеріалів, згоряння покращується, а викиди зменшуються. Крім того, додавання алюмінієвих наноматеріалів суттєво покращило ефективність теплового гальмування, що призвело до зниження витрати палива на 6,56% спочатку і на 7,37% згодом. У контексті ефективності згоряння це також призводить до незначного зниження рівня викидів NOx, CO, HC і димності. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2024-12-10 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/496 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.4(79).135-139 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 4(79) (2024): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 135-139 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 4(79) (2024): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 135-139 Відновлювана енергетика; № 4(79) (2024): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 135-139 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2024.4(79) uk https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/496/404 Copyright (c) 2024 V. Arunachalam, P. Naveenchandran , P. Balu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | Prosopis Juliflora; Diesel engine Nanoadditives Efficiency; Emissions Performance. Arunachalam, V. Naveenchandran , P. Balu , P. THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL |
| title | THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL |
| title_alt | ВПЛИВ НАНОДОБАВОК НА ОДНОЦИЛІНДРОВИЙ ДИЗЕЛЬНИЙ ДВИГУН З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ БІОДИЗЕЛЯ PROSOPIS JULIFLORA |
| title_full | THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL |
| title_fullStr | THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL |
| title_full_unstemmed | THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL |
| title_short | THE EFFECTS OF NANOADDITIVES ON A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE USING PROSOPIS JULIFLORA BIODIESEL |
| title_sort | effects of nanoadditives on a single cylinder diesel engine using prosopis juliflora biodiesel |
| topic | Prosopis Juliflora; Diesel engine Nanoadditives Efficiency; Emissions Performance. |
| topic_facet | Prosopis Juliflora; Diesel engine Nanoadditives Efficiency; Emissions Performance. Prosopis Juliflora; Дизельний двигун Нанодобавки Ефективність; Викиди Продуктивність. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/496 |
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