EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL
On a sunny day, the front side of the bifacial solar cells absorbs direct light and the back part absorbs diffused one. The effects of diffused and direct light and temperature on planar and optimally textured solar cells were studied by simulation. It was found that the temperature coefficient of t...
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| author | Aliev , R. Komilov , M. Gulomova , I. Mirzaalimov , A. Mirzaalimov , N. Aliev , S. Gulomov , J. |
| author_facet | Aliev , R. Komilov , M. Gulomova , I. Mirzaalimov , A. Mirzaalimov , N. Aliev , S. Gulomov , J. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": "R. Aliev ",
"institution": "Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
},
{
"author": "M. Komilov ",
"institution": " Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
},
{
"author": "I. Gulomova ",
"institution": "Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
},
{
"author": "A. Mirzaalimov ",
"institution": "Andijan State Pedagogical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
},
{
"author": "N. Mirzaalimov ",
"institution": "Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
},
{
"author": "S. Aliev ",
"institution": "Andijan Machine Building Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
},
{
"author": "J. Gulomov ",
"institution": "Andijan State Pedagogical Institute, Andijan, Uzbekistan"
}
] |
| author_sort | Aliev , R. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:22Z |
| description | On a sunny day, the front side of the bifacial solar cells absorbs direct light and the back part absorbs diffused one. The effects of diffused and direct light and temperature on planar and optimally textured solar cells were studied by simulation. It was found that the temperature coefficient of the textured solar cell has the lowest value when illuminated from both sides. In particular, the temperature coefficient of the optimal textured solar cell under front, rear and both side illumination is -6.31e-3 K, 6.47e-3 K-1 and -6.00e-3 K-1, respectively. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.2(81).97-105 |
| first_indexed | 2025-07-17T11:40:01Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
97
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
УДК 621.311 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2025.2(81).97-105
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL
Received Dec. 01, 2024; accepted Jun. 27, 2025
Available online Jun. 30, 2025
Aliev R.1, Komilov M.2, Gulomova I.3, Mirzaalimov A.4,
Mirzaalimov N.5, Aliev S.6, Gulomov J.7
Author for correspondence: Aliev Rayimjon,
e-mail: alievuz@yahoo.com
Annotation. On a sunny day, the front side of the bifacial solar
cells absorbs direct light and the back part absorbs diffused
one. The effects of diffused and direct light and temperature
on planar and optimally textured solar cells were studied by
simulation. It was found that the temperature coefficient of
the textured solar cell has the lowest value when illuminated
from both sides. In particular, the temperature coefficient of
the optimal textured solar cell under front, rear and both side
illumination is -6.31e-3 K, 6.47e-3 K-1 and -6.00e-3 K-1, re-
spectively.
Keywords: silicon solar cell, texture, diffuse light, direct light,
temperature, thermal coefficient.
1. Introduction
Today, the use of renewable energy sources to meet energy
needs is becoming urgent. Among renewable energy
sources, solar energy makes up a large share. Solar cells are
mainly used to convert solar energy into electricity. Cur-
rently, electricity from solar cells accounts for 4.5% of the
world's electricity [1].
Improving the performance of solar cells and reducing their
cost are among the main tasks of today. So far, the maximum
efficiency of a solar cell has reached 39.5% [2]. In industry,
96% of solar cells are made of silicon [3]. Because silicon is
one of the most common materials on earth. The efficiency
of the silicon-based solar cell is 29% according to the Shock-
ley-Quisser theory [4] and in the experiment [5] is equal to
26.8%. The optimal thickness of a silicon-based solar cell in
the industry is 175 μm [6]. To further reduce the cost of the
solar cell, it is better to use materials with a high absorption
coefficient in thin layers. One such material is perovskite [7].
Perovskite solar cells are very easy to synthesize [8] and the
efficiency is higher than that of silicon-based solar cells [9].
But their stability is very low, so they are not produced at an
industrial level [10]. Since almost all solar cell manufacturing
plants are silicon-based, scientists are interested in creating
silicon-based tandem solar cells [11].
There are mainly 3 types of losses in solar cells [12]: optical,
electrical and thermal. Optical losses include the reflection of
light from the surface [13], parasitic absorption [14], spectral
mismatches [15]. To reduce the amount of light reflected
from the surface2, SiO2, a SiNx, MgF2, and TiO2 optical layers
[16] and textures are created [17]. When the texture is cre-
ated, the depth of light absorption is also reduced, which al-
lows to reduce the thickness of the solar cell. Spectral mis-
match is eliminated by forming tandem structures of various
semiconductors in order of decreasing band gap [18]. Ac-
cording to the theory, the efficiency of a tandem solar cell
with an infinite layer can reach 68.7% [19]. Tandem struc-
tures also prevent parasitic absorption. Because high-energy
photons are absorbed in a layer with a large band gap, it is
more likely that high-energy electrons will reach the contacts
without thermalization. In addition, the spectral mismatch
was also reduced by introducing metal nanoparticles in the n
region of the solar cell [20]. A nanoparticle absorbs infrared
light and emits light in the visible range, that is, it modifies
the light spectrum [21]. Therefore, the spectrum of light ab-
sorbed by the solar cell expands. To reduce the amount of
recombination in solar cells, the front and rear sides are cov-
ered with passivating materials [22]. Because the surface of
the solar cell becomes active due to dangling bonds, the re-
combination rate is high. When the solar cell heats up, the
efficiency and the open circuit voltage decrease sharply [23].
Many cooling designs have been recommended to prevent
overheating [24].
The sunlight falling on the solar panel is mainly divided into
two spectrums: direct and diffuse. Diffuse light is formed
due to the scattering of sunlight in air molecules and its re-
turn from the ground [25]. Industrially produced solar cells
are mainly single-sided sensitive and the rear side is
1 Dr. of Science (Tech.), Prof.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-727X
2 PhD student
http://orcid.org/0009-0006-2080-3371
3 PhD student
http://orcid.org/0009-0007-6760-0018
4 PhD, Assoc. Prof.
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2846-1901
5 PhD, Assoc. Prof.
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-3710
6 PhD, Assoc. Prof.
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4494-8261
7 Assistant Teacher
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7516-987X
1,2,3,5 Andijan State University, Andijan, Uzbekistan
4,7 Andijan State Pedagogical Institute, Andijan,
Uzbekistan
6 Andijan Machine Building Institute, Andijan,
Uzbekistan
98
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
covered with a solid metal contact. A bifacial solar cell can
be formed by making the rear contact in the form of a grid
and covering it with an optical layer. Since infrared rays are
mainly absorbed by metal contacts, the thermal properties
of the solar cell can be improved by making the rear contact
in the form of a grid. In addition, direct light mainly falls on
the front side of the solar cell, and diffuse light falls on the
rear side. That is, there is an opportunity to convert dif-
fused light into electricity. Also, there is not much differ-
ence between the cost of single-sided and bifacial solar
cells. Hence, it is important to research and optimize bifa-
cial solar cells. Therefore, in this scientific work, a bifacial
textured solar cell was investigated using simulation for ge-
ometric optimization.
The article is structured as follows: method, results, discus-
sion, and conclusion. The method section describes the
steps of bifacial solar cell simulation and their theoretical
basis in detail. In the result and discussion section, the re-
sults obtained through simulation are scientifically proved,
and it is divided into four parts: optimal texture, planar and
textured bifacial solar cells, and the effect of diffuse light.
METHOD
Four tools of the Sentaurus TCAD program were used to
study the bifacial solar cell [26]: Sentaurus Device, Sentau-
rus Structure Editor, Sentaurus Visual or Sentaurus Work-
bench.
In the Sentaurus Structure Editor, we took the bifacial solar
cell shown in Fig. 1 and create a geometric model of the
system for making the same illumination for both sides. To
create a geometric model in Sentaurus Structure Editor, the
code was written in Tool Command Language (TCL). We
took the solar cell and used the loop operator to create the
textures on both sides. To provide the same intensity of
light to the front and rear sides, a silver reflector with an
angle 900 was installed on the bottom of the solar cell. A
rectangular silver reflector has a hypotenuse of 2L and a
height of L. L is the width of the solar cell. The light falling
on the open surface of width L is directed perpendicularly
to the rear side of the solar cell with the help of a silver re-
flector.
Direct AM1.5 and diffusion AM1.5 spectrums were chosen
as the light source. To passivate the front and rear sides of
the solar cell and reduce the reflection coefficient, both
sides were covered with 100 nm thick SiO2. The thickness
of the emitter and base regions were 1 μm and 18.35 μm,
respectively. Its width was 20 μm. Phosphorus atoms with
1e17 cm-3 and Boron atoms with 1e15 cm-3 were doped to
the emitter and base regions, respectively. 200 nm thick
highly doped n++ (1e18 cm) on the top of the emitter and
p++ (1e16 sm-3) layers on the bottom of the base were
formed to ensure good transport of electrons and holes to
the contacts. Textures were created on the front and rear
sides at the same time. The width of the textures was 1 μm
and it was not changed during the study. Texture height
was changed from 0.1 µm to 1.9 µm in 0.1 µm increments
to change the texture-based angle. Also, the case where
the height of the texture is 0 μm was considered as a planar
solar cell. The system was meshed in 2 different sizes in or-
der to increase the calculation efficiency and achieve con-
vergence. First, all regions were meshed with the same 0.5
μm size in the x and y directions. The p-n junction, contact,
and highly doped areas were meshed in the x and y direc-
tions at a finer size of 0.05 μm and 0.01 μm, respectively.
Fig. 1. A geometric model designed to illuminate the front
and rear sides of a textured solar cell
The necessary physical parameters of the materials used in
simulation in Sentaurus Device were given. As silver is ideal,
its reflection coefficient is taken as 1. Through this, the rear
and front areas of the solar cell were illuminated with the
same intensity of light. In this work, the solar cell was illu-
minated in 3 different positions: front, rear and both sides.
For this, 2 virtual light windows w1 and w2 were created on
Sentaurus Device (Fig. 1). Light was cast onto window w2
for front illumination only, and window w1 for backlight il-
lumination only. For equal illumination of the front and
back, w1 and w2 were illuminated at the same time.
THEORY
From a theoretical point of view, simulation of solar cells
can be divided into 2 phases: optical and electrical. Transfer
Matrix Method [27], Beam Propagation [28] and Ray Trac-
ing [29] methods are widely used for Optical Simulation. In
this study, the Ray Tracing method was used to determine
the optical properties of the solar cell, because the refrac-
tion of light between the textures and the refraction of the
light from the silver reflectors and falling on the rear of the
solar cell can be taken into account in the Ray Tracing
method. The optical boundary conditions between the
W1 W2
L L
900
99
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
solar cell and the air are determined using Fresnel coeffi-
cients given in formula 1 [30]. As an optical boundary con-
dition between air and the silver reflector, the reflection
coefficient was set to 100%. In this case, absorption and
transmission of light in the reflector was prevented.
1 2
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
1 2
1
2 1
cosβ cos γ
cosβ cos γ
2 cosβ
cosβ cos γ
cos γ cosβ
cos γ cosβ
2 cosβ
cosβ cos γ
t
t
p
p
n n
r
n n
n
t
n n
n n
r
n n
n
t
n n
−
= +
=
+
−
= +
=
+
(1)
Here: rt and tt – Fresnel coefficients for a transversely po-
larized electromagnetic wave, rp and tp – Fresnel coeffi-
cients for a parallel polarized electromagnetic wave, β – the
angle of incidence of the light beam.
Light is absorbed when it passes through a solar cell. In Ray
Tracing, 50,000 rays fell on the solar cell. When each ray
passes through the solar cell, its energy is reduced; that is,
part of the energy is absorbed by the solar cell. The
absorbed part of the energy is calculated by the Beer-Lam-
bert's law. The number of photons in the beam can be de-
termined by dividing the energy of the beam by the energy
of the photon in the corresponding spectrum. Not all ab-
sorbed photons form electron-hole pairs. The energy of
each photon is checked using the quantum yield function.
If the photon energy exceeds the band gap, it is absorbed
and forms an electron-hole pair. The resulting excitons are
separated due to the internal electric field created by the
p-n junction. That is, electrons and holes are affected by the
internal electric field in different directions. The internal
electric field and potential generated in the solar cell are
calculated using Poisson's equation given in formula 2 [31].
( )D A
q
p n N N
= − − − + (2)
Here: ε – the dielectric constant, n and p – concentration of
electrons and holes, ND and NA – concentration of donor
and acceptors, q – electron charge.
Electrons and holes also move due to the concentration dif-
ference, and this is called diffusion movement. The
transport of electrons and holes caused by the difference
in concentrations and internal electric field is calculated us-
ing the drift-diffusion model given in formula 3 [32].
( 1.5 ln ) ( ln )
( 1.5 ln ) ( ln )
n n C n n n
p p V p p p
J n E nkT m D n n
J p E pkT m D p p
= − + −
= + − −
(3)
Here: Jn and Jp – current density generated by electrons and
holes, mn and mp – effective masses of electrons and holes,
gn and γp – quantities determined using the Fermi function,
Dn and Dp – electron and hole diffusion coefficients, µn and
µp – mobilities of electrons and holes.
This research mainly focused on silicon-based solar cells. A
silicon-based solar cell has a large proportion of Shockley-
Read-Hall (SRH) and Auger recombination. The portion of
radiative recombination is almost less than 1%. Because sil-
icon has the indirect band structure. Therefore, only SRH
and Auger recombination in silicon were considered in the
model. SRH recombination occurs due to defects, and its
rate mainly depends on the doping concentrations and de-
fects. SRH is calculated for cases with 1-level, 2-level and n-
level defects. In the simplest case, it was calculated using
formula 4 for level 1 [33].
( ) ( )
2
,
1 1
n p i effSRH
net
p n n p
np n
R
n n p p
−
=
+ + +
(4)
Here: n – concentration of electrons, p – concentration of
holes, gn, cp – coefficients, tn,tp – lifetime of electrons and
holes, n1,p1 – concentration of electrons and holes in an en-
ergy level caused by a defect.
Auger recombination mainly depends on the concentration
of charge carriers. There is a big difference in the concen-
tration of charge carriers formed in a solar cell when only
one side is illuminated and when both sides are illuminated.
When both sides are illuminated, the concentration of
charge carriers increases, which means that the rate of Au-
ger recombination also increases. Therefore, Auger recom-
bination can play a key role in changing the parameters of
the solar cell. Formula 5 was used to calculate Auger re-
combination [34].
( )( )2
,
A
net n p i eff
R C n C p np n= + − (5)
Here: n – concentration of electrons, p – concentration of
holes, Cn,Cp – Auger coefficients. ni,eff – effective specific
charge carrier concentration.
Charge carriers are accumulated in the contacts and create
a potential difference. The potential between the metal
contact and silicon was calculated using the ohmic bound-
ary condition given in Equation 6.
,
2
0 0 ,
2
2
0 ,
2
2
0 ,
a sinh
2
( )
4 2
( )
4 2
D A
F
i eff
i eff
D A D A
i eff
D A D A
i eff
N NkT
q n
n p n
N N N N
n n
N N N N
p n
−
= +
=
− −
= + +
− −
= + −
(6)
100
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
Here: ni,eff – concentration of effective intrinsic charge car-
riers, φF – the Fermi potential at the contact.
RESULTS
4.1. Bifacial solar cell with planar and optimal texture
In this section, the photoelectric parameters of the opti-
mally textured and planar solar cell are compared in front,
back, and double-side illumination conditions. Fig. 2 shows
the I-V characteristics of the front-, back-, and both side-
illuminated planar (a) and optimally textured solar cells. In
almost all cases, the quality of the functional curvature of
the I-V characteristics is the same. The quality of the curve
of the I-V characteristic is mainly affected by the series re-
sistance and the parallel resistance. So, the series and par-
allel resistances did not change significantly when light fell
on the front, the rear and both sides.
A solar cell can be compared qualitatively based on the I-V
characteristic, but not quantitatively. Therefore, using the
I-V characteristics depicted in Fig. 6, the photoelectric pa-
rameters listed in Table 1 were determined. The open cir-
cuit voltage of the planar and textured solar cell changed
by almost the same amount under different illumination
conditions. The fill factor also decreased for the planar and
textured solar cell in the order of front, back, and both side
illumination conditions. However, the fill factor of the pla-
nar solar cell was higher in all lighting conditions. Because
the solar cell is textured, its active surface increases, so sur-
face recombination increases. Since the fill factor indicates
the quality of the surface, it is negatively affected by the
increase in surface recombination. The highest fill factor of
79.96% was achieved by the planar solar cell under rear
side illumination. Because the input atom concentration in
the emitter region and the base region is 100 times differ-
ent. Surface recombination is also a type of Shockley-Read-
Hall (SRH) recombination that depends on the input con-
centration. Therefore, the activity of the front surface
where the emitter is located, that is, the amount of surface
recombination, is higher than that of the rear surface.
When rear side is illuminated, the main charge carriers are
formed in the area near the rear surface, and when front-
illuminated, they are mainly formed in the areas near the
emitter. Therefore, the probability of recombination of
electron holes due to surface recombination during rear
side illumination is lower than in the case of front side illu-
mination. Therefore, the rear side illuminated planar solar
cell had the highest fill factor, and the front-illuminated tex-
tured solar cell achieved the lowest fill factor of 78.44%.
The highest efficiency was 21.29% for the textured solar cell
under front side illumination and the lowest efficiency was
15.42% for the planar solar cell under rear side illumination.
The efficiency of the textured solar cell under front and rear
side illumination was 21.29% and 19.26%, respectively.
Ohtsuka [35] determined that the efficiency of silicon solar
cell under front and rear side illumination was equal to
21.3% and 19.8%.
a
b
Fig. 2. I-V characteristics of a planar (a) and optimally tex-
tured (b) solar cell under front, rear and both side illumina-
tion
Table 1. Photoelectric parameters of planar and optimally textured solar cells under front, rear and both side illumi-
nation conditions
Front Rear Both
Planar Texture Planar Texture Planar Texture
Jsc, mA/cm2 25.73 32.54 23.38 29.64 49.06 62.18
Uoc, V 0.528 0.528 0.522 0.522 0.546 0.546
FF, % 79.55 78.44 79.96 78.78 79.83 79.05
η, % 17.07 21.29 15.42 19.26 16.89 21.20
Naturally, the short-circuit current of both solar cells in-
creased in the order of rear, front, and side illumination.
The double-side illuminated textured solar cell has reached
a maximum of 62.18 mA/cm2 short circuit current. Fig. 3
shows the distribution of absorbed photons in an optimally
textured solar cell with front (a), rear (b) and both sides (c)
illumination. During front illumination, photons were
mainly absorbed in the area near the p-n junction area, and
in the rear area, photons were absorbed mainly in the area
near the rear surface. Also, the maximum value of the con-
centration of absorbed photons is 9.17e21 cm-3 when the
front side is illuminated and 3.37e21 cm-3 when the back
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
si
ty
,
m
A
/c
m
2
Voltage, V
Front
Rear
Both
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
d
e
n
si
ty
,
m
A
/c
m
2
Voltage, V
Front
Rear
Both
101
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
side is illuminated. Due to this, depending on the type and
concentration of the input atom, the width of the bandgap
of silicon narrows. According to the Jain Roulston model,
the band gap of the emitter region is smaller than that of
the base.
a b
c
Fig. 3. Distribution of absorbed photons in a pyramidal textured solar cell with 0.8 μm high and 1 μm wide under front
(a), rear (b) and both (c) side illumination
4.2. The effect of temperature
The properties of almost all semiconductor devices are af-
fected by temperature, because the physical properties of
semiconductors are strongly related to temperature.
Mainly infrared rays in the light spectrum cause the solar
cell to heat up sharply. The rear contact of a traditional
solar cell absorbs infrared rays and causes a solar cell to
heat up. Because metal heats up when it absorbs infrared
light. The heat generated in the metal goes directly to the
base area of the solar cell. Silicon has a band gap of 1.12
eV, so it almost does not absorb infrared light. In bifacial
solar cells, the rear contact is not solid, so they heat up
more slowly than conventional solar cells [36]. This paper
investigates the effect of temperature on bifacial planar
and textured solar cells. In this study, the time-dependent
heating of the solar cell when illuminated was not studied.
The main focus is on calculating the properties of solar
cells at specific temperatures.
102
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
Solar cell properties were calculated between 250 K and
350 K with 10 K intervals. Textured and planar solar cell
open circuit voltage (Fig. 4), short-circuit current (Fig. 5),
current density at the maximum power point (Fig. 6), fill
factor (Fig. 7) and efficiency (Fig. 8) as a function of temper-
ature are depicted. According to the results, almost all pa-
rameters decrease linearly.
a b
Fig. 4. Temperature dependence of the open circuit voltage of optimally textured (a) and planar (b) solar cells under
front, back and both side illumination
a b
Fig. 5. Temperature dependence of the short-circuit current density of optimally textured (a) and planar (b) solar cells
under front, back and both side illumination
a b
Fig. 6. Temperature dependence of the maximum power of optimally textured (a) and planar (b) solar cells under front,
back and both side illumination
a b
Fig. 7. Temperature dependence of the fill factor of the optimally textured (a) and planar (b) solar element under front,
back and both side illumination
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
250 270 290 310 330 350
U
o
c,
V
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
0,65
0,7
250 270 290 310 330 350
U
o
c,
V
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
61,9
62
62,1
62,2
62,3
62,4
29
29,5
30
30,5
31
31,5
32
32,5
33
250 300 350
J
sc
,
m
A
/c
m
2
J
sc
,
m
A
/c
m
2
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
48,85
48,9
48,95
49
49,05
49,1
49,15
49,2
23
23,5
24
24,5
25
25,5
26
250 300 350
J
sc
,
m
A
/c
m
2
J
sc
,
m
A
/c
m
2
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
55,5
56
56,5
57
57,5
58
58,5
59
59,5
60
60,5
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
250 300 350
J
m
p
p
,
m
A
/c
m
2
J
m
p
p
,
m
A
/c
m
2
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
44,5
45
45,5
46
46,5
47
47,5
20,5
21
21,5
22
22,5
23
23,5
24
24,5
25
25,5
250 300 350
J
m
p
p
,
m
A
/c
m
2
J
m
p
p
,
m
A
/c
m
2
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
0,7
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,8
0,82
0,84
250 270 290 310 330 350
F
il
l
fa
c
to
r
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
0,72
0,74
0,76
0,78
0,8
0,82
0,84
0,86
250 270 290 310 330 350
F
il
l
fa
c
to
r
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
103
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
a b
Fig. 8. Temperature dependence of the efficiency of the optimal textured (a) and planar (b) solar element under front,
back and both side illumination
Using these graphs, the temperature coefficients of the
photoelectric parameters listed in Table 2 were calculated.
The temperature coefficient of open circuit voltage with
maximum -4.88e-3 K-1 and minimum 4.4e-3 K-1 values were
observed in rearside illuminated textured and both-side-il-
luminated planar solar cells, respectively.
Table 2. Temperature coefficients of photoelectric parameters of planar and optimally textured solar cell under front,
back and both side illumination conditions
kuoc,
10-3 K-1
kJsc,
10-5 K-1
kUmpp,
10-3 K-1
kJmpp,
10-4 K-1
kFF,
10-3 K-1
kn,
10-3 K-1
Front Planar -4.66 -2.1 -5.68 -5.3 -1.55 -6.18
Texture -4.66 -2.5 -5.68 -6.6 -1.68 -6.31
Rear Planar -4.83 -9.6 -5.68 -6.5 -1.45 -6.30
Texture -4.88 -1.3 -5.81 -7.0 -1.55 -6.47
Both Planar -4.40 -5.4 -5.45 -4.5 -1.46 -5.88
Texture -4.49 -7.1 -5.37 -7.0 -1.50 -6.00
Minimum value of the temperature coefficient of the effi-
ciency of 6e-3 K-1 corresponded to a planar solar cell illumi-
nated on both sides. The temperature coefficient of the ef-
ficiency decreased in the order of rear, front and double
side illumination conditions. In Tiedje's [37] work, it was
found that the temperature coefficient of the single-sided
sensitive solar cell is -5.4e-3 K-1. In Leonardi’s [38] experi-
ment, it was determined that the temperature coefficient
of the efficiency of the bifacial solar panel was 2.4e-3 K-1. In
the experiment, it was found that the temperature coeffi-
cient of the bifacial solar cell is lower than that of the single-
sided sensitive solar cell. So, this proves that our simulation
results are qualitatively correct. The temperature coeffi-
cient of almost all photoelectric parameters of the double-
side illuminated planar solar cell was the smallest among
other solar cells. So, in terms of temperature, a planar solar
cell under both side illumination is the most optimal. When
comparing the textured and planar solar cell, it was found
that the temperature coefficients of almost all photoelec-
tric parameters of the planar solar cell are smaller than
those of the textured solar cell in all illumination condi-
tions. This makes the planar solar cell more temperature
resistant. The effect of temperature on the solar cell can be
explained using phonons. When the temperature in-
creases, the vibration amplitude of the atoms in the crystal
lattice, that is, the phonon energy, increases. As the pho-
non energy increases due to scattering of phonons and
electrons, the mobility of charge carriers decreases. There-
fore, when the temperature increases, almost all parame-
ters of the solar cell decrease. The reason for the faster re-
duction of the open circuit voltage is that increasing of the
temperature causes the band gap narrowing. In a solar cell,
additional phonons occur mainly due to SRH recombina-
tion. The fact that the active surface of the textured solar
cell is more than that of the planar solar cell also proves
that the number of phonons generated in the textured so-
lar cell is large. Therefore, the photoelectric parameters of
the textured solar cell decreased more rapidly as the tem-
perature increased. In solar cells, heat is released mainly
due to recombination and movement of charge carriers.
The heat generated due to recombination is called recom-
bination heat and the heat generated due to the movement
of charge carriers is called Joule heat. Fig. 9 shows the Y-
axis distribution of the total amount of heat generated in a
textured and planar solar cell under front, rear, and both
side illumination conditions. The amount of heat generated
in the textured solar cell was found to be higher than that
of the planar solar cell in almost all illumination conditions.
This proves that the textured solar cell has high tempera-
ture coefficients.
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
250 270 290 310 330 350
E
ff
ic
ie
n
c
y
,
%
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
10,5
12,5
14,5
16,5
18,5
20,5
22,5
24,5
250 270 290 310 330 350
E
ff
ic
ie
n
c
y
,
%
Temperature, K
Front
Rear
Both
104
Відновлювана енергетика. №2/2025 | Сонячна енергетика
a b
c
Fig. 9. Thickness distribution of recombination heat released in planar and optimal pyramidal textured solar cells in front
(a), rear (b) and both side (c) illumination conditions
CONCLUSION
In this paper, a bifacial solar cell was investigated. The front
and rear sides of the bifacial solar cell were covered with
the same size textures. The effect of temperature on the
planar and optimally textured solar cell was studied. The
following new results were obtained:
- The lowest temperature coefficient was achieved by a pla-
nar solar cell illuminated on both sides;
- The temperature coefficient of the textured solar cell was
the lowest when both sides were illuminated;
- The temperature coefficients of the photoelectric param-
eters of the bifacial solar cell improved when the front and
rear sides were illuminated.
The light intensity was assumed to be unchanged. In further
research, it is desirable to study the effect of different light
intensity and duration of illumination on the properties of
the textured bifacial solar cell.
Acknowledgments
We thank the team at the Renewable Energy Source Labor-
atory, Andijan State University, for their help in completing
this work.
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|
| id | veorgua-article-530 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | Ukrainian |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:15:50Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/f3/23f7b4bddee0061be04af9830146acf3.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-5302026-07-18T06:32:22Z EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL Aliev , R. Komilov , M. Gulomova , I. Mirzaalimov , A. Mirzaalimov , N. Aliev , S. Gulomov , J. silicon solar cell, texture, diffuse light, direct light, temperature, thermal coefficient. silicon solar cell, texture, diffuse light, direct light, temperature, thermal coefficient. On a sunny day, the front side of the bifacial solar cells absorbs direct light and the back part absorbs diffused one. The effects of diffused and direct light and temperature on planar and optimally textured solar cells were studied by simulation. It was found that the temperature coefficient of the textured solar cell has the lowest value when illuminated from both sides. In particular, the temperature coefficient of the optimal textured solar cell under front, rear and both side illumination is -6.31e-3 K, 6.47e-3 K-1 and -6.00e-3 K-1, respectively. On a sunny day, the front side of the bifacial solar cells absorbs direct light and the back part absorbs diffused one. The effects of diffused and direct light and temperature on planar and optimally textured solar cells were studied by simulation. It was found that the temperature coefficient of the textured solar cell has the lowest value when illuminated from both sides. In particular, the temperature coefficient of the optimal textured solar cell under front, rear and both side illumination is -6.31e-3 K, 6.47e-3 K-1 and -6.00e-3 K-1, respectively. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2025-06-30 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/530 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.2(81).97-105 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 2(81) (2025): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 97-105 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 2(81) (2025): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 97-105 Відновлювана енергетика; № 2(81) (2025): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 97-105 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.2(81) uk https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/530/438 Copyright (c) 2025 R. Aliev , M. Komilov , I. Gulomova , A. Mirzaalimov , N. Mirzaalimov , S. Aliev , J. Gulomov https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | silicon solar cell texture diffuse light direct light temperature thermal coefficient. Aliev , R. Komilov , M. Gulomova , I. Mirzaalimov , A. Mirzaalimov , N. Aliev , S. Gulomov , J. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title | EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title_alt | EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title_full | EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title_fullStr | EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title_full_unstemmed | EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title_short | EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE PROPERTIES OF A BIFACIAL TEXTURED SOLAR CELL |
| title_sort | effect of temperature on the properties of a bifacial textured solar cell |
| topic | silicon solar cell texture diffuse light direct light temperature thermal coefficient. |
| topic_facet | silicon solar cell texture diffuse light direct light temperature thermal coefficient. silicon solar cell texture diffuse light direct light temperature thermal coefficient. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/530 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT alievr effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell AT komilovm effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell AT gulomovai effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell AT mirzaalimova effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell AT mirzaalimovn effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell AT alievs effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell AT gulomovj effectoftemperatureonthepropertiesofabifacialtexturedsolarcell |