Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics
Mechanical properties: The Vickers hardness and bending strength of porous biomorphic SiC (bioSiC) ceramics fabricated from different natural hardwoods were investigated. It has been found that these parameters are highly dependent on the geometrical densities of ceramics, and Vickers hardness va...
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Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України
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irk-123456789-1187322017-06-01T03:05:35Z Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics Kiselov, V.S. Borisov, Yu.S. Tryus, M. Vitusevich, S.A Pud, S. Belyaev, A.E. Mechanical properties: The Vickers hardness and bending strength of porous biomorphic SiC (bioSiC) ceramics fabricated from different natural hardwoods were investigated. It has been found that these parameters are highly dependent on the geometrical densities of ceramics, and Vickers hardness values can be well described using the Ryskevitch-type equation. It has been shown that the data of geometrical density bio-SiC ceramics can be used to estimate mechanical parameters such as bending strength. Materials with advanced properties appropriate for surgical applications are being designed. Further ways to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics and ceramic products have been discussed 2012 Article Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics / V.S. Kiselov, Yu.S.Borisov, M.Tryus, S.A Vitusevich, S.Pud and A.E. Belyaev // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2012. — Т. 15, № 4. — С. 386-392. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. 1560-8034 PACS 81.05.Je, 81.05.Mn http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/118732 en Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
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Mechanical properties: The Vickers hardness and bending strength of porous
biomorphic SiC (bioSiC) ceramics fabricated from different natural hardwoods were
investigated. It has been found that these parameters are highly dependent on the
geometrical densities of ceramics, and Vickers hardness values can be well described
using the Ryskevitch-type equation. It has been shown that the data of geometrical
density bio-SiC ceramics can be used to estimate mechanical parameters such as bending
strength. Materials with advanced properties appropriate for surgical applications are
being designed. Further ways to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics and
ceramic products have been discussed |
| format |
Article |
| author |
Kiselov, V.S. Borisov, Yu.S. Tryus, M. Vitusevich, S.A Pud, S. Belyaev, A.E. |
| spellingShingle |
Kiselov, V.S. Borisov, Yu.S. Tryus, M. Vitusevich, S.A Pud, S. Belyaev, A.E. Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| author_facet |
Kiselov, V.S. Borisov, Yu.S. Tryus, M. Vitusevich, S.A Pud, S. Belyaev, A.E. |
| author_sort |
Kiselov, V.S. |
| title |
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics |
| title_short |
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics |
| title_full |
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics |
| title_fullStr |
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics |
| title_sort |
mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics |
| publisher |
Інститут фізики напівпровідників імені В.Є. Лашкарьова НАН України |
| publishDate |
2012 |
| url |
http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/handle/123456789/118732 |
| citation_txt |
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics / V.S. Kiselov, Yu.S.Borisov, M.Tryus, S.A Vitusevich, S.Pud and A.E. Belyaev // Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics. — 2012. — Т. 15, № 4. — С. 386-392. — Бібліогр.: 22 назв. — англ. |
| series |
Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics |
| work_keys_str_mv |
AT kiselovvs mechanicalpropertiesofbiomorphousceramics AT borisovyus mechanicalpropertiesofbiomorphousceramics AT tryusm mechanicalpropertiesofbiomorphousceramics AT vitusevichsa mechanicalpropertiesofbiomorphousceramics AT puds mechanicalpropertiesofbiomorphousceramics AT belyaevae mechanicalpropertiesofbiomorphousceramics |
| first_indexed |
2025-07-08T14:33:07Z |
| last_indexed |
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1837089622456270848 |
| fulltext |
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
386
PACS 81.05.Je, 81.05.Mn
Mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics
V.S. Kiselov
1
, Yu.S.Borisov
2
, M.Tryus
1
, S.A Vitusevich
3
, S.Pud
3
and A.E. Belyaev
1
1V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, NAS of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
2E.O. Paton Electric Welding Institute, NAS of Ukraine, 03028 Kyiv, Ukraine
3Peter Grünberg Institute, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
Corresponding author e-mail: vit_kiselov@ukr.net
Abstract. Mechanical properties: The Vickers hardness and bending strength of porous
biomorphic SiC (bioSiC) ceramics fabricated from different natural hardwoods were
investigated. It has been found that these parameters are highly dependent on the
geometrical densities of ceramics, and Vickers hardness values can be well described
using the Ryskevitch-type equation. It has been shown that the data of geometrical
density bio-SiC ceramics can be used to estimate mechanical parameters such as bending
strength. Materials with advanced properties appropriate for surgical applications are
being designed. Further ways to improve the mechanical properties of ceramics and
ceramic products have been discussed.
Keywords: wood precursors, biomorphous SiC, Vickers hardness, bending strength.
Manuscript received 27.08.12; revised version received 25.09.12; accepted for
publication 17.10.12; published online 12.12.12.
1. Introduction
At the present time, the search for alternative materials
to conventional metallic implants (used in a variety of
biomedical applications) has become an increasingly
important task. Modern implants are fabricated from
titanium, cobalt, stainless steel and alloys of tungsten
and molybdenum. They are rather expensive and have a
number of drawbacks. Investigations are being
conducted on porous ceramic materials based on calcium
orthophosphates, zirconium, silicon nitride with SiC
whiskers and others for specific medical applications. In
this way, porous silicon carbides are emerging as an
important class of materials for a variety of biomedical
applications, including the development of dental and
orthopedic implants [ 51− ].
The mechanical properties of new materials,
including biomorphic ceramics, are very important
parameters. Depending on the specific region of their
application in the human body, materials for orthopedic
implants must have a wide range of elastic modulus
values from 0.01…2 GPa for cancellers up to
15…30 GPa for human cortical bone. At present, a
limited amount of data is available concerning the
mechanical properties of biomorphous SiC (bioSiC)
ceramics. Typically, properties of porous ceramics
depend on the pore fraction and morphology, as well as
on the properties of solid phase. Thus, the aim of this
work is to study the mechanical parameters of bioSiC
ceramics fabricated from different types of natural
hardwoods.
2. Fabrication of bioSiC samples
and measurement technique
Different types of natural hardwoods widespread in
Ukraine (Dicotyledonous angiosperms) with diffusive
porous patterns were selected. In particular, pear (Pyrus
domestica), beech (Fagus sylvatica), alder (Alnus
glutinosa), Persian walnut (Juglans regia) and European
hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) were investigated.
Samples from sapele wood (Entandrophragma
cylindricum) and pine softwood (Pinus) were prepared
for comparison.
The well-known liquid silicon infiltration (LSI)
technique [6-10] was used for fabrication of bioSiC
ceramic samples. Preparation of these samples began
with pyrolysis of wood precursors to form amorphous
carbon matrices. This was followed by infiltration and
reaction of the matrices with molten Si to form SiC. The
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
387
material that results from this process retains the
honeycomb-like microstructure of the original wood
precursor, which consists of tubular pores.
In this work, special attention was paid to
developing the method for fabrication of carbon
biotemplates appropriate for hardness measurements.
The samples with characteristic sizes of 14×14×200 mm
were prepared from sapwood in the growth direction of
the trunk to decrease dispersion of the results due to
difference in pore sizes as well as distance between the
growth rings. The samples of different woods were
subjected to pyrolysis in argon atmosphere at 900 ºC,
resulting in amorphous carbon pieces. This method
allows samples to be obtained with very similar pore
structures and growth ring sizes. The pyrolyzed carbon
was then sectioned into 8×8×12 mm pieces. The samples
with characteristic sizes of 5×5×45 mm were prepared
for bending strength measurements. Each sample was
placed into an individual graphite crucible with Si
powder. Infiltration of the samples with liquid Si was
performed at temperatures within the range
1750…1800 ºC. The forced impregnation process was
applied to achieve a uniform silicon distribution over the
whole bulk of a sample [10]. Each sample of a certain
type of the wood was infiltrated with different amounts
of excess silicon. It is known that the porous structure
and mechanical properties of biomorphous ceramics
depend on both the characteristic structure of the wood
used as a precursor and the ceramic composition
(amount of SiC, SiC+Si or SiC+C). The geometric
density of the ceramics is determined from the amount
of silicon used during the process. The optimum
correlation of the mass of silicon and mass of carbon for
100% transformation into silicon carbide is determined
by the chemical formula of SiC and molecular weights
of C (12 g/mol) and Si (28 g/mol). For 100%
transformation efficiency, the weight balance should be
equal to ψ = Si/C = 2.33. If we use ψ < 2.33, the SiC/C
composite and at ψ > 3.33 the SiC/Si composite was
formed, respectively. Thus, a set of samples of
biomorphous ceramics with different geometric densities
was prepared from each type of wood. The geometric
density was determined by measuring the volume and
weighing the samples. The Vickers hardness (Hv)
measurements were performed under a load of 0.05 kN.
Due to the inhomogeneity of the materials, different sets
of indentations were made in different regions. The
samples were polished prior to indentation. The indenter
print was measured by an optical microscope. Vickers
hardness Hv was calculated from the indentation load
and the indenter contact area.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Vickers hardness measurements
The surface of biomorphous ceramics is very non-
uniform and the results of hardness measurements
depend on a porous structure in the neighborhood of the
indentation print. This should cause sizeable dispersion
of the data. It can be seen from Fig. 1a that ceramics
fabricated from pine wood demonstrate considerable
inhomogeneity of structure. Two well-differentiated
regions can be observed: one that is totally dense,
corresponding to the annual ring, and the porous region
corresponding to the spring wood. Due to the
inhomogeneity of the material, a large scattering of
indenter print sizes is observed and, as a result, the
values of the measured hardness differ 8-9 times. A
question obviously arises concerning the applicability of
the Vickers method to such non-uniform samples. On
the other hand, ceramics fabricated from hardwoods with
diffusive porous patterns demonstrate a respectively
uniform structure. It can be seen from Figs 1b and 1c
that the scattering of indenter print sizes as well as the
values of the measured hardness is much smaller.
Moreover, in this case distinct regularities become
apparent in hardness versus density dependences. All
this allows us to assume that the Vickers method can be
used for the measurement and evaluation of properties of
bioceramics made from hardwood.
The results of measurements of ceramic hardness
as a function of density are plotted in Figs 2 and 3. It
should be noted that hardness of a sample in the
perpendicular direction is considerably lower than in the
parallel direction of growth.
It is known that mechanical properties of ceramic
materials strongly depend on their porous structure. The
Gibson and Ashby solid cellular model [11-13] is
generally used to analyze the properties of bioceramics
made from softwood (more than 70% porosity and
relatively homogeneous distribution of pores), while the
Rice model [14] is used for ceramics made from
hardwood. Relative loading in this model is described as
an exponential function of porosity:
N = N0exp(–ВP), (1)
where N is the strength of the porous material, N0 –
strength of the dense material, P – porosity, and В –
constant that depends on the shape of pores [15].
The elasticity modulus dependence is described by
the Ryskevitch equation [15]:
E = E0 exp(–АP), (2)
This may be used to estimate the influence of
porosity on the hardness of porous ceramics.
Assuming that
P = 1– ρg /ρs , (3)
where ρg is the density of the porous material and ρs is
that of the dense material, yields
Hv = Hv0 exp[–В(1 – ρg /ρs )], (4)
where Hv is the hardness of the porous material and Hv0
– hardness of the dense material, and B = 6.3, as
experimentally determined for SiC [15].
As a rule, biomorphous SiC/Si ceramics consist of
two components. Then it becomes obvious that such
parameters as Hv0 and ρs for specimens of a different
nature depend on their individual properties.
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
388
Fig. 1. Optical images of SiC/Si ceramics made from: (a) pine, (b) European hornbeam, and (c) beech. Indenter prints are shown
in insets, scale bar is 200 µm.
1.5 2.0 2.5
5
10
H
a
rd
n
e
s
s
(
G
P
a
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
(a)
1.5 2.0 2.5
0.1
1
10
H
a
rd
n
e
s
s
(
G
P
a
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
(b)
Fig. 2. Hardness results obtained as a function of geometrical density at ambient temperature. Ceramics made from:
(a) European hornbeam, (b) sapele wood. Upper lines correspond to orientations parallel to direction of wood growth, lower
lines correspond to orientations normal to growth direction.
Let the geometrical density of carbon matrices of a
specific sort of wood be ρС. It is known that under
complete transformation into silicon carbide the weight
of SiC in a unit volume is equal to РSiC = 3.33ρС, and the
volume occupied by SiC is VSiC = 3.33ρС/ρSiC. Residual
volume VSi = 1 – VSiC = 1 – 3.33ρС/ρSiC may be
completely filled up by silicon. The weight of silicon in
this volume equals РSi = ρSi(1 – 3.33ρС/ρSiC). Therefore,
the maximum total density of SiC/Si ceramics is ρs =
ρSi(1 – 3.33ρС/ρSiC) + 3.33ρС. Substitution of the values
of densities of Si ρSi =2.33 g/cm
3
and SiC ρSiC =
3.2 g/cm
3
yields
ρs = 2.33+1.04ρС. (5)
The fit of the hardness results obtained using
Eq. (4) and the ρs value corresponding to ceramics of a
particular sort of wood gives the value of Hv0. The
evaluation results are given in Table 1.
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
389
Table 1. Mechanical parameters, experimental and estimated data.
Material Geometrical density (g/cm3) ρs (g/cm3) H
v0 (GPa) Maximum value of bending
strength, BS (MPa) Carbon matrices Ceramics
Alder 0.50-0.55 1.0-2.2 2.89 6-15 220
Beech 0.45-0.55 0.9-2.4 2.89 10-20 260
European hornbeam 0.60 -0.65 1.2-2.6 2.99 15-30 290
Pear tree 0.45-0.55 0.9-2.4 2.84 14-25 260
Persian walnut 0.50-0.60 1.0-2.4 2.94 7-13 260
Pine 0.20-0.30 1.0-1.9 – – 170
Sapele wood 0.55-0.60 1.1-2.4 2.94 6-12 260
Ceramics from bunches of
carbon fibers
– 2.0-2.8 – – 330
Crystal 3C-SiC – 3.2 – – 400
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
0.1
1
H
a
rd
n
e
s
s
(
G
P
a
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
(a)
1.5 2.0
0.1
1
10
H
a
rd
n
e
s
s
(
G
P
a
)
Density (g/cm
3
)
(1)
(2)
(b)
Fig. 3. Hardness results obtained as a function of geometrical density at ambient temperature. Ceramics made from: (a) Persian
walnut and (b) alder. Upper lines correspond to orientations parallel to direction of wood growth, lower lines correspond to
orientations normal to growth direction.
3.2. Bending strength
The bending strength (BS) and Young’s modulus, E, of
bioSiCs were determined by using four-point bending
tests at room temperature. Table 2 gives the mechanical
properties of some specimens.
The measurement of bending and compressive
strengths results in fracture of the specimens, so it will
be useful to estimate such parameters from the
geometrical density. It can be seen from Fig. 4 that,
independently of the type of wood used for the ceramics,
the experimental data on the bending strength fit the
linear dependence well
BS (МPa) ≈ 178ρ – 170. (6)
Table 2. Mechanical properties of bioSiC ceramics.
Material Density
(g/cm3)
Bending
strength,
BS (MPa)
Young’s
modulus, E
(GPa)
European
hornbeam
2.43 180 292
Persian walnut
(porosity A)
1.20 32 93
Persian walnut
(porosity B)
1.65 40 102
Similar linear dependences for the bending strength
with the bioSiC geometrical density, elastic modulus and
compressive strength were observed in studies [16-19].
Therefore, Eq. (6) can be considered useful for
estimating the bending strength based on the known
geometrical density.
Fig. 4. Bending strength (BS) results measured as a function of
geometrical density at ambient temperature. Ceramics made
from European hornbeam (1) and pear tree (2). Open circles –
data from Ref. [16].
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
390
Fig. 5. Typical ceramic samples (а) and compound structure: (b) – SiC and Ti or stainless steel rods, (c) – SiC fabricated from
bunches of carbon fibers and carbon matrices from wood: pear tree (1), European hornbeam (2).
The experimental data and structural parameters for
ceramics made from different sorts of woods (Table 1)
demonstrate that the mechanical properties of bioSiC
ceramics depend on the properties of initial carbon
matrices and amount of excess silicon. Increasing the
amount of excess silicon leads to an increase in the
density of the ceramics and, hence, to an improvement
of the mechanical parameters.
4. Designs of products and methods
for reinforcement of ceramics
It can be seen from Table 1 that the mechanical
properties of the biomorphous SiC ceramics, especially
the bending strength, fail to meet all the requirements
imposed on the orthopedic implants. To improve these
properties, we suggest using a compound structure. Inner
metal (Ti, stainless steel) or ceramic rods can be used to
reinforce the bioSiC ceramics [20]. In such products, the
outer surface should be covered by the porous ceramics
providing osteointegration, and the inner rods should be
used to improve the mechanical properties. Fig. 5 shows
examples of various ceramic products designed for
applications in medicine.
Another way of improving mechanical properties
may consist in impregnating items made from bioSiC
ceramics with liquid Ti. Impregnation with Ti was
performed in a vacuum furnace at temperatures 1650 to
1700 ºC in He atmosphere. Fig. 6 shows the dependence
of the amount of Ti on the amount of Si. These data
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
391
0 50 100
0
50
100
R
e
la
ti
v
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
T
i
(%
)
Relative amount of Si (%)
1
2
(a)
Fig. 6. Relative amount of Ti vs. amount of Si at different points on the surface of the ceramics (a). SEM images of the
surface and distribution of characteristic radiation (b) of the ceramics.
were obtained by analyzing the element composition at
the selected points on the specimen surfaces. It is known
that the content of Si in stoichiometric SiC material is
70%. Therefore, Ti only precipitates onto the porous
points on the surface at Si < 70%, and no precipitation is
observed at Si > 70%. Hence it follows that the SiC/C
bioceramic without the excess silicon should be used for
impregnation with Ti. Impregnation of the SiC ceramics
with Ti may considerably improve their wear resistance.
Therefore, such types of materials are promising for a
broad range of applications.
5. Conclusions
Mechanical properties of biomorphous SiC ceramics,
such as Vickers hardness and bending strength, were
studied. It is shown that the properties of these materials
strongly depend on the geometrical density of the
ceramics. The dependence of the Vickers hardness of the
ceramics made from hardwood can be well described
using the Ryskevitch-type equation. The mechanical
properties of five wood-based bioSiC materials are
evaluated. Ceramic products for surgical applications
have been designed. To improve wear resistance, the
authors suggest impregnating porous ceramics with Ti.
The first results of in vitro and in vivo investigations
show that biomorphic ceramics are promising materials
for utilization in maxillofacial surgery and can replace
traditionally applied Ti [21, 22].
Acknowledgements
Team from ISP acknowledges financial support from
Ukrainian State Program “Nanotechnology and
nanomaterials”. S. Pud would like to acknowledge the
DAAD Foundation for financial support.
Semiconductor Physics, Quantum Electronics & Optoelectronics, 2012. V. 15, N 4. P. 386-392.
© 2012, V. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
392
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