IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS
The use of synchrophasors (μPMUs) for performing synchronized vector measurements in distribution electric power systems integrated with renewable energy networks is analyzed. This approach enables real-time monitoring and feedback on operational parameters, thereby allowing for timely detection of...
Збережено в:
| Дата: | 2025 |
|---|---|
| Автори: | , , , , , |
| Формат: | Стаття |
| Мова: | Англійська |
| Опубліковано: |
Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
2025
|
| Теми: | |
| Онлайн доступ: | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/547 |
| Теги: |
Додати тег
Немає тегів, Будьте першим, хто поставить тег для цього запису!
|
| Назва журналу: | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| Завантажити файл: |  |
Репозитарії
Vidnovluvana energetika| _version_ | 1871103962053083136 |
|---|---|
| author | Samkov, O. Koval , V. Vakas , V. Rybina , O. Samkov, B. Piskun , O. |
| author_facet | Samkov, O. Koval , V. Vakas , V. Rybina , O. Samkov, B. Piskun , O. |
| author_institution_txt_mv | [
{
"author": " O. Samkov",
"institution": "Institute of Electrodynamics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,"
},
{
"author": "V. Koval ",
"institution": "National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,"
},
{
"author": "V. Vakas ",
"institution": "Private Joint Stock Company «Kyivstar», Kyiv, Ukraine,"
},
{
"author": "O. Rybina ",
"institution": "Institute of Electrodynamics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine"
},
{
"author": " B. Samkov",
"institution": "Institute of Electrodynamics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine"
},
{
"author": "O. Piskun ",
"institution": "National Space Facilities Control and Test Center, Kyiv, Ukraine"
}
] |
| author_sort | Samkov, O. |
| baseUrl_str | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/oai |
| collection | OJS |
| datestamp_date | 2026-07-18T06:32:22Z |
| description | The use of synchrophasors (μPMUs) for performing synchronized vector measurements in distribution electric power systems integrated with renewable energy networks is analyzed. This approach enables real-time monitoring and feedback on operational parameters, thereby allowing for timely detection of islanded networks, improved reliability, and enhanced energy efficiency. We propose an intelligent computer-integrated system that provides continuous multichannel monitoring of synchronization parameters in real-time and generation of synchronization signals for synchrophasors in intelligent electrical systems and mobile communication means with increased reliability. To generate synchronization signals with increased resilience in war conditions, it is recommended to use special GNSS radio receivers, which should be developed with a focus on resilience, to unintentional failures and targeted attacks, as well as technologies of hybrid synthesis of synchronization signals and additional methods of synchronization signal sources’ reservation. The current publication addresses the issues of measuring, monitoring and digital data processing, redundancy of reference synchronization sources, and diversifying the processes of providing synchroni-zation signals for smart grids and mobile communications networks. The created automated computer-integrated system for multi-channel monitoring of synchronization signals aggregates digital data obtained from the software and hardware tools of various manufacturers and ensures prompt and reliable diagnostics of a status of the synchronization network both in normal operation mode and in emergency situations. The placement of synchronization devices will be planned taking into consideration geographical aspects, regional features, possible replacement of satellite radionavigation systems, and the use of a greater number of primary synchronization sources. The publication presents an analysis of the results of the procedure for switching over to backup source (alternative priority) in case of emergencies. Reference 28, fig. 2.  |
| doi_str_mv | 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.3(82).39-47 |
| first_indexed | 2025-10-01T01:30:52Z |
| format | Article |
| fulltext |
39
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
УДК620.91 https://doi.org/10.36296/1819-8058.2025.3(82).39-47
IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND
MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS
Received Jul. 17, 2025; accepted Sept. 22, 2025
Available online Sept. 30, 2025
Samkov O.1, Koval V.2, Vakas V.3,
Rybina O.4, Samkov B.5, Piskun O.6
Author for correspondence: Samkov Oleksandr,
e-mail: samkov@ied.org.ua
The use of synchrophasors (μPMUs) for performing synchro-
nized vector measurements in distribution electric power sys-
tems integrated with renewable energy networks is analyzed.
This approach enables real-time monitoring and feedback on
operational parameters, thereby allowing for timely detection of
islanded networks, improved reliability, and enhanced energy
efficiency. We propose an intelligent computer-integrated sys-
tem that provides continuous multichannel monitoring of syn-
chronization parameters in real-time and generation of synchro-
nization signals for synchrophasors in intelligent electrical
systems and mobile communication means with increased relia-
bility. To generate synchronization signals with increased resili-
ence in war conditions, it is recommended to use special GNSS
radio receivers, which should be developed with a focus on resil-
ience, to unintentional failures and targeted attacks, as well as
technologies of hybrid synthesis of synchronization signals and
additional methods of synchronization signal sources’ reservation. The current publication addresses the issues of
measuring, monitoring and digital data processing, redundancy of reference synchronization sources, and diversify-
ing the processes of providing synchroni-zation signals for smart grids and mobile communications networks. The
created automated computer-integrated system for multi-channel monitoring of synchronization signals aggregates
digital data obtained from the software and hardware tools of various manufacturers and ensures prompt and reli-
able diagnostics of a status of the synchronization network both in normal operation mode and in emergency situa-
tions. The placement of synchronization devices will be planned taking into consideration geographical aspects, re-
gional features, possible replacement of satellite radionavigation systems, and the use of a greater number of
primary synchronization sources. The publication presents an analysis of the results of the procedure for switching
over to backup source (alternative priority) in case of emergencies. Reference 28, fig. 2.
Keywords: intelligent electrical grid, renewable energy networks, mobile communications, signal synchronization,
measurement, multichannel monitoring, computer-integrated system, resilience, war.
ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВІДМОВОСТІЙКОСТІ СИНХРОІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ
ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ МЕРЕЖ ТА МЕРЕЖ МОБІЛЬНОГО ЗВ'ЯЗКУ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ЧАСУ
Отримано 17 лип. 2025 р.; рекомендовано до публікації 22 вер. 2025 р.
Доступно онлайн 30 вер. 2025 р.
Самков O.1, Коваль В.2, Вакась В.3,
Рибіна O.4, Самков Б.5, Піскун O.6
Автор для кореспонденції: Самков Олександр,
e-mail: samkov@ied.org.ua
Проаналізовано використання синхрофазорів (μPMU) для
виконання синхронізованих векторних вимірювань у роз-
подільчих електроенергетичних системах, інтегрованих
1 Dr. of Science (Tech.)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-8564
2 Dr. of Science (Tech.)
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0911-2538
3 Cand. of Science (Tech.)
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0378-9989
4 Cand. Sc. Tech.
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1544-7286
5 Lead Engineer
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-1978
6 Head of Dept.
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-9314
1, 4, 5 Institute of Electrodynamics of the NAS of
Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,
2 National University of Life and Environmental
Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,
3 Private Joint Stock Company «Kyivstar», Kyiv,
Ukraine,
6 National Space Facilities Control and Test
Center, Kyiv, Ukraine
1 д-р. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-8564
2 д-р. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0911-2538
3 канд. техн. наук
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0378-9989
4 канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1544-7286
5 пров. інж.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-1978
6 нач. відділу
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-9314
40
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
з мережами відновлюваної енергії. Такий підхід дозволяє
здійснювати моніторинг у режимі реального часу та зво-
ротний зв`язок щодо робочих параметрів, що дозволяє
своєчасно виявляти ізольовані мережі, підвищувати на-
дійність та енергоефективність. Пропонується інтеле-
ктуальна комп`ютерно-інтегрована система, яка забез-
печує безперервний багатоканальний моніторинг
параметрів синхронізації в режимі реального часу та ге-
нерацію сигналів синхронізації для синхрофазорів в інте-
лектуальних електричних системах та засобах мобіль-
ного зв`язку з підвищеною надійністю. Для генерації
сигналів синхронізації з підвищеною відмовостійкістю у
воєнних умовах рекомендується використовувати спеці-
альні радіоприймачі GNSS, які повинні розроблятися з ак-
центом на стійкість до ненавмисних збоїв та цілеспря-
мованих атак, а також технології гібридного синтезу сигналів синхронізації та додаткові методи
резервування джерел сигналів синхронізації. У цій публікації розглядаються питання вимірювання, моні-
торингу та цифрової обробки даних, резервування опорних джерел синхронізації та диверсифікації про-
цесів забезпечення сигналів синхронізації для інтелектуальних мереж та мереж мобільного зв`язку.
Створена автоматизована комп`ютерно-інтегрована система багатоканального моніторингу сигна-
лів синхронізації агрегує цифрові дані, отримані від програмно-апаратних засобів різних виробників, і
забезпечує оперативну та надійну діагностику стану мережі синхронізації як у нормальному режимі
роботи, так і в аварійних ситуаціях. Розміщення пристроїв синхронізації планується з урахуванням ге-
ографічних аспектів, регіональних особливостей, можливої заміни супутникових радіонавігаційних сис-
тем та використання більшої кількості первинних джерел синхронізації. У публікації представлено ана-
ліз результатів процедури перемикання на резервне джерело (альтернативний пріоритет) у разі
виникнення аварійних ситуацій. Посилань 28, рис. 2.
Ключові слова: інтелектуальна електрична мережа, мережі відновлюваної енергії, мобільний зв’язок,
синхронізація сигналів, вимірювання, багатоканальний моніторинг, комп'ютерно-інтегрована сис-
тема, відмовостійкість, війна.
1. Problems of improving the reliability of synchroinfor-
mation systems of critical infrastructure in emergencies
The operation of trunk, interstate, and distribution power
grids, both in normal operation mode and in emergencies,
is carried out by using an automated process control sys-
tem (substations) based on the measurement results of op-
erating parameters [1] performed by synchrophasors (PMU
- Phasor Measurement Unit). The digital data received from
the PMU measuring equipment installed at power grid sub-
stations is processed in real-time mode by a system of con-
tinuous measurement of the parameters and their record-
ing – WAMS (Wide Area Monitoring System), which makes
it possible to virtually display the key indicators in the form
of vector diagrams of increased accuracy [2]. The use of the
WAMS system increases the observability of the electric
power grid, contributing to a clear detection of instability
and disturbances [3].
The examples of practical implementation of the results of
innovative research and the first applications of the solu-
tions that served to transform power grids into very reliable
and safe systems are given in a collective monograph (ed-
ited by Stuart Borlase) [4]. These solutions are based on im-
proving grid controllability by creating a synchronized PMU
infrastructure (NASPI or NASPInet). The monograph [4]
states: “NASPI’s mission is to improve power system relia-
bility and visibility by creating a robust, widely available and
secure synchronized data measurement infrastructure for
the interconnected North American electric power system
with associated analysis and monitoring tools for better
planning and operation, and improved reliability”.
In distribution power grids, the use of the technology of
synchronous vector measurements by PMU is complicated
due to a large number of nodes, short distances, small dif-
ferences in amplitudes and angles between the nodes,
faster dynamics, and a lack of standard documentation.
These difficulties have led to the development of new high-
precision measurement systems, the so-called microphasor
measurement units (μPMU) or distribution-level PMUs (D-
PMUs) [5]. These devices can measure synchronized volt-
age and current vectors (both amplitude and phase) in real
time with higher resolution and accuracy. The high accu-
racy and sampling rate of μPMU measurements make it
possible to use them to detect MicroGrid islands and im-
prove grid stability by using the proposed intelligent algo-
rithms [6]. The use of microPMU devices in distribution net-
works is considered by scientists from the Faculty of
Electrical Engineering at Sonsil University (Seoul, Korea) [7].
In particular, it is noted that taking into account the price
indicators of PMU equipment, they were used mainly on
4 канд. техн. наук
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1544-7286
5 пров. інж.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0080-1978
6 нач. відділу
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2009-9314
1, 4, 5 Інститут електродинаміки НАН України,
Київ, Україна,
2 Національний університет біоресурсів і
природокористування України, Київ, Україна,
3 Приватне акціонерне товариство “Київстар”,
Київ, Україна,
6 Національний центр управління та випробу-
вань космічних засобів, Київ, Україна
41
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
trunk networks. Attention is focused on the use of μPMU
devices in distribution networks with renewable energy
sources, which ensures increased reliability and resilience
of networks, cost savings, and environmental and political
benefits. The authors of the article [7] conclude that the use
of μPMU is important in power distribution systems inte-
grating networks with renewable energy sources.
The results of a comprehensive study of modern μPMU
technology [8] confirmed its effectiveness. The authors of
the article [8] note that with the increasing penetration of
renewable energy sources, which are controversial in na-
ture, it is necessary to have the hardware and software that
can monitor and provide real-time feedback on the operat-
ing parameters of electricity grids. These parameters can
maintain the stability of electricity production and that of
the grid. In the article [8], scientists from India conclude
that it is necessary to create a relevant unit that would not
only increase the efficiency of the practice of using μPMU
technologies but also raise the automation of all aspects of
electricity generation, transmission, and distribution to a
new level [8].
In Ukraine, in 2021-2022, the National Energy Company
Ukrenergo deployed the WAMS system with 24 PMUs at 20
substations, one NPP, and four substations of European op-
erators and piloted the Inertia Monitoring Application [3].
The presentation [3], delivered at the RSA 2024 conference
(RSA Conference is a state-owned company, one of the
largest system operators in Europe), also notes that it was
planned to install additional PMUs at 25 Ukrenergo substa-
tions and connect generating capacities in the future. Im-
plementing the WAMS system with PMU measuring equip-
ment is one of the key elements of reaching the dispatch
control level that would meet European standards and syn-
chronizing the Ukrainian Power System with the European
ENTSO-E [2].
The analysis of the conducted studies makes it possible to
assert a tendency to expand the use of synchronous vec-
tor measurement technology at various power facilities
and increase the number of PMU equipment, along with
putting stricter requirements to the same [3-8]. To meet
the requirements for generating discrete time instants at
which synchronized measurements of voltage and current
phasors are performed, dedicated synchronization de-
vices, synchronization networks, and computer-inte-
grated systems are used. It is crucial to carry out simulta-
neous, specified at the corresponding discrete time
instants, i.e. synchronized, vector measurements in PMU
equipment that is geographically distributed across power
facilities. The problem of determining discrete time in-
stants at each site where the PMU equipment was in-
stalled, is solved by using synchronization signals, which
essentially make it possible to resolve time uncertainties
[1, 4, 9-15]. The international standards IEEE C37.118.1-
2011, IEEE C37.118.2-2011 define an accuracy of ±1 mi-
crosecond for synchronization signals in synchronized
vector measurements with PMU equipment. If the time
parameters of synchronization signals deteriorate, the
technical performance of both control systems and, ac-
cordingly, the intelligent electric power grids they control
will be degraded. This dependence affects the energy sup-
ply and energy efficiency, which necessitates the use of
modern time synchronization devices along with high-
quality tools for monitoring the parameters of the syn-
chronization signals they generate [9-15].
The problem of high-quality and reliable provision of PMU
equipment with time synchronization signals for measuring
voltage values and shapes of the signals in real time has
been studied by foreign and domestic experts. For exam-
ple, the results of the Synchrophasor technology research,
which was conducted by NASPI (North American Synchro-
phasor Initiative) members and is based on the use of time
synchronization signals generated from the data of the
global positioning system (GPS) in PMU equipment, are
presented in publications [12, 13]. The approaches to using
Synchrophasor technology in power supply systems using
time synchronization signals to synchronize geographically
distributed elements of power supply systems are pro-
posed, and the basic requirements for synchronization pro-
cesses are formulated. Practical recommendations have
been developed within the framework of Synchrophasor
technology to ensure the required measurement accuracy,
stability, and reliability of the measuring instruments, over-
all safety in the use of power supply systems, compliance
with existing standards, cost optimization, nomenclature of
software products for the implementation of this technol-
ogy [12, 13].
It is important that the common method of using Global
Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) radio receivers as the
sources of positioning, navigation and time (PNT) infor-
mation to generate time synchronization signals, which
solves the accuracy problem for many critical infrastructure
tasks, cannot always provide the required reliability. This
method of generating time synchronization signals has a
significant drawback that is a significant dependence on the
characteristics of the open radio signal propagation envi-
ronment. The analysis of the studies confirms the presence
of this dependence and determines its impact on the syn-
chronization systems of critical infrastructure [16-19].
An assessment of the dependencies of critical infrastruc-
ture’s synchronization systems in the financial and tele-
communications industries of the United States in case of a
GPS failure is presented in [17]. The emphasis is placed on
the dependence of critical infrastructure systems, which of-
ten cannot function properly without accurate time signals,
and timing system failures can have serious consequences
with potential threats, including economic losses, reduced
security, and loss of human life.
The publication [14] discusses the results that the IEEE
P1952 working group used to develop “voluntary” stand-
ards based on the use of GPS and other global navigation
satellite systems (GNSS) for the widespread implementa-
tion of positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services at
42
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
critical infrastructure facilities in many high-tech sectors of
the economy, including power grids and telecommunica-
tions infrastructure. The comprehensive, cybersecurity-
based approach to PNT resilience proposed in the publica-
tion, without providing specific implementation examples,
is intended to ensure the widespread application of the Re-
silient PNT Conformance Framework, which is focused on
achieving the final result. This approach should, in the long
run, reduce the vulnerability of PNT user devices (UEs) that
were not designed with a focus on resilience to uninten-
tional failures and targeted attacks [14].
In Ukraine, the issues of highly reliable provision of syn-
chroinformation signals to the generating capacities of in-
telligent electric power grids, as well as to consumers in
other sectors of the economy, were considered through the
creation of a unified national synchroinformation system
[16]. In today's conditions, the practical implementation of
the full-scale unified national system, both within the coun-
try's borders and in the areas of use, is complicated. Analy-
sis of the domestic publications suggests that it is problem-
atic to create even a separate synchronization complex
based on a network of NTP and PTP servers with master
servers synchronized with UTC(UA), the national time
standard of Ukraine, which was supposed to be an alterna-
tive to the GPS synchronization. This situation occurred
even though the National Research Center “Institute of Me-
trology” formulated “requirements for serious reorganiza-
tion and organizational measures” in order to create a syn-
chronization complex “as an alternative to GPS
synchronization - the best way to develop the Time and Fre-
quency Service” [20]. Instead, the results of the develop-
ment and trial operation of a “subsystem for providing uni-
form time to military consumers, which is based on the
national standard of time and frequency units, the original
standard of time and frequency units of the Armed Force of
Ukraine with the use of precision time servers and fiber-op-
tic technologies for the transmission of time synchroniza-
tion signals via PTP and NTP protocols over the packet data
networks - Ethernet” confirmed the possibility of transmit-
ting the reference time and frequency synchronization sig-
nals [21].
Significant and effective results have been obtained by do-
mestic specialists in solving the problems of providing syn-
chronization information for cellular communication
means [10, 22]. The 2G/GSM, 3G and 4G/LTE mobile com-
munication technologies introduced in Ukraine are pro-
vided with synchronization information transmitted by ap-
propriate signals. Highly stable generators, synchronization
devices, telecommunication channels, and special control
and measuring equipment are used to generate synchroni-
zation signals [10, 22]. A set of elements and links between
them form an integral structure, i.e. synchronization sys-
tem, which, thanks to synchronization information, pro-
vides a solution to temporal uncertainty in geographically
distributed devices. To ensure the possibility of generating
synchronization signals with unified indicators and provi-
sion of quality mobile communication services in war con-
ditions, the measures to back up the synchronization net-
work have been taken [10, 22]. Thus, domestic specialists,
in war conditions, and in other emergency and abnormal
situations, have accumulated practical experience in the
design and operation of synchronous systems of cellular
communication.
The positive experience gained in the creation of syn-
chroinformation systems of various telecommunication
means in Ukraine [9-11, 16, 22] is recommended to be
used in the process of developing the measures to im-
prove the stability and reliability of intelligent electric
power grids. It should be taken into account that after the
transition and further synchronous operation of the IPS of
Ukraine with ENTSO-E, the functioning of intelligent elec-
tric power grids is directly related to the quality indicators
of time synchronization signals (accuracy, stability) and
reliability of the information transmitted by them [3, 9-11,
16]. According to the NPC standard 20.261:2021 “Tech-
nical Policy of NPC Ukrenergo in the Development and Op-
eration of Trunk and Interstate Power Grids”, time syn-
chronization should be implemented both at substations
with outdated equipment and at new substations [23].
Also, a similar time synchronization should be performed
in the automated process control systems of 220-750 kV
substations of the IPS of Ukraine.
Taking into account the fact that in war conditions, and
other emergency and abnormal situations, the likelihood of
impact on time synchronization signals increases signifi-
cantly, additional organizational and technical measures
are needed. One of such measures may be the use of spe-
cial GNSS radio receivers proposed by the developers of
“voluntary” standards, which should be designed with a fo-
cus on resilience and may be more resistant to uninten-
tional failures and targeted attacks [14].
In order to increase resilience of the synchronous infor-
mation system for intelligent electric power grid, which
is very important in war conditions, it is proposed to use
a device for multichannel monitoring of synchronous in-
formation, a smart system for collecting and processing
monitoring data, and a device for hybrid synthesis of
synchronous signals in the system structure (Fig. 1). The
proposed structure of the synchroinformation system
will make it possible to diversify synchronous infor-
mation support and create an intelligent computer-inte-
grated system for multichannel monitoring of synchroni-
zation signal parameters. The intelligent computer-
integrated system will provide simultaneous monitoring
of several such signals, viewing of measurement data,
their recording on storage devices and generation of in-
formation to support decision-making in order to in-
crease the reliability of synchronization information of
the intelligent electric power grid.
43
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
Fig. 1. Structure of the synchroinformation system for intelligent electric power grid
2. Results of the development and implementation of
measures to improve the reliability of synchronization
system in the cellular network in war conditions
The next stage in mobile communication development,
which is 4G/LTE Advance and 5G technologies, requires
synchronization of signals with increased accuracy (up to
one nanosecond instead of one microsecond) and requires
a reduction in network delays (up to microseconds instead
of milliseconds) with an increase in the number of synchro-
nization units in the network [22].
The most advanced synchronization networks today are
those that provide a reference frequency and accurate time
to 2G/3G/LTE mobile base stations. Frequency synchroni-
zation (synchronization, i.e. frequency or clock synchroni-
zation) is a remote comparison of clocks using the PTP (Pre-
cision Time Protocol) protocol in a packet network in
combination with differentiation of time errors [22, 24-26].
Asynchronous data transmission methods and technology
protocols have led to the introduction of new stability pa-
rameters of synchronization signals that enable the evalua-
tion of stability quality in a packet environment. Measure-
ments in the packet environment are based on the data
calculation required not only to evaluate the accuracy of
time verification and frequency stability, but also to evaluate
such network parameters as two-way and one-way packet
delay, as well as PDV (Packet Delay Variation) [22, 24].
With the move to IP/MPLS packet networks, synchroniza-
tion methods have also changed radically, with new types
of reference signal transport, new protocols, new types of
synchronization equipment, and even new stability param-
eters for evaluating reference signals and synchronization
equipment.
In the development process of synchronization network
based on the PTP protocol, the following factors that ensure
the quality and reliability of this network were identified:
planning the placement of top-level PTP servers that is pri-
mary clocks (GrandMaster); ensuring the necessary reserva-
tion (both on the hardware level of the PTP server and in the
network); as well as conducting monitoring measurements
of stability parameters. To organize the planning of PTP syn-
chronization network, it is necessary to consider the require-
ments of ITU-T G.8261.1 Recommendation [27] in terms of
the number of retransmissions. The maximum number of re-
transmissions can be up to five or up to ten, depending on
the selected switching principle on IP/MPLS routers [22, 24].
The second limiting factor is the number of base stations
served (actually PTP clients or “ordinary clocks”) by one PTP
server. As a rule, available PTP servers can provide the
proper quality for up to 1,000 PTP clients (depending on the
manufacturer) [22]. However, a PTP server should never be
loaded to its maximum capacity, as in this case network re-
dundancy becomes more difficult to implement. Network re-
dundancy refers to the capability of servicing the PTP clients
of one PTP server by neighboring ones in case of an emer-
gency [16, 22, 24]. Thus, a rational solution assumes planning
of PTP servers to operate at 50% load (usually up to 500 base
stations/PTP clients per PTP server). The experience of PTP
technology implementation shows that for small neighbor-
ing regions of Ukraine one PTP server is sufficient, for larger
regions – two, and for the largest ones (including a city with
over one million inhabitants) – four. This allows for providing
backup sources from neighboring regions. It should also be
noted that PTP servers themselves must have hardware-
level redundancy: two power supplies, two high-stab-ility os-
cillators (Rb or OCXO), two GNSS receivers
(GPS/GLONSS/Galileo/BeiDou) or one GNSS receiver plus an
external input of 2MHz/1E1 synchronization reference signal
SYNCHROSIGNALS
GNSS№1
MULTI-CHANNEL
SYNCHRONOUS
INFORMATION
MONITORING
DEVICE
TDM network
State time
and frequency
standard
Reference
signal
Intelligent system for fault
detection and data processing
monitoring
(optimization, forecasting,
decision-making)
In.1
In.K
Reference signal generator
GNSS№2
DEVICE
OF HYBRID
SYNTHESIS
FOR SYNCHRONOUS
SIGNALS
Monitoring
Results
In.2
OUTPUT
SYNCHRONOU
S SIGNALS
GENERATOR
#1
#2
#N
.
.
.
.
.
.
D
ig
it
al
d
at
a,
th
at
is
t
ra
n
sm
it
te
d
to
/f
ro
m
t
h
e
se
rv
er
#1
#2
#М
.
.
.
#1
#2
#L
.
.
.
In.K+1
ІР-network Alternative
synchronizati
on jacks
44
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
from a classic TDM synchronization network (with cesium
primary reference sources and GNSS backup) [15]. This will
ensure high-quality reference signals for quite a long time.
Planning and redundancy considerations for a PTP synchro-
nization network to support 4G/LTE and 5G mobile commu-
nication are generally similar to the previously developed
principles. However, there are several significant differ-
ences. According to ITU-T G.8275.1/ G.8275.2 Recommen-
dations [28], phase synchronization and microsecond accu-
racy must be ensured at each base station. To achieve this,
the required accuracy must be delivered directly to the
base station. This is possible when using an additional
equipment known as “boundary clock” (BC). BCs are placed
between PTP servers and PTP clients. Each region will re-
quire from two to five BCs (depending on the number of
base stations in the region). Also, 4G/LTE and 5G technolo-
gies will require updating a software of the existing PTP
servers and improving of their primary accuracy. This will
be achieved by installing a new PRTC (Primary Reference
Time Clock) – a version of PRC for IP network and phase
synchronization, as specified in ITU-T G.8272.1 Recommen-
dation. The projected number of PRTCs for Ukrainian net-
works is between three and five units per operator, located
in different regions. Furthermore, when planning a PTP syn-
chronization network, it is necessary to take into account
both the unicast (G.8275.2) [28] and multicast (G.8275.1)
operation modes of the phase synchronization equipment.
The indicated functioning dependence of the complex of
high-tech facilities on synchronous information necessi-
tates the development and implementation of modern
means for measuring the quality of synchronization signals,
as well as the creation of an automated computer-inte-
grated system with machine intelligence (computational,
artificial), which will ensure the possibility of effective im-
plementation of the multichannel monitoring technology
of synchronization devices geographically distributed over
the network objects [15, 16].
To ensure uninterrupted operation of synchroinformation
systems in war conditions, the planning of synchronization
network must take into account certain criteria, must in-
clude the redundancy for reference sources of synchroniza-
tion signals and the appropriate switching over to the re-
dundancy in case of an emergency and network overload
due to the traffic. This mode of network operation is classi-
fied as an intensive operation mode. It is also necessary to
continuously monitor (measure) stability parameters of
synchronization signals in the network in intensive opera-
tion mode for a timely assessment of the performance of
the network and synchronization equipment, and for ade-
quate response to emergencies . In addition, it is necessary
to have backup sources of synchronization reference sig-
nals in case of prolonged absence of signals from GNSS ra-
dio navigation systems [15]. For GNSS backup, precession-
ary cesium oscillators are the most appropriate. For
multicast mode, in this case, a long-term phase storage
functionality is required. Such devices are already available
from vendors. The technology of multi-channel monitoring
is not an alternative to the existing synchronization meas-
uring tools, which may be from different manufacturers
and of different generations; on the contrary, it performs
an integration function, at least in the information and an-
alytical sense. It is recommended to use the measurement
functions of the synchronization devices operating on the
network through the existing control systems of these de-
vices. Given the above, an automated computer-integrated
system for multi-channel monitoring of synchronization
signals is hardware and software that combines the meas-
urement capabilities of equipment from different manufac-
turers in a single user interface. The software must perform
the functions of collecting, storing and subsequently pro-
cessing the measurement results of synchronization signal
parameters. Such a monitoring system is used, for example,
in the “Kyivstar” network.
The software receives current measurement data from the
existing synchronization devices and from the multi-chan-
nel control units. The server part of the software must be
deployed on a dedicated server. Operators have access to
the server part (each under their own account) and can pro-
cess and compare the measurement results with other sim-
ilar results by using the user’s software. Therefore, the soft-
ware must include: a “Server part”, a “User part”, a
“Database”. The delay deviation parameters of PDV (Packet
Delay Variation) and TIE (Time Interval Error) are measured
directly at the sites where synchronization devices are in-
stalled (the measurement intervals and the presence or ab-
sence of both parameters among the received data depend
on the equipment settings). Based on the measurement re-
sults, it is possible to calculate the following stability pa-
rameters of the synchronization equipment: MTIE (Maxi-
mum Time Interval Error), TDEV (Time Deviation) – derived
from TIE and MAFE (Maximum Average Frequency Error) –
derived from PDV (it is possible to expand this list by adding
other stability parameters as additional ones).
It is necessary to provide the server parameters needed for
installing the “Server Component” software. The server
must run Windows OS (a UNIX-like OS is acceptable if a part
of the user’s software can run under Windows OS). The in-
teraction between the server component and the equip-
ment of the multi-channel monitoring system occurs via IP
within the limits determined by the available information
about this equipment, with no restrictions for the devel-
oper based on data exchange and management protocols.
It is important that the “Server Component” software must
not be able to interact with the public Internet for infor-
mation security reasons.
The “Database” software provides the capability to store
the results of continuous measurements of TIE and PDV pa-
rameters and the results of MTIE, TDEV, MAFE calculations
in a digital data format. The data is stored as separate files
in graphical or text format. The database can be integrated
with the “Server Component” software.
The structure of the automated computer-integrated sys-
tem of multichannel monitoring of synchronization signals
is shown in Fig. 2.
45
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
Fig. 2. Structure of the automated computer-integrated system of multichannel monitoring of synchronization signals
3. Conclusions
Smart power grids integrating networks with renewable en-
ergy sources, as well as mobile communication systems,
which, under wartime conditions, cannot function properly
without precise time signals, require the use of additional
methods and technical means. Under such conditions, the
quality of time signals can be improved by increasing the
resilience of synchronization systems that generate them.
The analysis of the operation of signal synchronization sys-
tems in smart power grids has confirmed the trend of ex-
panding the use of PMU-based synchronized phasor meas-
urement technology of in transmission, interconnection
and distribution power grids integrating renewable energy
sources, which necessitates the implementation of organi-
zational and technical changes to meet the requirements
for generating time synchronization signals.
It is proposed to use GNSS radio receivers (designed with
priority on resilience), synchronization networks, and syn-
chroinformation systems in the structure of a smart power
grid integrating networks with renewable energy sources
to address the resilience problem in time synchronization
signals, taking into account not only current conditions but
also the post-war state.
The publication presents the structure of synchroinfor-
mation system for a smart power grid, the purpose of which
is to generate time synchronization signals with enhanced
fault tolerance. The system includes external sources of
synchroinformation, as well as equipment installed at
power facilities (devices for multichannel monitoring and
hybrid synthesis of synchronization signals, generators of
reference output synchronization signals, intelligent sys-
tems for monitoring data collection and processing).
It is proposed to use additional methods for redundancy of
time synchronization signal sources. Based on the results of
research and operational experience in the digital network
of a telecommunications operator, these methods have
demonstrated their effectiveness, ensuring improved resil-
ience of mobile communications under wartime condi-
tions.
Using mobile communications as an example, the principles
of synchronization network redundancy are presented. The
key stability parameters that need to be measured and
monitored in case of emergencies are identified. Require-
ments have been developed for the software, and a de-
scription is provided of an intelligent computer-integrated
system that ensures continuous multichannel real-time
monitoring of synchronization signal parameters and the
generation of synchronization signals with enhanced stabil-
ity.It is proposed to carry out a scheduled distribution of
synchronization devices taking into account geographical
aspects, regional characteristics, possible replacement of
satellite radio navigation systems, and the use of a larger
number of primary synchronization sources.
It is worth emphasizing that the developed and imple-
mented automated computer-integrated multi-channel
system for monitoring of synchronization signals, men-
tioned in the current publication, has improved the reliabil-
ity of the mobile communications network of one mobile
IP/MPLS Network
Synchronization Network
User User
SFTP transfer at ТСР/port 22
SFTP transfer at ТСР/port 22
46
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
operator both in normal operation mode and in wartime.
Therefore, the proposed organizational and technical
measures to increase resilience ensure the generation of
synchronous signals with improved quality parameters.
They can be recommended for continuous monitoring of
synchronous information parameters in real time at facili-
ties across various sectors of the national economy as well
as for improving the defense capability and security of the
state.
The work was carried out under the budgetary theme "Sci-
entific and technical principles of restoration and controlla-
bility of the power system of Ukraine in the post-war period
under synchronous operation with the European Network
of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E)»
(КПКВК 6541030).
REFERENCES
1. Intelligent electrical networks: elements and modes /
under the general ed. Acad. NAS of Ukraine O. Kirilenko,
Kyiv, Institute of Electrodynamics of the National Acad-
emy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2016, 400 p. (Ukr)
2. NEC "Ukrenergo" installs a system for monitoring tran-
sient processes in the energy system at substations
(WAMS). 29.11.2021. https://ua.energy/zagalni-no-
vyny/nek-ukrenergo-vstanovlyuye-na-pidstantsiyah-
systemu-monitoryngu-perehidnyh-protsesiv-v-ener-
gosystemi-wams/ (Ukr)
3. Explore the RSA Conference 2024 Wrap Up Report.
https://www.rsaconference.com/usa
4. Stuart Borlase. “Smart Grid: Infrastructure, Technology
and Solutions”, CRC Press, 2013. – 591 р.
5. Stewart, E.; Liao, A.; Roberts, C. Open mPMU: A Real
World Reference Distribution Micro-Phasor Measure-
ment Unit Data Set for Research and Application Devel-
opment; LBNL, Berkeley, CA, USA, Technical Report
1006408; 2016
6. Soham Dutta, Maddikara Jaya Bharata Reddy,
Dusmanta Kumar Mohanta, Makrand Sing Kushwah,
Pradip Kumar Sadhu. μPMU-based intelligent island de-
tection – the first crucial step toward enhancing grid re-
silience with MG / Special Issue: Definition, Quantifica-
tion, Analysis and Enhancement of Grid Resilience. IET
Smart Grid, 2020, Vol. 3 Iss. 2, pp. 162-173.
7. Dusabimana, Emile & Yoon, Sung-Guk. (2020). A Sur-
vey on the Micro-Phasor Measurement Unit in Distri-
bution Networks. Electronics. 9. 305. 10.3390/elec-
tronics9020305.
8. Adhitya Ravi, Madhusudan Saranathan, Pa Hari Krishna
Achuthan, M.C. Lavanya and V. Rajini. «A Comprehen-
sive review on the current trends in Micro-Phasor
Measurement Units». IOP Conference Series: Materials
Science and Engineering, Volume 1258, Fourth Interna-
tional Conference on Materials Science and
Manufacturing Technology (ICMSMT 2022)
08/04/2022 - 09/04/2022 OnlineCitation Adhitya Ravi
et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1258 012045
DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/1258/1/012045
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-
899X/1258/1/012045.
9. O.V. Samkov, V.V. Koval, V.P. Lysenko, D.O. Kalian,
O.B. Rybina, O.L. Osinskyi. Multichannel clock signal
monitoring appliances for SMART Grid networks with
speed-optimal phase-locked loop // Tekhnichna El-
ektrodynamika. 2023. No 1. Pp. 81–92.
https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2023.01.081 (Ukr)
10. Valerii Koval, Vitaliy Lysenko, Sergiy Shvorov,
Vyacheslav Vakas, Vadim Yarmoluk, Oleksandr Osinskiy,
Igor Shkliarevskii, Taras Semeniv. Computing tools in a
synchronization signals monitoring system for mobile
communication and SMART technologies-based net-
works / IEEE 17th International Conference on Com-
puter Science and Information Technologies (CSIT), No-
vember 10-12, 2022 in Lviv, Ukraine. рр. 218-221. DOI:
10.1109/CSIT56902.2022.10000732
11. Koval V., Kalian D., Osinskiy O., Samkov O., Khudyntsev
M., Lysenko V. Diagnostics of Time Synchronization
Means of the Integrated Power Grid of SMART Technol-
ogies by Using an Optimal Performance System of Auto-
matic Frequency Adjustment / 15th International Con-
ference on Advanced Trends in Radioelectronics,
Telecommunications and Computer Engineering, TCSET
2020; Lviv-Slavske; Ukraine; 25 February 2020, Proceed-
ings. - pp.269-276. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/docu-
ment/9088587
12. Time Synchronization in the Electric Power System.
NASPI Time Synchronization Task Force: NASPI Tech-
nical Report. 2017. 60 р.
13. Synchrophasor Monitoring for Distribution Systems:
Technical Foundations and Applications. A White Paper
by the NASPI Distribution Task Team. 2018. 62 р.
14. Resilience Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT)
Reference Architecture. Version 1.0. Science and tech-
nology, 2021. – 87p.
15. Oduan K., Gino B. Time measurement. GPS basics. Tech-
nosphere, 2002. - 400 p.
16. Automated monitoring of time-synchronization signals
of power systems: monograph / Koval, V.V., Samkov,
O.V., Blinov, I.V., Lameko, O.L., Trach, I.V., Polischuk,
S.J., Vakas, V.I., Chopyk, V.V., Osinskyi, O.L., 2021. K.:
NUBIPU Publishing Center, 2021. - 380 p. (Ukr)
17. M. Lombardi, "NIST Technical Note 2189, An Evaluation
of Dependencies of Critical Infrastructure Timing Sys-
tems on the Global Positioning System (GPS)," Novem-
ber 2021. DOI: 10.6028/NIST.TN.2189
18. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and
Technology Directorate (S&T), "Resilient PNT Conform-
ance Framework, Version 2.0," May 2022.
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1757-899X
https://iopscience.iop.org/journal/1757-899X
https://iopscience.iop.org/volume/1757-899X/1258
https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/1258/1
https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/1258/1
https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/1258/1
https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1757-899X/1258/1
https://doi.org/10.15407/techned2023.01.081
https://doi.org/10.1109/CSIT56902.2022.10000732
47
Відновлювана енергетика. № 3/2025 | Комплексні проблеми енергетичних систем на основі НВДЕ
https://www.dhs.gov/publication/st-resilient-pnt-con-
formance-framework.
19. National Security of the National Science & Technology
Council, "Positioning, Navigation, and Timing Research
and Development Interagency Working Group Subcom-
mittee on Resilience Science and Technology Commit-
tee on Homeland and National Research and Develop-
ment Plan for Position, Navigation, and Timing
Resilience," August 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/wpcontent/up-
loads/2021/08/Position_Navigation_Timing_RD_Plan-
August-2021-1.pdf.
20. Soldatov V.V. Service of uniform time and reference fre-
quencies of Ukraine. Time synchronization with the use of
Internet protocols NTP and PTP: status and development
prospects / Ukrayinskyy metrolohichnyy zhurnal. 2019. №
3. Pp.23-29. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24027/2306-
7039.3.2019.182219 (Ukr)
21. Soldatov V.V. Dzysyuk О.V., Boyko V.М., Havrylov A.B.,
Svitenko М.І., Raroh R.М., Svystun А.М., Matviyenko
М.V. Results of experimental operation of the subsys-
tem of providing uniform time for military consumers
based on exact time servers Microsemi Time Provider
4100 / Ukrayinskyy metrolohichnyy zhurnal. 2020. №
1. Pp. 68-78. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24027/2306-
7039.1.2020.204255.
22. Vakas V., Koval V., Fedorova N., Manko O., Domin D.
Synchronization Implementations for 5G Mobile Net-
works. / 2022 16th International Conference on Ad-
vanced Trends in Radioelectronics, Telecommunica-
tions and Computer Engineering (TCSET) February 22 –
26, 2022, Proceedings. – Lviv-Slavske, Ukraine, 2022. –
pp. 244-247.
23. Standart pidpryiemstva SOU NEK 20.261:2023 «Tech-
nical policy of NEC "Ukrenergo" in the field of develop-
ment and operation of trunk and interstate electric net-
works».
24. Ferrant J.L., Ruffini S. Evolution of the standards for
Packet Network Synchronization. – IEEE Communica-
tion Magazine, February 2011, pp. 132-138.
25. Stewart, E.; Liao, A.; Roberts, C. Open mPMU: A Real
World Reference Distribution Micro-Phasor Measure-
ment Unit Data Set for Research and Application Devel-
opment; LBNL, Berkeley, CA, USA, Technical Report
1006408; 2016.
26. L. Sliwczyński et al., “Fiber Optic Time Transfer for UTC-
Traceable Synchronization for Telecom Networks,” IEEE
Commun. Standards Mag., vol. 1, 2017, pp. 66–73.
27. ITU–T Rec. G.8261.1/Y.1361.1 (02/2012). Packet delay
variation network limits applicable to packet–based
methods (Frequency synchronization).
28. ITU-T Rec. G.8275.1/Y.1369.1 (2016). Precision time
protocol telecom profile for phase/time synchroniza-
tion with full timing support from the network.
|
| id | veorgua-article-547 |
| institution | Vidnovluvana energetika |
| keywords_txt_mv | keywords |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2026-07-19T01:16:31Z |
| publishDate | 2025 |
| publisher | Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine |
| record_format | ojs |
| resource_txt_mv | veorgua/2e/0ac068a8314b2cad333c2ae2625de62e.pdf |
| spelling | veorgua-article-5472026-07-18T06:32:22Z IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВІДМОВОСТІЙКОСТІ СИНХРОІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ МЕРЕЖ ТА МЕРЕЖ МОБІЛЬНОГО ЗВ'ЯЗКУ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ЧАСУ Samkov, O. Koval , V. Vakas , V. Rybina , O. Samkov, B. Piskun , O. intelligent electrical grid, renewable energy networks, mobile communications, signal synchronization, measurement, multichannel monitoring, computer-integrated system, resilience, war. інтелектуальна електрична мережа, мережі відновлюваної енергії, мобільний зв’язок, синхронізація сигналів, вимірювання, багатоканальний моніторинг, комп'ютерно-інтегрована система, відмовостійкість, війна. The use of synchrophasors (μPMUs) for performing synchronized vector measurements in distribution electric power systems integrated with renewable energy networks is analyzed. This approach enables real-time monitoring and feedback on operational parameters, thereby allowing for timely detection of islanded networks, improved reliability, and enhanced energy efficiency. We propose an intelligent computer-integrated system that provides continuous multichannel monitoring of synchronization parameters in real-time and generation of synchronization signals for synchrophasors in intelligent electrical systems and mobile communication means with increased reliability. To generate synchronization signals with increased resilience in war conditions, it is recommended to use special GNSS radio receivers, which should be developed with a focus on resilience, to unintentional failures and targeted attacks, as well as technologies of hybrid synthesis of synchronization signals and additional methods of synchronization signal sources’ reservation. The current publication addresses the issues of measuring, monitoring and digital data processing, redundancy of reference synchronization sources, and diversifying the processes of providing synchroni-zation signals for smart grids and mobile communications networks. The created automated computer-integrated system for multi-channel monitoring of synchronization signals aggregates digital data obtained from the software and hardware tools of various manufacturers and ensures prompt and reliable diagnostics of a status of the synchronization network both in normal operation mode and in emergency situations. The placement of synchronization devices will be planned taking into consideration geographical aspects, regional features, possible replacement of satellite radionavigation systems, and the use of a greater number of primary synchronization sources. The publication presents an analysis of the results of the procedure for switching over to backup source (alternative priority) in case of emergencies. Reference 28, fig. 2.  Проаналізовано використання синхрофазорів (μPMU) для виконання синхронізованих векторних вимірювань у розподільчих електроенергетичних системах, інтегрованих з мережами відновлюваної енергії. Такий підхід дозволяє здійснювати моніторинг у режимі реального часу та зворотний зв`язок щодо робочих параметрів, що дозволяє своєчасно виявляти ізольовані мережі, підвищувати надійність та енергоефективність. Пропонується інтелектуальна комп`ютерно-інтегрована система, яка забезпечує безперервний багатоканальний моніторинг параметрів синхронізації в режимі реального часу та генерацію сигналів синхронізації для синхрофазорів в інтелектуальних електричних системах та засобах мобільного зв`язку з підвищеною надійністю. Для генерації сигналів синхронізації з підвищеною відмовостійкістю у воєнних умовах рекомендується використовувати спеціальні радіоприймачі GNSS, які повинні розроблятися з акцентом на стійкість до ненавмисних збоїв та цілеспрямованих атак, а також технології гібридного синтезу сигналів синхронізації та додаткові методи резервування джерел сигналів синхронізації. У цій публікації розглядаються питання вимірювання, моніторингу та цифрової обробки даних, резервування опорних джерел синхронізації та диверсифікації процесів забезпечення сигналів синхронізації для інтелектуальних мереж та мереж мобільного зв`язку. Створена автоматизована комп`ютерно-інтегрована система багатоканального моніторингу сигналів синхронізації агрегує цифрові дані, отримані від програмно-апаратних засобів різних виробників, і забезпечує оперативну та надійну діагностику стану мережі синхронізації як у нормальному режимі роботи, так і в аварійних ситуаціях. Розміщення пристроїв синхронізації планується з урахуванням географічних аспектів, регіональних особливостей, можливої заміни супутникових радіонавігаційних систем та використання більшої кількості первинних джерел синхронізації. У публікації представлено аналіз результатів процедури перемикання на резервне джерело (альтернативний пріоритет) у разі виникнення аварійних ситуацій. Посилань 28, рис. 2. Institute of Renewable Energy National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine 2025-09-28 Article Article application/pdf https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/547 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.3(82).39-47 Vidnovluvana energetika ; No. 3(82) (2025): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 39-47 Возобновляемая энергетика; ##issue.no## 3(82) (2025): Scientific and applied Journal renewable energy ; 39-47 Відновлювана енергетика; № 3(82) (2025): Науково-прикладний журнал Відновлювана енергетика; 39-47 2664-8172 1819-8058 10.36296/1819-8058.2025.3(82) en https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/547/456 Copyright (c) 2025 O. Samkov, V. Koval , V. Vakas , O. Rybina , B. Samkov, O. Piskun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 |
| spellingShingle | intelligent electrical grid renewable energy networks mobile communications signal synchronization measurement multichannel monitoring computer-integrated system resilience war. Samkov, O. Koval , V. Vakas , V. Rybina , O. Samkov, B. Piskun , O. IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS |
| title | IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS |
| title_alt | ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ВІДМОВОСТІЙКОСТІ СИНХРОІНФОРМАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМ ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНИХ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ МЕРЕЖ ТА МЕРЕЖ МОБІЛЬНОГО ЗВ'ЯЗКУ В УМОВАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ЧАСУ |
| title_full | IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS |
| title_fullStr | IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS |
| title_full_unstemmed | IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS |
| title_short | IMPROVING THE RESILIENCE OF SYNCHROINFORMATION SYSTEMS OF SMART POWER GRIDS AND MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORKS UNDER WARTIME CONDITIONS |
| title_sort | improving the resilience of synchroinformation systems of smart power grids and mobile communications networks under wartime conditions |
| topic | intelligent electrical grid renewable energy networks mobile communications signal synchronization measurement multichannel monitoring computer-integrated system resilience war. |
| topic_facet | intelligent electrical grid renewable energy networks mobile communications signal synchronization measurement multichannel monitoring computer-integrated system resilience war. інтелектуальна електрична мережа мережі відновлюваної енергії мобільний зв’язок синхронізація сигналів вимірювання багатоканальний моніторинг комп'ютерно-інтегрована система відмовостійкість війна. |
| url | https://ve.org.ua/index.php/journal/article/view/547 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT samkovo improvingtheresilienceofsynchroinformationsystemsofsmartpowergridsandmobilecommunicationsnetworksunderwartimeconditions AT kovalv improvingtheresilienceofsynchroinformationsystemsofsmartpowergridsandmobilecommunicationsnetworksunderwartimeconditions AT vakasv improvingtheresilienceofsynchroinformationsystemsofsmartpowergridsandmobilecommunicationsnetworksunderwartimeconditions AT rybinao improvingtheresilienceofsynchroinformationsystemsofsmartpowergridsandmobilecommunicationsnetworksunderwartimeconditions AT samkovb improvingtheresilienceofsynchroinformationsystemsofsmartpowergridsandmobilecommunicationsnetworksunderwartimeconditions AT piskuno improvingtheresilienceofsynchroinformationsystemsofsmartpowergridsandmobilecommunicationsnetworksunderwartimeconditions AT samkovo pídviŝennâvídmovostíjkostísinhroínformacíjnihsistemíntelektualʹnihenergetičnihmerežtamerežmobílʹnogozvâzkuvumovahvíjsʹkovogočasu AT kovalv pídviŝennâvídmovostíjkostísinhroínformacíjnihsistemíntelektualʹnihenergetičnihmerežtamerežmobílʹnogozvâzkuvumovahvíjsʹkovogočasu AT vakasv pídviŝennâvídmovostíjkostísinhroínformacíjnihsistemíntelektualʹnihenergetičnihmerežtamerežmobílʹnogozvâzkuvumovahvíjsʹkovogočasu AT rybinao pídviŝennâvídmovostíjkostísinhroínformacíjnihsistemíntelektualʹnihenergetičnihmerežtamerežmobílʹnogozvâzkuvumovahvíjsʹkovogočasu AT samkovb pídviŝennâvídmovostíjkostísinhroínformacíjnihsistemíntelektualʹnihenergetičnihmerežtamerežmobílʹnogozvâzkuvumovahvíjsʹkovogočasu AT piskuno pídviŝennâvídmovostíjkostísinhroínformacíjnihsistemíntelektualʹnihenergetičnihmerežtamerežmobílʹnogozvâzkuvumovahvíjsʹkovogočasu |